N. Das, S. Mukhida, Gauri Yadav, Kartik K. Kavathiya
{"title":"Quiz in Undergraduate Curriculum and as Teaching–Learning Method: Why Not?","authors":"N. Das, S. Mukhida, Gauri Yadav, Kartik K. Kavathiya","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_9_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_9_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"119 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141667498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sayana Basheer, Praveen Kulkarni, R. Pragadesh, A. Vanmathi
People’s food preferences and eating habits are heavily influenced by their psychological health. Emotional eating (EE) is not a distinct eating disorder, but rather a subtype within a range of different eating behaviors that are affected by habits, stress, emotions, and personal eating attitudes. Stress and eating are frequently unhealthy companions for those in the medical field. This study proposes to determine the prevalence and psychosocial correlates with EE among health-care professionals. A cross-sectional study was done among 320 health-care professionals at JSS Hospital, Mysore, over 6 months using a convenient sampling technique. A pretested, semistructured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), EE (Emotional Eaters Questionnaire), and eating and lifestyle habits of participants. Statistical tests such as Chi-square tests and Spearman’s correlation test were used. Among 320 health-care professionals, 82.8% were emotional eaters. Among emotional eaters, 28.8%, 42.5%, and 11.5% were low, emotional, and very emotional eaters, respectively. Among the study subjects, 77.19% had moderate stress and 13.12% had severe stress. There was a statistically significant association between age, perceived stress, and fried food intake with EE. The findings raise concerns over the high prevalence of EE among health-care professionals, calling for close attention from policymakers to address this new health challenge. Enhancing dietary habits, body weight status, exercise, and perceived stress levels could be potential targets for interventions.
{"title":"Psychosocial Correlates of Emotional Eating Among Healthcare Professionals in a Tertiary Care Centre in Mysuru","authors":"Sayana Basheer, Praveen Kulkarni, R. Pragadesh, A. Vanmathi","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_4_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_4_24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 People’s food preferences and eating habits are heavily influenced by their psychological health. Emotional eating (EE) is not a distinct eating disorder, but rather a subtype within a range of different eating behaviors that are affected by habits, stress, emotions, and personal eating attitudes. Stress and eating are frequently unhealthy companions for those in the medical field. This study proposes to determine the prevalence and psychosocial correlates with EE among health-care professionals.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A cross-sectional study was done among 320 health-care professionals at JSS Hospital, Mysore, over 6 months using a convenient sampling technique. A pretested, semistructured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), EE (Emotional Eaters Questionnaire), and eating and lifestyle habits of participants. Statistical tests such as Chi-square tests and Spearman’s correlation test were used.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Among 320 health-care professionals, 82.8% were emotional eaters. Among emotional eaters, 28.8%, 42.5%, and 11.5% were low, emotional, and very emotional eaters, respectively. Among the study subjects, 77.19% had moderate stress and 13.12% had severe stress. There was a statistically significant association between age, perceived stress, and fried food intake with EE.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The findings raise concerns over the high prevalence of EE among health-care professionals, calling for close attention from policymakers to address this new health challenge. Enhancing dietary habits, body weight status, exercise, and perceived stress levels could be potential targets for interventions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"103 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141667264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.4103/ajim.ajim_115_23
Gesiye Bozimo, M. Nkpozi, Adaeze Ugwu, V. E. Gomba, ChinweubaM Abonyi, C. Unachukwu
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing worldwide, especially in Nigeria. However, it remains underdiagnosed in many people with the disease. There is a need for early detection and treatment of the populations that are at risk to prevent or reduce complications. There is a paucity of Nigerian studies documenting the performance of the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test in diagnosing DM. This, therefore, informed our decision to embark on this study. The objective of this study was to assess the role of the HbA1c in the diagnosis of DM at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, in which 400 subjects were evaluated for the presence of glucose intolerance. Two hundred patients with hypertension and 200 nonhypertensives patients were screened for DM. A structured questionnaire was administered to the recruited subjects, and their blood samples were collected for HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose. The detection of DM using the two different screening tests was determined. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated. The mean age of the hypertensive subjects was 48 ± 10 years, whereas that of the nonhypertensive subjects was 46 ± 10 years. The frequency of diabetes in the study population by the HbA1c was 7.8%, whereas it was 25.3% by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P < 0.001). The frequency of prediabetes was 25.3% by the HbA1c as compared to 20.5% by the OGTT (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the HbA1c test for the diagnosis of diabetes was 62.5%, whereas the specificity was 99.7%. This study shows that there was a significant difference in the diagnostic performance of the HbA1c test compared to the OGTT; HbA1c test was less accurate and more likely to miss some diagnoses.
