Pub Date : 2002-01-09DOI: 10.1179/000349802125001302
J. Petithory, F. Ardoin
Abstract Although eosinophils are occasionally reported in mucus there has been no description of them in faecal samples. Attempts were made to demonstrate eosinophils in stool samples using several different staining techniques. Use of an acid dye, Acid Red 29, was found to be the simplest and most direct method of revealing eosinophils, producing very characteristic, orange-brown, sometimes red, staining of the intracellular granules that contain eosinophil cationic protein. In stool samples held at room temperature, without preservative, eosinophils remained demonstrable for a mean of 15 days and occasionally for a year. The peroxidase in the eosinophilic granules may help to preserve the cells. Eosinophils were found in 32 (14%) of 223 stool samples from patients with intestinal disease (including the results of several parasitic infections) but in none of 72 samples from apparently healthy hospital personnel (P<0.001). Eosinophils were never found in formed stool specimens that did not contain mucus. The demonstration of eosinophils in faecal samples may be a useful indicator of infection with intestinal helminths or of drug- or food-related digestive allergies.
{"title":"The demonstration, staining and prevalences, in pathological and non-pathological specimens, of eosinophils in faeces","authors":"J. Petithory, F. Ardoin","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although eosinophils are occasionally reported in mucus there has been no description of them in faecal samples. Attempts were made to demonstrate eosinophils in stool samples using several different staining techniques. Use of an acid dye, Acid Red 29, was found to be the simplest and most direct method of revealing eosinophils, producing very characteristic, orange-brown, sometimes red, staining of the intracellular granules that contain eosinophil cationic protein. In stool samples held at room temperature, without preservative, eosinophils remained demonstrable for a mean of 15 days and occasionally for a year. The peroxidase in the eosinophilic granules may help to preserve the cells. Eosinophils were found in 32 (14%) of 223 stool samples from patients with intestinal disease (including the results of several parasitic infections) but in none of 72 samples from apparently healthy hospital personnel (P<0.001). Eosinophils were never found in formed stool specimens that did not contain mucus. The demonstration of eosinophils in faecal samples may be a useful indicator of infection with intestinal helminths or of drug- or food-related digestive allergies.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"35 1","pages":"523 - 528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84604823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000475
A. Hailu, N. Berhe
Abstract The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Ethiopia has dramatically increased over the last 10 years, coinciding with the advent of the HIV epidemic. HIV co-infection in VL patients results in atypical, clinical and serological presentations, and may hamper serological diagnosis of VL. The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of VL in 103 Ethiopian patients with or without HIV infection was therefore investigated. The DAT results indicated that 96 of the patients had leishmanial infections, although amastigotes were only detected in samples from 91. Data on HIV status showed that 50.7% of all patients but 56.0% of the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL patients were HIV-positive. Based on the 95 patients who were each examined both by DAT and parasitological methods, the overall sensitivity of the DAT was 97.7%. Among the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL, a false-negative DAT result was obtained for two (3.9%) of the 51 cases who had HIV co-infection and for none of the 40 HIV-negative cases. In contrast to the observations made in Europe, DAT in Ethiopia therefore remain reasonably sensitive in the diagnosis of VL during HIV co-infection. The results are discussed in view of the possibility of distinctive antibody responses induced by Leishmania donovani donovani and L . d. infantum in HIV-infected patients.
