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[Entomological study on the malaria transmission in coastal and lagoon areas: the case of a village built on a brackish lake]. [沿海和泻湖地区疟疾传播的昆虫学研究:以建在咸淡湖上的一个村庄为例]。
M Akogbeto

In a longitudinal study we have observed the fluctuation in density of two Anopheles populations responsible for malaria transmission in a village built on a brackish lake. The two A. gambiae complex species are A. melas and A. gambiae s.s. The former is the most abundant (88%). The brackish lake ecosystem gives to both species possibilities of adaptation. The salt water species of the A. gambiae complex, A. melas, was found to be tolerant to waters with very low salinity. On the other hand, A. gambiae s.s. was found to support relatively high salinity rates. Both specimens live together the whole year round but their frequencies vary with the inundation of the lake. During inundation the salt rate decreases and A. melas eventually disappears. Transmission is low, seasonal and short on the lake. It is perceptible between March and August. The inoculation rate (11 infected bites per man/year) is lower than what we have observed in other lagoon areas of Benin, or even in the city of Cotonou (33 infected bites per man/year). The low malaria transmission on the lake is probably due to the presence of an important population of A. melas with low infection rates and the widespread use of bed nets.

在一项纵向研究中,我们观察到在一个建在咸淡湖上的村庄中造成疟疾传播的两种按蚊种群密度的波动。冈比亚蠓复合种为melas和gambiae s.s,其中以melas数量最多(88%)。咸淡湖生态系统为这两个物种提供了适应的可能性。冈比亚拟虫复合体的咸水物种melas对盐度极低的水具有耐受性。另一方面,冈比亚芽孢杆菌支持相对较高的盐度。这两种物种全年生活在一起,但它们的频率随着湖泊的淹没而变化。在淹水期间,盐率降低,黑蝇最终消失。湖面上的传播率低、季节性强、时间短。在三月和八月之间是可以察觉的。接种率(每人每年11次受感染叮咬)低于我们在贝宁其他泻湖地区观察到的情况,甚至低于科托努市(每人每年33次受感染叮咬)。湖上疟疾传播率低可能是由于存在感染率低的重要黑蝇种群和广泛使用蚊帐。
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引用次数: 0
PCR amplification of crude blood on microscope slides in the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dairy cattle. 载玻片上粗血PCR扩增对奶牛伊瓦氏锥虫感染的诊断价值。
N Wuyts, N Chokesajjawatee, N Sarataphan, S Panyim

In this study, we compared four T. evansi detection tests (Direct examination, Card Agglutination mouse inoculation and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in a natural infection of dairy cattle in central Thailand. The samples for PCR amplification were collected either in microfuge tubes or on microscope slides and the amplification results were compared. Collecting the samples on slides was faster and more convenient than collection in tubes. Comparable results were obtained from PCR amplification of both tube- and slide collected samples, processed twelve to fourteen days after collection. PCR was the most sensitive of the methods under comparison, using the mouse inoculation test as golden standard. The specificity of the PCR test under study is further discussed in this paper.

在这项研究中,我们比较了4种检测方法(直接检查、卡凝集小鼠接种和聚合酶链反应(PCR))在泰国中部奶牛自然感染中的检测效果。将PCR扩增的样品分别在试管和载玻片上收集,并对扩增结果进行比较。在载玻片上收集样品比在试管中收集样品更快、更方便。收集后12至14天处理的试管和载玻片样品的PCR扩增得到了类似的结果。以小鼠接种试验为金标准,PCR检测灵敏度最高。本文进一步讨论了所研究的PCR检测的特异性。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the mating scar pattern of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Rob.-Desv.) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae). 舌蝇与舌蝇交配疤痕模式的分析(双翅目:舌蝇科)。
M J Vreysen, A M Van der Vloedt

An analysis was made of the mating scar pattern of female Glossina palpalis palpalis Robineau-Desvoidy and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead. Measurements on fifty permanent preparations of the mating scars of females reared in the laboratory revealed significant differences in the length, width and in the distance between the centers of the mating scars of the two species. Plotting the distance between the centers of the two mating scars against the ratio width/length resulted in a 93% separation of the two species. It is proposed that this technique could be used during field surveys to expose possible cross-breeding in nature or as a tool in the entomological evaluation of a tsetse eradication campaign where one species is released in the habitat of the other.

