Morphologia medica最新文献

Biometry was performed on the computed tomographical cross-sections of one human cervical spine. The entire spine was removed with the head and neck from a fresh cadaver of an adult man. Horizontal cross-sections were performed with a C. T. scan from the base of the skull to the thoracic level. The measurements concerned the diameters of the vertebrae, spinal canal and spinal cord; the depth of the posterior and anterior walls, and of the para-vertebral muscles. Clinical and fundamental applications are underlined.

Computed tomography, a relatively young X-ray imaging modality, has so far been mainly employed for the differentiation and densitometry of soft tissues. By modification of the image reconstruction algorithm spatial resolution was improved significantly such that imaging of fine structures and of high contrast boundaries became possible. The image characteristics of the high-resolution computed tomograms were investigated on petrous bones and lumbar vertebral bodies. In the petrous bone, an exact anatomic reconstruction of the bony structures of the inner ear is achieved. In vertebral bodies, imaging of spongiosa structures with 2 mm slice thickness and thereby an early diagnosis of osteoporosis are possible.

The wall of the vertebral canal is formed differently at various levels of the spinal column. These differences depend both on the formation of the elements of the neural arch (pedicle and lamina), and on the arrangement of the joints of the articular processes. The outline of the vertebral canal is determined by the ligaments between the vertebrae, one of which - the ligamentum flavum - sometimes encroaches upon the space of the canal to a considerable effect. This work is intended to demonstrate that axial computed tomography is as a non-invasive technique at least as satisfactory as myelography for examination of the vertebral canal.

As a result of the new technique of axial computer tomography, it is possible to use data from transverse serial sections to construct sections in other planes. A method has been developed which allows transverse, sagittal and other sections (coronal f.e.) to be cut from the same specimen. After the C.T. exposure has been made, the specimen is frozen and cut into sections, and the sections photographed. The sections are reassembled and again frozen, so as to restore the specimen in its original form. It is then possible to cut new sections in any plan desired, and photograph them so that they may be compared with the reconstruction C.T. image.

The possibilities of computed axial tomography in displaying normal anatomy are shown. The fact scanners are able to show important anatomical details including vascular anatomy. The upper abdomen is shown in consecutive slices to demonstrate the most important anatomical landmarks. The possibility of reconstructed coronal and sagittal planes from the axial slices offers good correlation with classical topographical anatomy. Axial anatomy from cadaver and computed tomography should be included in our teaching to medical students as part of the background needed for their future clinical practice.

The computerized X-ray tomography uses for the information of the images besides a highly developed computer technology a special CT-algorithm, i.e. preprocessing of detected "projections", their "high-pass" convolution and back-projection. The diagnostic success of computerized X-ray tomography gave rise to the investigation of other carriers of information besides X-radiation for the production of cross-sectional pictures using CT reconstruction principles. Examples are: Emission-CT, Proton-CT, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance CT, Ultrasound-CT, Impedance-CT and Mikrowave-CT. This paper gives a review of such methods, their basis properties and an estimation of their capabilities for medical application. This discussion is opened by a summary of the basis CT principles.

Comparison between the anatomical and computed tomographical aspects, was performed on horizontal cross-sections every 6 mm, of one human cervical spine. The entire spine was taken off from a fresh man's cadaver with the head and neck. The sample was first computed tomographied and then anatomically sawn on the same levels with the same thickness. The differences between both techniques are minimal, dued to the analysis of a plane for the anatomy and the integration of a volume for the C.T. scan. Clinical and fundamental applications are pointed.

The described malformation of the liver can be divided into several different findings: the deficiency of the left part of the lig. triangulare, a shift of the enlarged left liver lobe to ventral right into the right hypochondrium with a bending of the liver, hypoplasia of the right liver lobe with a field of connective tissue in the bending angle of the liver and concomitant torsion of the lig. hepatoduodenale. The deficiency of the left part of the lig. triangulare hepatis is considered the pathogenetic origin of the malformation. The development of all the other malformations is discussed according to ontogenetic considerations.

The cartilage surfaces of six ankle joints were stained according to a triple dyeing technique. Using a load appliance and a pressure of 1600 N the largest possible weight-bearing areas were stained without damaging the ligaments. The joints were either plantar-flexed, in a 0 degree position or in dorsal extension. The contact areas of the joint, including both the cartilage surfaces and the ligaments, showed characteristic forms according to the joint's position. By projecting the respective contact areas of the tibial plateau onto the upper side of the trochlea tali we were able to estimate the cartilage weight-bearing area in the proper sense. According to this method, the upper side of the trochlea tali, without the facet of Fawcett, proved to have the largest weight-bearing area when in the 0 degree position, namely 56.4 +/- 4.9% of the anatomical joint surface. The next largest area, 51.9 +/- 4.8%, was found when the joint was in dorsal extension and the smallest, 47.1 +/- 3.6%, when plantar-flexed. The size of the anatomical joint surfaces and some morphometric values of the upper side of the trochlea tali were measured using 21 specimens.

The surgical technique in clinical pancreas transplantation is still not standardized. Animal experimentation should allow a reproducible and reliable model by choosing the cervical region in dogs as the site of segmental grafting. A goal of the experiments was to determine the influence of preservation, operation technique, duct occlusion, immunosuppression, and gastrointestinal hormones (Somatostatin, Cyclosporin A). 50 grafts have been transplanted. It could be clearly demonstrated that in 54% the vascularization of the left lobe of the canine pancreas differs extremely from man. Successful results are to expect being aware of the anatomical variations. The varieties of the arterial blood supply indicate which technique has to be performed to avoid ischemic grafts due to inadequate preservation.