{"title":"Glycated Hemoglobin as a Screening Tool in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus among Adult Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta Region of Nigeria","authors":"Gesiye Bozimo, M. Nkpozi, Adaeze Ugwu, V. E. Gomba, ChinweubaM Abonyi, C. Unachukwu","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_115_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_115_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing worldwide, especially in Nigeria. However, it remains underdiagnosed in many people with the disease. There is a need for early detection and treatment of the populations that are at risk to prevent or reduce complications. There is a paucity of Nigerian studies documenting the performance of the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test in diagnosing DM. This, therefore, informed our decision to embark on this study.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of this study was to assess the role of the HbA1c in the diagnosis of DM at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, in which 400 subjects were evaluated for the presence of glucose intolerance. Two hundred patients with hypertension and 200 nonhypertensives patients were screened for DM. A structured questionnaire was administered to the recruited subjects, and their blood samples were collected for HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose. The detection of DM using the two different screening tests was determined. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The mean age of the hypertensive subjects was 48 ± 10 years, whereas that of the nonhypertensive subjects was 46 ± 10 years. The frequency of diabetes in the study population by the HbA1c was 7.8%, whereas it was 25.3% by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P < 0.001). The frequency of prediabetes was 25.3% by the HbA1c as compared to 20.5% by the OGTT (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the HbA1c test for the diagnosis of diabetes was 62.5%, whereas the specificity was 99.7%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study shows that there was a significant difference in the diagnostic performance of the HbA1c test compared to the OGTT; HbA1c test was less accurate and more likely to miss some diagnoses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":" 473","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141669441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (MAIHA) is a rare clinical condition where both warm and cold antibodies cause red cell destruction, leading to anemia. MAIHA can present as a blood group discrepancy or crossmatch incompatibility, which can be very challenging for transfusion medicine services to diagnose and issuing of best-matched blood. Therefore, a comprehensive immunohematology workup, including a monospecific direct antiglobulin test, and indirect antiglobulin test is performed to determine the thermal amplitude and titer of autoantibodies. It is important to be aware of this phenomenon because, like warm AIHA and MAIHA should be treated immediately, with steroids. We hereby report a case of a 14-year-old girl presenting with a history of generalized weakness and dizziness; preliminary investigations revealed anemia, increased reticulocyte count, and antinuclear antibodies positive. Hence, further diagnosis of MAIHA associated with systemic lupus erythematosus was made. A high-dose steroid therapy was given to the patient, and significant improvement was seen clinically.