{"title":"The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection","authors":"A. Hailu, N. Berhe","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Ethiopia has dramatically increased over the last 10 years, coinciding with the advent of the HIV epidemic. HIV co-infection in VL patients results in atypical, clinical and serological presentations, and may hamper serological diagnosis of VL. The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of VL in 103 Ethiopian patients with or without HIV infection was therefore investigated. The DAT results indicated that 96 of the patients had leishmanial infections, although amastigotes were only detected in samples from 91. Data on HIV status showed that 50.7% of all patients but 56.0% of the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL patients were HIV-positive. Based on the 95 patients who were each examined both by DAT and parasitological methods, the overall sensitivity of the DAT was 97.7%. Among the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL, a false-negative DAT result was obtained for two (3.9%) of the 51 cases who had HIV co-infection and for none of the 40 HIV-negative cases. In contrast to the observations made in Europe, DAT in Ethiopia therefore remain reasonably sensitive in the diagnosis of VL during HIV co-infection. The results are discussed in view of the possibility of distinctive antibody responses induced by Leishmania donovani donovani and L . d. infantum in HIV-infected patients.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"43 1","pages":"25 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80241024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000286
Neeru Singh, A. C. Nagpal, R. Gupta
The district of Jabalpur, which lies in the 29.6%. His blood-group was A+. A sample of his blood gave a dark band, indicating centre of central India (23 ß 9 3⁄4 N, 79 ß 58 3⁄4 E), is highly malarious (Shukla et al., 1995) because a fairly high P. vivax parasitaemia, when tested with an OptiMAL dipstick, and all of the presence of three eYcient vector species: Anopheles culicifacies, An. uviatilis stages of P. vivax infection were revealed by microscopical examination of a bloodsmear, and An. stephensi (Singh et al., 1999). Both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are with 6400 asexual parasites/ml. The boy was given oral CQ (25 mg/kg), along with common, and resistance to chloroquine (CQ) has been detected in the local P. falciparum supporting treatment for his anaemia, by the attending physician. However, when a fresh since 1987 (Ghosh et al., 1989). Although there has been no previous evidence of blood sample was collected 48 h posttreatment and investigated by OptiMAL and CQ-resistant P. vivax in the district, a splenectomized child infected with P. vivax microscopy, the dipstick immediately gave a positive reaction (albeit with a relatively light recently failed to be cured with a standard dose of CQ. This unusual case is described band) and the smear revealed a P. vivax parasitaemia of 400 asexual parasites/ml. At below. Since 1991, the Indian Malaria Research this time the boy’s Hb concentration was found to have slipped even lower than it had Centre (supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research) has run a malaria been on admission (to 5.0 g/dl). Study of the boy’s medical history and records revealed clinic in the Medicine Department of the Government Medical College at Jabalpur. that he had hereditary anaemia (i.e. sickle/ b-thalassaemia), with 11.66% of his Hb as Here, bloodsmears are routinely prepared, from all the fever cases who present, and HbF and 4.36% 2 and that he had been splenectomized in 1996. Subsequent examexamined for malarial parasites under the microscope (Singh et al., 1999). Recently, ination of the medical records of the boy’s parents revealed that, as then expected, one such microscopy has been supplemented with a commercial rapid diagnostic test: parent (his father) had b-thalassaemia (with 0.4% of his Hb as HbF and 5.9% 2 OptiMAL (Flow Inc., Portland, OR; Moody et al., 2000). while the other (his mother) had the sicklecell trait (with HbAS, and 1.4% of her Hb On 6 September 2000, a Hindu (Brahamin) boy aged 11 years presented as HbF). The boy was then given an exchange at the clinic in Jabalpur, with a history of high-grade fever. The boy, who was weak, transfusion of two units of blood and another dose of CQ (again at 25 mg/kg ). thin (21 kg), severely anaemic and suVering from hepatomegaly, had 5.3 g haemoglobin Further examinations on days 2 and 7 posttransfusion, by both OptiMAL and blood(Hb)/dl, a packed-cell volume of 17.9%, a mean corpuscular Hb content of 22.7 pg, smear, revealed complete clearance