对雌性褐家蝇和褐家蝇的交配疤痕模式进行了分析。对实验室饲养的50只雌性交配疤痕的永久准备进行了测量,发现两种交配疤痕的长度、宽度和中心之间的距离都有显著差异。绘制两个交配疤痕中心之间的距离与宽度/长度的比值,结果表明两个物种的分离率为93%。该技术可用于野外调查,以揭示自然界中可能的杂交,或作为一种昆虫学评估工具,在消灭采采蝇运动中,将一种物种释放到另一种物种的栖息地。
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引用次数: 0
Schistosoma and geohelminth infections in Mali, west Africa. 西非马里的血吸虫和地蠕虫感染。
D De Clercq, M Sacko, J M Behnke, M Traore, J Vercruysse

We report on the prevalence of schistosomiasis and geohelminth infections in Mali, Central West Africa, based on data from the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme of Mali (1982-1991) and from our recent surveys (1992-1993). Combined national figures and regional data are presented from both surveys. Schistosomiasis showed an overall prevalence of 30.1%, with lowest prevalence in Sikasso Region and highest prevalence in Segou Region. Ascaris lumbricoïdes (0.12%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.42%) were comparatively rare, but hookworm infections were more widespread (8.0%). No hookworm infections were detected in the arid northern Region and the highest prevalence (18.7%) was encountered in the humid south of the country. There was a significant positive relationship between the prevalence of hookworm infection and total annual rainfall per region. Overall the prevalence of concurrent infections with schistosomes and hookworms was significantly less than expected, although there were regional differences which were discussed in the light of local variations in climatic and other factors likely to affect transmission.

我们根据马里国家血吸虫病控制规划(1982-1991)和我们最近的调查(1992-1993)的数据,报告了西非中部马里血吸虫病和地虫感染的流行情况。这两项调查提供了综合的国家数据和区域数据。血吸虫病总体患病率为30.1%,其中西卡索地区最低,塞古地区最高。蛔虫lumbricoïdes(0.12%)和毛滴虫(0.42%)较为少见,钩虫感染更为普遍(8.0%)。干旱的北部地区未发现钩虫感染,而该国潮湿的南部地区患病率最高(18.7%)。各区年总降雨量与钩虫感染率呈显著正相关。总体而言,血吸虫和钩虫同时感染的流行率明显低于预期,尽管存在区域差异,根据当地气候变化和其他可能影响传播的因素进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
[Epidemic of bacillary dysentery in the Rwanda refugee camps of the Goma region (Zaire, North Kivu) in August 1994]. [1994年8月戈马地区卢旺达难民营(扎伊尔、北基伍省)细菌性痢疾流行]。
J M Milleliri, J L Soares, J Signoret, R Bechen, D Lamarque, J P Boutin, J C Coué, L Niel, F Merouze, J L Rey

The authors describe the extension of an outbreak of bacillary dysentery among the Rwandese populations seeking refuge in the region of Goma, Zaire in august 1994. Analysis of the epidemiological surveillance data and of the bacteriological laboratory results of the Bioforce, show that this epidemic was probably facilitated by the preceding cholera outbreak. In such circumstances, rapid sterilization of the virus reservoir, by short course treatments, might be beneficial in limiting the extension of the epidemic.

提交人叙述了1994年8月在扎伊尔戈马地区寻求庇护的卢旺达人口中爆发的细菌性痢疾扩大的情况。对流行病学监测数据和生物部队细菌学实验室结果的分析表明,这次流行病可能是由先前的霍乱爆发促成的。在这种情况下,通过短期治疗迅速消灭病毒库可能有利于限制流行病的蔓延。
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引用次数: 0
Paradoxical response to itraconazole treatment in a patient with onychomycosis caused by Microsporum gypseum. 伊曲康唑治疗对石膏小孢子菌引起的甲癣的矛盾反应。
G Pierard-Franchimont, P De Doncker, V Van de Velde, P Jacqmin, J E Arrese, G E Pierard

A Columbian patient presented with a rare type of onychomycosis caused by Microsporum gypseum. Oral treatment with itraconazole formulation (Funazol) available in Columbia failed to improve the nail alteration. The fungitoxic effect of itraconazole was assessed on the M. gypseum strain cultured from the nail of the patient by using the method of culture of fungi on cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings (CSSS). In addition, a comparative evaluation of the oral bioavailability of itraconazole was made in volunteers after intake of Funazol and Sporanox. In the ex vivo bioassay on CSSS, topical itraconazole proved to be highly active against M. gypseum. After oral intake, however, the itraconazole bioavailability of Funazol relative to Sporanox averaged only 3.5%. Antifungal pulse therapy with Sporanox, 400 mg daily for 1 week per month for 4 months, cured the patient. This study shows that itraconazole is hardly or not absorbed from the oral formulation Funazol. Both the oral bioavailability and consequently therapeutic efficacy of the genuine drug (Sporanox) are highly superior.