{"title":"Mixed Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - A Rare Case Report","authors":"Saroj Rajput, Jogender Kataria, Tathagata Chatterjee","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_29_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_29_24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (MAIHA) is a rare clinical condition where both warm and cold antibodies cause red cell destruction, leading to anemia. MAIHA can present as a blood group discrepancy or crossmatch incompatibility, which can be very challenging for transfusion medicine services to diagnose and issuing of best-matched blood. Therefore, a comprehensive immunohematology workup, including a monospecific direct antiglobulin test, and indirect antiglobulin test is performed to determine the thermal amplitude and titer of autoantibodies. It is important to be aware of this phenomenon because, like warm AIHA and MAIHA should be treated immediately, with steroids. We hereby report a case of a 14-year-old girl presenting with a history of generalized weakness and dizziness; preliminary investigations revealed anemia, increased reticulocyte count, and antinuclear antibodies positive. Hence, further diagnosis of MAIHA associated with systemic lupus erythematosus was made. A high-dose steroid therapy was given to the patient, and significant improvement was seen clinically.","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":" August","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141670007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intestinal fibrosis is a complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, there are no effective preventive measures or medical therapies for intestinal fibrosis. Surgery remains the only available strategy in the management of fibro stenotic enteropathies. However, more than 50% of patients undergoing surgery experience recurrence of stenosis. We assessed effects of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (Gpnmb) on chronic colonic fibrosis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. GSE42768 mRNA microarray dataset was selected to carry out GEO2R bioinformatics analysis to predict differentially expressed genes. Chronic colonic inflammation-associated fibrosis was induced by DSS in mice. Twenty-four healthy male BALB/c were assigned to four groups: Control, model, T1: Intragastric administration of Thalidomide (Thal) 100 mg/kg.day beginning at day 18, T2: Intragastric administration of Thal (100 mg/kg.day) beginning at day 0 (n = 6 in each group). The colon was removed after modeling and assessed by pathological staining, Western blot, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Col1α2, Gpnmb, Wnt1, and β-catenin antibodies were used. The degree of chronic colitis and fibrosis was highest in the model group, and lowest in the control group. Thal treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced chronic colitis and intestinal fibrosis, decreasing Gpnmb at both mRNA and Western blot levels. Expressions of Col1α2, Wnt1, and β-catenin got the same results. From bioinformatic analysis and fundamental experiment, we have illustrated that Gpnmb may stimulate the occurrence of intestinal fibrosis via Wnt1/β-catenin pathway. It may be a new therapeutic target for IBD-related intestinal fibrosis.
{"title":"Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic Melanoma Protein B: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Intestinal Fibrosis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium","authors":"Shumei Bao, Hui Li, Yajie Zhang, Linyan Zhou, Ying Xie, Feng Tian","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_113_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_113_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Intestinal fibrosis is a complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, there are no effective preventive measures or medical therapies for intestinal fibrosis. Surgery remains the only available strategy in the management of fibro stenotic enteropathies. However, more than 50% of patients undergoing surgery experience recurrence of stenosis. We assessed effects of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (Gpnmb) on chronic colonic fibrosis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 GSE42768 mRNA microarray dataset was selected to carry out GEO2R bioinformatics analysis to predict differentially expressed genes. Chronic colonic inflammation-associated fibrosis was induced by DSS in mice. Twenty-four healthy male BALB/c were assigned to four groups: Control, model, T1: Intragastric administration of Thalidomide (Thal) 100 mg/kg.day beginning at day 18, T2: Intragastric administration of Thal (100 mg/kg.day) beginning at day 0 (n = 6 in each group). The colon was removed after modeling and assessed by pathological staining, Western blot, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Col1α2, Gpnmb, Wnt1, and β-catenin antibodies were used.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The degree of chronic colitis and fibrosis was highest in the model group, and lowest in the control group. Thal treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced chronic colitis and intestinal fibrosis, decreasing Gpnmb at both mRNA and Western blot levels. Expressions of Col1α2, Wnt1, and β-catenin got the same results.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 From bioinformatic analysis and fundamental experiment, we have illustrated that Gpnmb may stimulate the occurrence of intestinal fibrosis via Wnt1/β-catenin pathway. It may be a new therapeutic target for IBD-related intestinal fibrosis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":" 1028","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. J. Nisarga, Anupama V. Hegde, Vishwanath Krishnamurthy, H. Rahul
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined as an unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy ≥15 mm (13 mm if family history present) occurring in the absence of identifiable factor that may account for LV wall thickening, including pressure overload and infiltrative or storage disorder. Restrictive physiology is a pattern of ventricular filling with increased myocardial stiffness leading to elevation of ventricular pressure, causing diastolic dysfunction. A 60-year-old man was brought to the hospital with progressive worsening breathlessness for 2 days and bilateral lower limb swelling. The patient was a known case of HCM, ischemic heart disease (IHD) with single-vessel disease – ostial D1 70% stenosis, atrial fibrillation (AF), status post radiofrequency ablation, moderate LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] – 30%), with recurrent admission due to heart failure. The patient presented with hypotension and bilateral lower limb swelling, and systemic examination showed bilateral crepitations. The patient was diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure, heart failure with reduced EF, HCM, old IHD, and AF with controlled ventricular rate. Serial two-dimensional echocardiography showed the progression of HCM to restrictive physiology. The patient deteriorated and was planned for a heart transplant with bridging LV assist device therapy. The transition is not usually reported, and literature related to this is scarce; hence, this case is being reported.
