Applied Neuropsychology: Child最新文献

The relationship between brainwave oscillations and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-related cognitive challenges is a trending proposition in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience. Studies suggest the role of brainwave oscillations in the symptom expressions of ADHD-diagnosed children. Intervention studies have further suggested the scope of brain stimulation techniques in improving cognition. The current manuscript explored the effect of changes in the brainwaves post-sensory entrainment on cognitive performance of children. We calculated each participant's brainwave difference and ratios of theta, alpha, and beta power after the entrainment sessions. Further, we explored possible correlations between these values and the psychometric scores. The beta resting state showed the strongest association with selective attention performance of all participants. Theta-beta ratio (TBR) showed an inverse correlation with selective attention and working memory performances. The theta frequency was associated with decreased working performance in children without ADHD. Our findings also suggest a predominant role of TBR than the theta-alpha ratio in determining the cognitive performance of children with ADHD. The individual differences in the entrainment reception were attributed to the participant's age, IQ, and their innate baseline frequencies. The implications of our findings can initiate substantiating brainwave-based entrainment sessions as a therapeutic modality to improve cognition among children.

Executive function (EF) in specific learning disorders (SLD) has been investigated using mainly cool EF tasks, whilst less is known about hot EF and theory of mind (ToM) in this population. The aim of this study was to examine group differences in hot and cool EF and ToM in school-aged children with SLD relative to typically developing peers. It also attempted to investigate whether EF measures are significant predictors of ToM in SLD and typical development. Cross-sectional data were collected from 135 school-aged children with and without SLD (8-10 years old), tested on measures of cool & hot EF and ToM. Significant group differences were observed in EFs inhibition (p= .04), working memory (p= .04) and delay of gratification (p < .001), as well as ToM mental state/emotion recognition (p = .019). Inhibition and planning contributed to 22% of the explained variance of ToM mental state/emotion recognition, but not false belief overall. Results suggest that cool EF may be a crucial predictor of ToM in children with and without SLD. Finally, stepwise logistic regression analysis identified specific hot EF and ToM measures contributing to group differentiation, specifically delay of gratification (odds ratio=.995, 95% CI [.993-.998]) and mental state/emotion recognition (odds ratio= .89, 95% CI [.796-.995]). This study contributes to our understanding of cognitive deficits and socio-cognitive impairment in children with SLD, which hold promise for informing interventions aimed at addressing these cognitive challenges.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Linguistic and Metalinguistic abilities of Persian-speaking individuals with Intellectual disorder to identify the areas and results of the research carried out in order to recognize their main linguistic features, the research gaps, and also guide future research. To this end, first, related keywords were searched and related topics were separated. Then, by reading the abstracts and, if necessary, the entire articles, the unrelated articles were removed. The articles were categorized and studied on linguistic and metalinguistic characters in four areas such as semantics, phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, and pragmatics. In addition, to investigate the effect of bilingualism and gender on the linguistic abilities of these individuals, the findings related to studies in the field of bilingualism and gender were examined in a separate section. From the general review of about 39 studies found, we found that in the fewest studies, the field of pragmatics was dealt with. The general results of the investigation were presented in the table of the results section in addition, in phonological studies, there was no significant difference in phonological awareness between girls and boys. In bilinguals, phonological awareness skills were related to their spelling skills.

This study aimed to investigate impairments in social cognition in youth with specific learning disorder (SLD) through a cross sectional study. Eighty six adolescents which include of 43 SLD and 43 typically developing (TD) children completed a battery of tests to analyze social cognition, emotional process and clinical psychopathological profile. SLD group performed significantly worse than healthy controls in facial ER total accuracy score (Cohen d = .77) and Stroop interference (Cohen d = .92). In individual emotion analyses, patients with SLD have a very high deficiency in recognition of angry faces (Cohen d = .89). Between-group difference was also significant for Stroop congruent and facilitation scores (Cohen d = .99). The Specific Learning Disorder Symptom Check List-Parent Form scores were significant -and only- predictor of the model which for total accuracy score of facial recognition. The results of this study supported an impairment in emotion recognition and executive functions in adolescents with SLD but causality seems still unclear.

Some children and adolescents have persistent concussion symptoms that extend beyond the typical 3-4 week recovery window. Our understanding about what to expect when recovery is atypical, particularly in elementary-age children, is incomplete because there are very few targeted studies of this age group in the published literature. Aims were to identify lingering symptoms that present at three months post-concussion and to determine what factors are associated with prolonged recovery in an elementary-age group. Participants were 123 children aged 5-10 years who were seen at specialized concussion clinics, divided into expected and late recovery groups. Parents rated concussion symptoms on a scale from the Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool-5 (SCAT-5). The most frequent symptoms were headache, irritability, feeling more emotional, and sensitivity to noise. Stepwise logistic regression determined that female sex and total symptom burden at initial visit, but not any specific symptom, predicted prolonged recovery. Clinicians are advised to carefully monitor children who report numerous symptoms after concussion, particularly when the concussed children are girls.