位于29.6%的贾巴尔普尔区。他的血型是A+型。他的血液样本呈暗色带，表明印度中部中心(北纬23°3⁄4，东经79°58°3⁄4)是高度疟疾地区(Shukla等人，1995年)，因为用最佳量纸检测时，间日疟寄生虫血症相当高，并且存在三种古代媒介物种:culicifacies按蚊、Anopheles、Anopheles、Anopheles、Anopheles和Anopheles。通过血片镜检发现间日疟原虫感染的生殖道期;stephensi (Singh et al.， 1999)。间日疟原虫和恶性疟原虫均有6400个无性寄生虫/ml。该男孩口服氯喹(25 mg/kg)，同时给予普通氯喹，主治医生在支持其贫血治疗的当地恶性疟原虫中发现了对氯喹的耐药性。然而，当一个新鲜的1987年以来(Ghosh et al.， 1989)。虽然之前没有证据表明治疗后48小时采集血样，并在该地区进行OptiMAL和CQ抗性间日疟原虫的调查，但一名脾切除儿童感染间日疟原虫显微镜，试纸立即显示阳性反应(尽管相对较轻，最近未能用标准剂量的CQ治愈)。这一不寻常的病例被描述为例，涂片显示间日疟原虫血症，400无性寄生虫/ml。在下面。自1991年以来，印度疟疾研究中心(由印度医学研究委员会支持)发现，这名男孩的Hb浓度甚至低于该中心(由印度医学研究委员会支持)进行的疟疾入院检查(5.0 g/dl)。对这名男孩的病史和记录的研究显示，他住在贾巴尔普尔政府医学院医学系的诊所。他患有遗传性贫血(即镰状/ b-地中海贫血)，血红蛋白为11.66%，在所有发热病例中进行常规血检，血红蛋白为4.36% 2，并于1996年进行了脾切除术。随后在显微镜下检查疟疾寄生虫(Singh等人，1999年)。最近，对该男孩父母的医疗记录的分析显示，正如当时所料，一种这样的显微镜检查已经被一种商业快速诊断测试所补充:父母(他的父亲)患有b-地中海贫血(他的Hb中有0.4%是HbF, 5.9%是HbF)。穆迪等人，2000)。而另一个(他的母亲)有镰状细胞特征(有血红蛋白，1.4%的血红蛋白)。2000年9月6日，一名11岁的印度教(婆罗门)男孩被诊断为血红蛋白。随后，该男孩在贾巴尔普尔的诊所接受了换药治疗，他有高热病史。这名虚弱的男孩输了两个单位的血和另一剂CQ(同样是25毫克/公斤)。瘦弱(21公斤)，严重贫血，肝肿大，血红蛋白为5.3 g。输血后第2天和第7天进一步检查，优化和血(Hb)/dl，填充细胞体积为17.9%，平均红细胞Hb含量为22.7 pg，涂片显示寄生虫血症完全清除。输血后第7天，男孩的平均红细胞体积为76.8℃，平均红细胞Hb浓度升高
{"title":"Failure of chloroquine therapy in a splenectomized child infected with Plasmodium vivax","authors":"Neeru Singh, A. C. Nagpal, R. Gupta","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000286","url":null,"abstract":"The district of Jabalpur, which lies in the 29.6%. His blood-group was A+. A sample of his blood gave a dark band, indicating centre of central India (23 ß 9 3⁄4 N, 79 ß 58 3⁄4 E), is highly malarious (Shukla et al., 1995) because a fairly high P. vivax parasitaemia, when tested with an OptiMAL dipstick, and all of the presence of three eYcient vector species: Anopheles culicifacies, An. uviatilis stages of P. vivax infection were revealed by microscopical examination of a bloodsmear, and An. stephensi (Singh et al., 1999). Both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are with 6400 asexual parasites/ml. The boy was given oral CQ (25 mg/kg), along with common, and resistance to chloroquine (CQ) has been detected in the local P. falciparum supporting treatment for his anaemia, by the attending physician. However, when a fresh since 1987 (Ghosh et al., 1989). Although there has been no previous evidence of blood sample was collected 48 h posttreatment and investigated by OptiMAL and CQ-resistant P. vivax in the district, a splenectomized child infected with P. vivax microscopy, the dipstick immediately gave a positive reaction (albeit with a relatively light recently failed to be cured with a standard dose of CQ. This unusual case is described band) and the smear revealed a P. vivax parasitaemia of 400 asexual parasites/ml. At below. Since 1991, the Indian Malaria Research this time the boy’s Hb concentration was found to have slipped even lower than it had Centre (supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research) has run a malaria been on admission (to 5.0 g/dl). Study of the boy’s medical history and records revealed clinic in the Medicine Department of the Government Medical College at Jabalpur. that he had hereditary anaemia (i.e. sickle/ b-thalassaemia), with 11.66% of his Hb as Here, bloodsmears are routinely prepared, from all the fever cases who present, and HbF and 4.36% 2 and that he had been splenectomized in 1996. Subsequent examexamined for malarial parasites under the microscope (Singh et al., 1999). Recently, ination of the medical records of the boy’s parents revealed that, as then expected, one such microscopy has been supplemented with a commercial rapid diagnostic test: parent (his father) had b-thalassaemia (with 0.4% of his Hb as HbF and 5.9% 2 OptiMAL (Flow Inc., Portland, OR; Moody et al., 2000). while the other (his mother) had the sicklecell trait (with HbAS, and 1.4% of her Hb On 6 September 2000, a Hindu (Brahamin) boy aged 11 years presented as HbF). The boy was then given an exchange at the clinic in Jabalpur, with a history of high-grade fever. The boy, who was weak, transfusion of two units of blood and another dose of CQ (again at 25 mg/kg ). thin (21 kg), severely anaemic and suVering from hepatomegaly, had 5.3 g haemoglobin Further examinations on days 2 and 7 posttransfusion, by both OptiMAL and blood(Hb)/dl, a packed-cell volume of 17.9%, a mean corpuscular Hb content of 22.7 pg, smear, revealed complete clearance","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"28 1","pages":"109 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90928289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000547
J. Hamilton, R. Brazil, D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Davies, D. Kelly, F. A. Pessoa, R. De Queiroz