{"title":"Case of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Clinical Progression to Restrictive Physiology","authors":"M. J. Nisarga, Anupama V. Hegde, Vishwanath Krishnamurthy, H. Rahul","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_60_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_60_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined as an unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy ≥15 mm (13 mm if family history present) occurring in the absence of identifiable factor that may account for LV wall thickening, including pressure overload and infiltrative or storage disorder. Restrictive physiology is a pattern of ventricular filling with increased myocardial stiffness leading to elevation of ventricular pressure, causing diastolic dysfunction. A 60-year-old man was brought to the hospital with progressive worsening breathlessness for 2 days and bilateral lower limb swelling. The patient was a known case of HCM, ischemic heart disease (IHD) with single-vessel disease – ostial D1 70% stenosis, atrial fibrillation (AF), status post radiofrequency ablation, moderate LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] – 30%), with recurrent admission due to heart failure. The patient presented with hypotension and bilateral lower limb swelling, and systemic examination showed bilateral crepitations. The patient was diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure, heart failure with reduced EF, HCM, old IHD, and AF with controlled ventricular rate. Serial two-dimensional echocardiography showed the progression of HCM to restrictive physiology. The patient deteriorated and was planned for a heart transplant with bridging LV assist device therapy. The transition is not usually reported, and literature related to this is scarce; hence, this case is being reported.","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"11 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.4103/ajim.ajim_119_23
M. Premanath, Praveen Kulkarni
{"title":"Generic Drugs or Branded Generics, Which One You Prefer to Prescribe?","authors":"M. Premanath, Praveen Kulkarni","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_119_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_119_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.4103/ajim.ajim_117_23
Debasish Mahapatra, V. Jha, Nithya Nair
Filariasis is an important public health problem in India. Extralymphatic manifestation of filariasis includes chyluria or passage of intestinal lymph or chyle into urine imparting a milky-white color, is an important manifestation of renal involvement. A young woman residing in a filaria endemic region, presented with persistent chyluria of 3-month duration. She did not have any features of nephrotic or nephritic syndrome or features of connective tissue disease. After routine hematological, biochemical, serological, and urinalysis, nephrotic range proteinuria and lipiduria were confirmed, and kidney biopsy was performed. Kidney biopsy showed an elongated parasitic sheathed structure with multiple basophilic nuclei spread along the length of the tail, suggestive of microfilaria, in capillaries of a single glomerulus; immunofluorescence was negative for immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, IgG, C3, C1q, kappa, and lambda. She was given antifilarial drug and chyluria promptly subsided. The complex evaluation and management of chyluria have been discussed.