一个哥伦比亚病人提出了一种罕见的类型的甲癣引起的小孢子菌石膏。口服伊曲康唑制剂(Funazol)在哥伦比亚没有改善指甲改变。采用氰基丙烯酸酯皮肤表面剥落培养法(CSSS)评价伊曲康唑对患者指甲培养的石膏分枝杆菌的真菌毒性作用。另外,对伊曲康唑口服生物利用度进行了对比评价,并对志愿者服用Funazol和Sporanox后的口服生物利用度进行了比较。体外生物实验表明,外用伊曲康唑对真菌有较强的抑制作用。口服后,Funazol相对于Sporanox的伊曲康唑生物利用度平均仅为3.5%。用Sporanox脉冲抗真菌治疗,每日400毫克,每月1周,连续4个月,治愈患者。本研究表明伊曲康唑在口服制剂Funazol中几乎或不被吸收。无论是口服生物利用度和因此的治疗效果的正品药物(Sporanox)是非常优越的。
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引用次数: 0
[In memoriam Rudolf Geigy--20 December 1902 - 8 March 1995]. [纪念鲁道夫·盖基——1902年12月20日- 1995年3月8日]。
P G Janssens
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引用次数: 0
[Comparison of 3 parasitological diagnostic methods for onchocerciasis]. 盘尾丝虫病3种寄生虫学诊断方法的比较
E Newell
{"title":"[Comparison of 3 parasitological diagnostic methods for onchocerciasis].","authors":"E Newell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7901,"journal":{"name":"Annales de la Societe belge de medecine tropicale","volume":"75 3","pages":"245-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19816374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Immunology of human Plasmodium falciparum malaria]. [人类恶性疟原虫疟疾免疫学]。
G Vanham, E Bisalinkumi

The various stages of Plasmodium falciparum (sporozoites and liver stages, asexual blood stages and gametocytes) each interact in a particular way with the human immune system. Specific immunity against the liver stages is achieved through a coordinated action of CD8 T cells and specific antibodies, the latter in collaboration with NK cells and macrophages. In this reaction, interferon-gamma plays an essential role. A non-specific "concomitant" immunity against sporozoites is based on a cytokine reaction, elicited by the blood stages. In practice, the high variability in the immunogenic structures of the sporozoite precludes completely protection against recurrent infections. The spleen macrophages have a pivotal role in the immune defense against the asexual blood stages. The elimination of merozoites and parasitized red blood cells (RBC) is facilitated by specific antibodies, produced under the control of CD4 T cells. There are, however, multiple mechanisms of immune deviation, suppression and evolutionary adaptation, which inhibit a sterilizing immunity against the blood stages. Nevertheless, symptoms may be absent in exposed adults, even when parasitemia persists. This clinical resistance, however, is relatively short-lived, once exposition is interrupted. The observation that HIV infection has no adverse effect on malaria also is a remarkable but consistent finding. All these data indicate that a strong T cell-mediated immune memory is absent in human P. falciparum infections. Cerebral malaria and some other serious complications are the consequence of insufficient elimination of parasitized erythrocytes by the spleen, presumably in combination with parasite factors (particular variant surface structures) and with human host genetics (HLA type, blood group etc.). Parasitized RBC massively stick to the endothelium of the micro-vessels and non-parasitized RBC roset around the parasitized ones. Eventually, serious problems in the micro-perfusion and in the local metabolism occur and organ failure may finally ensue. The immune reaction against the surface-antigens of the sexual stage is limited and insufficient, most probably for similar reasons as in the asexual stages. Internal structures of the gametocytes, however, are highly immunogenic, but, unfortunately. Normally cannot be reached by the immune system. Based on these fundamental data, some of the perspectives of vaccination and new therapeutic tools are critically discussed.