Abstract Male Lutzomyia longipalpis produce terpene sex pheromones in glandular tissue underlying the cuticle. The pheromones are transmitted to the surface via cuticle-lined ducts (measuring 0.25 mmin diameter), each of which reaches the surface in the centre of a papule (measuring 3-3.5 mmin diameter). Similar papules, in a range of shapes but all characterized by the presence of a central pore and absence of macrosetae, occur in some other species of sandfly. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of sex pheromones in sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia that do and do not have the papules. The results indicate that sex pheromones are not widely distributed amongst male Lutzomyia spp. Male members of the genus can be subdivided into three groups: those that produce terpenes and have cuticular papules; those that do not produce terpenes but still have the associated papules; and those that have neither terpenes nor papules. The papules seen in the species that do not synthesise sex pheromones are presumably vestigial, non-functional structures. Such species may have stopped producing pheromone as the result of changes in the way in which the females found and selected mates or changing feeding preferences. A similar event has occurred in the Lepidoptera, where vestigial pheromone-secreting structures remain in some species which no longer produce pheromone. Lutzomyia lenti collected in southern Brazil produced a novel diterpene whereas male L. lenti from north-eastern Brazil did not, supporting suggestions by others that L. lenti is, like L. longipalpis, a species complex.
{"title":"Distribution of putative male sex pheromones among Lutzomyia sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)","authors":"J. Hamilton, R. Brazil, D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Davies, D. Kelly, F. A. Pessoa, R. De Queiroz","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Male Lutzomyia longipalpis produce terpene sex pheromones in glandular tissue underlying the cuticle. The pheromones are transmitted to the surface via cuticle-lined ducts (measuring 0.25 mmin diameter), each of which reaches the surface in the centre of a papule (measuring 3-3.5 mmin diameter). Similar papules, in a range of shapes but all characterized by the presence of a central pore and absence of macrosetae, occur in some other species of sandfly. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of sex pheromones in sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia that do and do not have the papules. The results indicate that sex pheromones are not widely distributed amongst male Lutzomyia spp. Male members of the genus can be subdivided into three groups: those that produce terpenes and have cuticular papules; those that do not produce terpenes but still have the associated papules; and those that have neither terpenes nor papules. The papules seen in the species that do not synthesise sex pheromones are presumably vestigial, non-functional structures. Such species may have stopped producing pheromone as the result of changes in the way in which the females found and selected mates or changing feeding preferences. A similar event has occurred in the Lepidoptera, where vestigial pheromone-secreting structures remain in some species which no longer produce pheromone. Lutzomyia lenti collected in southern Brazil produced a novel diterpene whereas male L. lenti from north-eastern Brazil did not, supporting suggestions by others that L. lenti is, like L. longipalpis, a species complex.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"26 1","pages":"83 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89574187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000457
S. Gatti, A. Bernuzzi, Z. Bisoffi, A. Raglio, M. Scaglia
Abstract A prospective, multicentre study was carried out in Italy to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid dipstick test (ICT Malaria P.f./P.v.) in the diagnosis of imported malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium spp. The test is based on the detection of histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) from P. falciparum and 'panmalarial' antigen in peripheral blood. The 241 subjects were international travellers or immigrants from areas where malaria is endemic. When compared with the microscopical examination of bloodsmears (used as the 'gold standard'), the dipsticks were found to be 94.4% sensitive and 94.5% specific for pure infections with P. falciparum. The performance of the tests when used on patients infected with species other than P. falciparum or more than one Plasmodium spp. showed a high degree of variability. Although the dipsticks represent a very simple, rapid, and valuable diagnostic aid, they should not be considered a complete substitute for direct microscopical diagnosis using stained bloodsmears.