{"title":"As Milky as It Can Get; Chyluria: A Case Report and Review of Literature","authors":"Debasish Mahapatra, V. Jha, Nithya Nair","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_117_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_117_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Filariasis is an important public health problem in India. Extralymphatic manifestation of filariasis includes chyluria or passage of intestinal lymph or chyle into urine imparting a milky-white color, is an important manifestation of renal involvement. A young woman residing in a filaria endemic region, presented with persistent chyluria of 3-month duration. She did not have any features of nephrotic or nephritic syndrome or features of connective tissue disease. After routine hematological, biochemical, serological, and urinalysis, nephrotic range proteinuria and lipiduria were confirmed, and kidney biopsy was performed. Kidney biopsy showed an elongated parasitic sheathed structure with multiple basophilic nuclei spread along the length of the tail, suggestive of microfilaria, in capillaries of a single glomerulus; immunofluorescence was negative for immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, IgG, C3, C1q, kappa, and lambda. She was given antifilarial drug and chyluria promptly subsided. The complex evaluation and management of chyluria have been discussed.","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.4103/ajim.ajim_108_23
Vasantha Kamath, A. B. Aishwarya
Dengue fever (DF), caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is a major public health problem worldwide, with approximately 390 million reported annual infections. The lack of specific antiviral therapies and limited means of vector control has led to the development of a dengue vaccine as a promising strategy to combat this disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current status and prospects of dengue vaccines. This review describes different approaches used in dengue vaccine development, including live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines. Each approach is evaluated for immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy based on preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each vaccine candidate. Future directions and research priorities in dengue vaccine development are highlighted. In conclusion, dengue vaccines have great potential to reduce the burden of DF worldwide. However, some challenges remain regarding vaccine safety, efficacy, delivery, and availability. By addressing these challenges and leveraging advances in vaccine technology, there can be more effective control and prevention of DF and protection of public health, leading to improvement in the quality of life.
{"title":"Dengue Vaccines: Current Status and Future Perspectives","authors":"Vasantha Kamath, A. B. Aishwarya","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_108_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_108_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dengue fever (DF), caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is a major public health problem worldwide, with approximately 390 million reported annual infections. The lack of specific antiviral therapies and limited means of vector control has led to the development of a dengue vaccine as a promising strategy to combat this disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current status and prospects of dengue vaccines. This review describes different approaches used in dengue vaccine development, including live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines. Each approach is evaluated for immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy based on preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each vaccine candidate. Future directions and research priorities in dengue vaccine development are highlighted. In conclusion, dengue vaccines have great potential to reduce the burden of DF worldwide. However, some challenges remain regarding vaccine safety, efficacy, delivery, and availability. By addressing these challenges and leveraging advances in vaccine technology, there can be more effective control and prevention of DF and protection of public health, leading to improvement in the quality of life.","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"44 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs in people of older age, with artificial or damaged heart valves, immunocompromised states, and intravenous (IV) drug abusers as major risk factors. This case report describes a rare presentation of IE in a patient with chronic liver disease (CLD). A 38-year-old female with a history of decompensated CLD due to hepatitis C, presented with high-grade fever with chills, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, melena, and altered mental status. On examination, she had signs of hepatic encephalopathy and a systolic murmur in the aortic area. Imaging studies revealed an aortic valve vegetation with moderate aortic regurgitation, and blood cultures were negative. Treatment with meropenem and teicoplanin was started which resulted in clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering IE in patients with CLD presenting with decompensation and suggests that early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in improving outcomes.
{"title":"Infective Endocarditis Induced – Decompensation of Chronic Liver Disease Presenting as Hepatic Encephalopathy","authors":"Amritpal Singh, Rohit Raina, Ravi Kant","doi":"10.4103/ajim.ajim_97_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ajim.ajim_97_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs in people of older age, with artificial or damaged heart valves, immunocompromised states, and intravenous (IV) drug abusers as major risk factors. This case report describes a rare presentation of IE in a patient with chronic liver disease (CLD). A 38-year-old female with a history of decompensated CLD due to hepatitis C, presented with high-grade fever with chills, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, melena, and altered mental status. On examination, she had signs of hepatic encephalopathy and a systolic murmur in the aortic area. Imaging studies revealed an aortic valve vegetation with moderate aortic regurgitation, and blood cultures were negative. Treatment with meropenem and teicoplanin was started which resulted in clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering IE in patients with CLD presenting with decompensation and suggests that early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in improving outcomes.","PeriodicalId":8012,"journal":{"name":"APIK Journal of Internal Medicine","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140452297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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