恶性疟原虫的各个阶段(孢子体和肝脏阶段,无性血阶段和配子体阶段)都以一种特定的方式与人体免疫系统相互作用。针对肝脏阶段的特异性免疫是通过CD8 T细胞和特异性抗体的协调作用实现的,后者与NK细胞和巨噬细胞协同作用。在这个反应中,干扰素- γ起着至关重要的作用。针对孢子虫的非特异性“伴随”免疫是基于由血液阶段引起的细胞因子反应。在实践中,孢子体的免疫原性结构的高度可变性排除了对复发性感染的完全保护。脾巨噬细胞在抵抗无性血期的免疫防御中起关键作用。在CD4 T细胞的控制下产生的特异性抗体促进了分裂子和寄生红细胞(RBC)的消除。然而,存在多种免疫偏差、抑制和进化适应机制,这些机制抑制了对血液阶段的消毒免疫。然而,即使寄生虫病持续存在,暴露的成年人也可能没有症状。然而,一旦暴露中断,这种临床耐药性相对短暂。艾滋病毒感染对疟疾没有不利影响的观察结果也是一个值得注意但始终如一的发现。所有这些数据表明,在人类恶性疟原虫感染中缺乏强烈的T细胞介导的免疫记忆。脑型疟疾和其他一些严重并发症是脾脏对被寄生红细胞清除不足的结果,可能与寄生虫因素(特定的变异表面结构)和人类宿主遗传(HLA型、血型等)共同作用。被寄生的红细胞大量粘附在微血管的内皮上,未被寄生的红细胞在被寄生的血管周围聚集。最终,微灌注和局部代谢出现严重问题,最终可能导致器官衰竭。对有性生殖阶段的表面抗原的免疫反应是有限和不充分的,很可能是由于与无性生殖阶段相似的原因。然而,配子体的内部结构是高度免疫原性的,但是,不幸的是。通常是免疫系统无法到达的。基于这些基本数据,对疫苗接种和新治疗工具的一些观点进行了批判性讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Community survey of diarrhoea in children under 5 years in Kinshasa, Zaire. 扎伊尔金沙萨5岁以下儿童腹泻的社区调查。
M C Henry, M Alary, P Desmet, M Gerniers, D Muteteke, I Nku, L Mutombo, P Piot

This community based survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of diarrhoea in children < 5 years of age in an urban zone, at Kinshasa, Zaire. 155 community cases selected by cluster sampling, 155 age-matched controls, and 18 children with diarrhoea seen at a health centre (HC) were examined. The diarrhoea prevalence rate was 6.5%. The highest risk of persistent diarrhoea was in children of 2 to 3 years, non breast-fed, with more than one enteric agent in their stools and living in households without electricity. The rates of detection of Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba histolytica and Salmonella, and heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura and Trichomonas hominis were significantly higher in cases (p < 0.05). The rate of detection of Cryptosporidium was rather high, specially in HC cases (22.2%). It was also found in both diarrhoeal (14.8%) and non-diarrhoeal specimens (12.9%). There was a lack of association between the presence of faecal white blood cells and enteric bacteria, and also between the presence of faecal red blood cells and E. histolytica, which might be due to the frequent practice of rectal injections and suppositories. A mother's perception of fever and stool aspect was fairly in agreement (respectively 70% and 53%) with that of the investigators. The high rate of dehydrated children (50.9%) may be due to the dehydration definition applied at the HC. The survey's results were used to improve the local case management flow chart and to adjust educational activities directed at mothers.

进行了这项以社区为基础的调查,以评估扎伊尔金沙萨市区5岁以下儿童腹泻的患病率、特征和危险因素。通过整群抽样选择155例社区病例,155例年龄匹配的对照,以及在保健中心就诊的18名腹泻儿童进行了检查。腹泻患病率为6.5%。持续性腹泻风险最高的是2至3岁儿童,非母乳喂养,粪便中有一种以上的肠道制剂,生活在没有电的家庭。粪类圆线虫、溶组织内阿米巴、沙门氏菌检出率和重感染毛滴虫、人毛滴虫检出率均显著高于对照组(p < 0.05)。隐孢子虫检出率较高,其中HC检出率最高(22.2%)。在腹泻(14.8%)和非腹泻标本(12.9%)中也发现了该病毒。粪便白细胞的存在与肠道细菌之间缺乏联系,粪便红细胞的存在与溶组织芽胞杆菌之间也缺乏联系,这可能是由于直肠注射和栓剂的频繁使用。一位母亲对发烧和大便方面的看法与调查人员相当一致(分别为70%和53%)。脱水儿童的高比率(50.9%)可能是由于HC采用的脱水定义。调查结果用于改进当地病例管理流程图,并调整针对母亲的教育活动。
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引用次数: 0
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Annales de la Societe belge de medecine tropicale
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