{"title":"Multicentre study, in patients with imported malaria, on the sensitivity and specificity of a dipstick test (ICT Malaria P.f./P.v.TM) compared with expert microscopy","authors":"S. Gatti, A. Bernuzzi, Z. Bisoffi, A. Raglio, M. Scaglia","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A prospective, multicentre study was carried out in Italy to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid dipstick test (ICT Malaria P.f./P.v.) in the diagnosis of imported malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium spp. The test is based on the detection of histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) from P. falciparum and 'panmalarial' antigen in peripheral blood. The 241 subjects were international travellers or immigrants from areas where malaria is endemic. When compared with the microscopical examination of bloodsmears (used as the 'gold standard'), the dipsticks were found to be 94.4% sensitive and 94.5% specific for pure infections with P. falciparum. The performance of the tests when used on patients infected with species other than P. falciparum or more than one Plasmodium spp. showed a high degree of variability. Although the dipsticks represent a very simple, rapid, and valuable diagnostic aid, they should not be considered a complete substitute for direct microscopical diagnosis using stained bloodsmears.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"46 1","pages":"15 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80609365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000448
Mathieu Nacher, P. Singhasivanon, S. Treeprasertsuk, S. Vannaphan, B. Traoré, S. Looareesuwan, F. Gay
Abstract Although human infection with Ascaris appears to be associated with protection from cerebral malaria, there are many potential socio-economic and nutritional confounders related to helminth infection that need to be considered. In a hospital-based study, 37 cases of cerebral malaria and 61 cases of non-severe malaria with high parasite biomass (i.e. hyperparasitaemia and/or circulating schizonts) answered a structured questionnaire and were screened for intestinal helminths. Logistic regression was then used to adjust for the potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) still showed a significant protective association for helminths (OR=0.24; CI=0.07-0.78; P=0.02) and malnutrition (OR=0.11; CI=0.02-0.58; P=0.01), with no evidence of interaction between the two. There was also a significant dose-effect trend for the helminth infections (P=0.048). These results, despite coming from a hospital-based study, indicate that the apparent association between helminths and protection from cerebral malaria is not the result of socio-economic or nutritional confounders.
{"title":"Intestinal helminths and malnutrition are independently associated with protection from cerebral malaria in Thailand","authors":"Mathieu Nacher, P. Singhasivanon, S. Treeprasertsuk, S. Vannaphan, B. Traoré, S. Looareesuwan, F. Gay","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000448","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although human infection with Ascaris appears to be associated with protection from cerebral malaria, there are many potential socio-economic and nutritional confounders related to helminth infection that need to be considered. In a hospital-based study, 37 cases of cerebral malaria and 61 cases of non-severe malaria with high parasite biomass (i.e. hyperparasitaemia and/or circulating schizonts) answered a structured questionnaire and were screened for intestinal helminths. Logistic regression was then used to adjust for the potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) still showed a significant protective association for helminths (OR=0.24; CI=0.07-0.78; P=0.02) and malnutrition (OR=0.11; CI=0.02-0.58; P=0.01), with no evidence of interaction between the two. There was also a significant dose-effect trend for the helminth infections (P=0.048). These results, despite coming from a hospital-based study, indicate that the apparent association between helminths and protection from cerebral malaria is not the result of socio-economic or nutritional confounders.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"13 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90966572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dr David H. Smith","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"36 1","pages":"3 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79814418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000493
T. Kikuchi, T. Furuta, S. Kojima
Abstract The kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) of Toxoplasma gondii was examined using an avidin-biotin sandwich-ELISA (ABS-ELISA) based on an anti-NTPase monoclonal antibody, 6C6. The RH and ME49 strains of the parasite were used to produce acute and chronic infections in mice, respectively. In the acute model, detectable serum concentrations of NTPase were observed from day 1 post-infection and gradually increased until the death of the mice. They were associated with parasitaemia (as estimated by bioassay). No anti-T. gondii antibody could be detected at any time. In the chronic model, in which 20 T. gondii ME49 cysts were given to each mouse per os, the NTPase concentration generally increased from day 3, peaked between days 7 and 14 and then declined. However, one of the four mice used still had a high serum concentration of NTPase on day 35. Again, detectable NTPase concentrations occurred when the mice had parasitaemias. Antibody to T. gondii was detected from day 7 (IgM) or 10 (IgG) and brain cysts were observed from day 14. Since detectable serum concentrations of NTPase appear to be associated with parasitaemia in both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, the ABS-ELISA of the enzyme may make a useful diagnostic tool.
