Purpose of Review: Although multifaceted factors contribute towards the high mortality and morbidity associated with cerebral ischemia, the development of cerebral edema with brain swelling remains the most significant predictor of the outcome. The present review summarizes the most recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms associated with development of ischemia/reperfusion induced cerebral edema, and highlights possible therapeutic intervention with a focus on Aquaporin-4 as a target. Recent Findings: Although a many factors have emerged as candidate mediators of cerebral edema inhibition following cerebral ischemia but Aquaporins remain as the most potential mediators amongst all of them. A many pharmacological molecule are used to treat brain swelling after brain stroke but targeting Aquaporin-4 by Piroxicam a NSAID is first to be worked out by us which have novel outcome with multidimensional neuroprotective action following cerebral ischemia in animal model. Summary: Obliterating blood–brain barrier permeability is the most approaching strategy to manage brain edema and associated swelling but acting on protein like Aquaporin-4 may act as a time ahead approach to intervene brain edema following cerebral ischemia and any pharmacological molecule able to modulate this can be a successful therapeutic strategy.
{"title":"Aquaporin-4 in Cerebral Edema Following Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Exploration of Novel Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"P. Bhattacharya, A. Pandey, S. Paul, R. Patnaik","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1053","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of Review: Although multifaceted factors contribute towards the high mortality and morbidity associated with cerebral ischemia, the development of cerebral edema with brain swelling remains the most significant predictor of the outcome. The present review summarizes the most recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms associated with development of ischemia/reperfusion induced cerebral edema, and highlights possible therapeutic intervention with a focus on Aquaporin-4 as a target. Recent Findings: Although a many factors have emerged as candidate mediators of cerebral edema inhibition following cerebral ischemia but Aquaporins remain as the most potential mediators amongst all of them. A many pharmacological molecule are used to treat brain swelling after brain stroke but targeting Aquaporin-4 by Piroxicam a NSAID is first to be worked out by us which have novel outcome with multidimensional neuroprotective action following cerebral ischemia in animal model. Summary: Obliterating blood–brain barrier permeability is the most approaching strategy to manage brain edema and associated swelling but acting on protein like Aquaporin-4 may act as a time ahead approach to intervene brain edema following cerebral ischemia and any pharmacological molecule able to modulate this can be a successful therapeutic strategy.","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74411287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stem Cell Therapies for Neural Degeneration Appears to be Promising","authors":"H. Sharma","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91223870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kaminsky, A. Poghosyan, L. Tikhonova, Hector H. Palacios, M. Kamal, E. Kosenko, G. Aliev
Background: Accumulating evidence implicates a role for altered energy and proteolytic metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the involvement of erythrocytes (RBC) remains to be completely understood. The objective stands to test a hypotheses that erythrocytic glycolytic and proteolytic metabolism is disturbed in the elderly and in AD patients. Methods: This pilot study analyzed the levels of the key glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes and metabolites in RBC from patients with AD and non-Alzheimer’s dementia (NA), from age-matched (AC) and young adult (YC) controls. Results: Glycolytic enzymes displayed lower activities in AC, and similar or higher activities in AD and NA, as compared to those in YC. Caspase-3 and calpain activities in AC were about 3 times those of YC. There were no differences between AC, AD and NA in proteolytic enzymes. Conclusion: Among glycolytic parameters studied in four subject groups, only hexokinase activity specifically increases in AD. Changes in other glycolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations in RBC were not specific to dementias but characteristics for aging.
{"title":"Glycolytic and Proteolytic Metabolism in Erythrocytes from Elderly and Demented Patients","authors":"Y. Kaminsky, A. Poghosyan, L. Tikhonova, Hector H. Palacios, M. Kamal, E. Kosenko, G. Aliev","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1039","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Accumulating evidence implicates a role for altered energy and proteolytic metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the involvement of erythrocytes (RBC) remains to be completely understood. The objective stands to test a hypotheses that erythrocytic glycolytic and proteolytic metabolism is disturbed in the elderly and in AD patients. Methods: This pilot study analyzed the levels of the key glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes and metabolites in RBC from patients with AD and non-Alzheimer’s dementia (NA), from age-matched (AC) and young adult (YC) controls. Results: Glycolytic enzymes displayed lower activities in AC, and similar or higher activities in AD and NA, as compared to those in YC. Caspase-3 and calpain activities in AC were about 3 times those of YC. There were no differences between AC, AD and NA in proteolytic enzymes. Conclusion: Among glycolytic parameters studied in four subject groups, only hexokinase activity specifically increases in AD. Changes in other glycolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations in RBC were not specific to dementias but characteristics for aging.","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79644376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Status of Research on Mechanism of Action of Methylprednisolone (MP) in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Xu Junkui, Dong Jun, W. Dong, He Xijing","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89519286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastián García, Federico Nanfaro, S. Casas, R. Cabrera, R. Yunes
{"title":"Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Simple Method to Check Both Viability of Neural Tissue and Cannulae Location After Stereotaxic Surgeries","authors":"Sebastián García, Federico Nanfaro, S. Casas, R. Cabrera, R. Yunes","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88619659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Diwan, K. Aziz, P. Rishi, K. Kavita, C. K. Firoz, M. Kamal
{"title":"Spectrum from Obesity to Neurodegenerative Disorder","authors":"A. Diwan, K. Aziz, P. Rishi, K. Kavita, C. K. Firoz, M. Kamal","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91330410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhou Haizhe, Y. Puwei, Chen Mengyuan, Li Jun, Zhao Huan, C. Yongsheng, He Xijing
{"title":"The Morphological Study on Naotaitong Granule Treating Ischemic Stroke","authors":"Zhou Haizhe, Y. Puwei, Chen Mengyuan, Li Jun, Zhao Huan, C. Yongsheng, He Xijing","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85387268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Therapeutic Efficacy of Citicoline in Patients with Vertigo of Central Origin and Vascular Aetiology","authors":"D. Petrova, D. Maslarov, I. Angelov, D. Zekin","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73535014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Neural Degeneration Following Traumatic Injuries or Age Related Disorders Are the Need of the Hour","authors":"H. Sharma","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79213979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanisms of Hypothermia, Delayed Hyperthermia and Fever Following CNS Injury","authors":"C. Gordon, L. Katz, L. Leon","doi":"10.1166/AJNN.2012.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1166/AJNN.2012.1040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7964,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77226143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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