{"title":"Kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase of Toxoplasma gondii in mice with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","authors":"T. Kikuchi, T. Furuta, S. Kojima","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000493","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) of Toxoplasma gondii was examined using an avidin-biotin sandwich-ELISA (ABS-ELISA) based on an anti-NTPase monoclonal antibody, 6C6. The RH and ME49 strains of the parasite were used to produce acute and chronic infections in mice, respectively. In the acute model, detectable serum concentrations of NTPase were observed from day 1 post-infection and gradually increased until the death of the mice. They were associated with parasitaemia (as estimated by bioassay). No anti-T. gondii antibody could be detected at any time. In the chronic model, in which 20 T. gondii ME49 cysts were given to each mouse per os, the NTPase concentration generally increased from day 3, peaked between days 7 and 14 and then declined. However, one of the four mice used still had a high serum concentration of NTPase on day 35. Again, detectable NTPase concentrations occurred when the mice had parasitaemias. Antibody to T. gondii was detected from day 7 (IgM) or 10 (IgG) and brain cysts were observed from day 14. Since detectable serum concentrations of NTPase appear to be associated with parasitaemia in both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, the ABS-ELISA of the enzyme may make a useful diagnostic tool.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"37 1","pages":"35 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74877205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000466
S. Sundar, K. Pai, M. Sahu, Vijay Kumar, H. Murray
Abstract Stored sera from 429 Indian subjects were assayed to extend the analysis of the accuracy of immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in the non-invasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). All 225 samples from patients with proven Leishmania infection tested positive [estimated sensitivity=100%; 95% confidence interval (CI)=98%-100%]. Sera from 99 of the 100 symptomatic patients with other diseases were non-reactive (estimated specificity=99%; CI=94%-100%). However, samples from 13 of the 104 apparently healthy controls showed positive strip-test results (estimated specificity=88%; CI=79%-93%), yielding an overall specificity of 93% (190/204; CI=88%-96%). If applied in a practical clinical setting (on symptomatic patients in whom active VL is suspected and other common infections have been excluded), strip testing of serum for anti-K39 antibody should be both sensitive and specific for diagnosing VL in India.
{"title":"Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","authors":"S. Sundar, K. Pai, M. Sahu, Vijay Kumar, H. Murray","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stored sera from 429 Indian subjects were assayed to extend the analysis of the accuracy of immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in the non-invasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). All 225 samples from patients with proven Leishmania infection tested positive [estimated sensitivity=100%; 95% confidence interval (CI)=98%-100%]. Sera from 99 of the 100 symptomatic patients with other diseases were non-reactive (estimated specificity=99%; CI=94%-100%). However, samples from 13 of the 104 apparently healthy controls showed positive strip-test results (estimated specificity=88%; CI=79%-93%), yielding an overall specificity of 93% (190/204; CI=88%-96%). If applied in a practical clinical setting (on symptomatic patients in whom active VL is suspected and other common infections have been excluded), strip testing of serum for anti-K39 antibody should be both sensitive and specific for diagnosing VL in India.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"31 5 1","pages":"19 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90367032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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