This study assessed the quantitative and qualitative performance of Lebanese-speaking children on verbal fluency (VF) tasks and investigated the effects of sociodemographic characteristics. This study included 219 Lebanese children aged between 5 and 12 years and 11 months, whose native language is Lebanese-Arabic. Semantic and letter VF tasks were assessed using a range of categories and letters. Switching and clustering strategies were analyzed for 177 Lebanese children. The number of words produced presented a significant increase with age (p < .004) in semantic (SVF), while in letter (LVF), the differences were significant between extreme age groups. Females generated more words in the clothes (p = .003) and household items (p = .002) categories. The total number of switches and clusters showed a significantly increasing pattern with age (p < .05). The number of switches was higher for participants with high maternal (p < .001) and paternal (p < .013) educational levels. Regression analyses showed that the total number of switches and clusters, and the mean cluster size had a significant effect on SVF performance (p < .001). The current study generated preliminary norms for VF tasks for Lebanese-speaking children. The results of the current study have an important contribution to neuropsychology research and clinical practice.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, overactivity, and/or impulsiveness. The prevalence of ADHD varies in different settings and there have been voices raised to call for more objective measures in order to avoid over- and underdiagnosing of ADHD. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) is a method where click shaped sounds evoke potentials that are recorder from electrodes on the skull of a patient. The aim of this study was to explore possible alterations in the ABR of 29 patients with ADHD compared to 39 healthy controls. We used a forward masked sound. We found differences in ABR that correspond to the thalamic area. The thalamus seems to play an active role in regulation of activity level in ADHD. More research is needed to draw any further conclusions on using ABR as an objective measurement to detect ADHD.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a posture and movement disorder, however; it often includes disturbance of different aspects of cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate if combined functional strength training (FST) and cognitive intervention are more effective than either of them alone on gross motor function in children with spastic diplegic CP.

Methods: Sixty-four children with spastic diplegic CP, with ages ranging from 8 to 12 years, were assigned randomly into four treatment groups; Group I; FST, group II; cognitive training, group III; combined FST and cognitive training, group IV; conventional physical therapy. The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) was used to assess gross motor function at baseline, post-treatment, and 6 months follow-up.

Results: Group III achieved a significant improvement in GMFM-88 when compared to other groups post-treatment and at follow-up.

Conclusion: This study suggests that combined lower limb FST and cognitive intervention had the potential to produce significantly more favorable effects than the single use of either of them on gross motor function in children with spastic diplegia.

Background: A fast and reliable neurocognitive assessment tool is required for pediatric patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion (ICSOL).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 41 pediatric patients having ICSOL. Cognitive abilities were assessed using both WISC-IV and CNS Vital Signs (CNS VS). All domains are compared to the normative data. Spearman's correlation analysis is performed between domains in two batteries.

Results: In the WISC-IV, CPI, PSI, and WMI are significantly lower than the normative level. In the CNS VS, NCI, Memory domains, Reaction Time, Social Acuity, and Sustained Attention are significantly lower. Six domains in the CNS VS, including Complex Attention, Sustained Attention, Cognitive Flexibility, Executive Function, Processing Speed, and Social Acuity, positively correlate to the PSI or CPI in the WISC-IV. Sixty percent (9/15) of domains in the CNS VS negatively correlate to the size of ISCOL. The FSIQ in the WISC-IV is significantly associated with patients' parent education level.

Conclusion: Compared to the WISC-IV, CNS VS takes less time, but measures more domains. CNS VS is more sensitive to the size of ICSOL but is not affected by patients' parent education level. A healthy control group is warranted for interpreting the results in Chinese participants.

This study aimed to develop a screening test for children suspected of developmental language disorders (DLD). The study was conducted in six steps. In the first two steps, we collected 34 sentences for the sentence repetition (SR) subtest, and 40 non-words for the non-word repetition (NWR) subtest, respectively. Experts determined the content validity in the third step and 19 sentences and 19 non-words were selected. In the fourth step, we draw simple pictures for the SR subtest. In the fifth step, two pilot studies were conducted on 30 and 35 Persian-speaking children aged 4.5-5.5 years, respectively. After calculating the discrimination index of the items, we removed items with the discrimination index less than 0.3. Nineteen sentences and 14 non-words remained in this step. In the sixth step, 92 typically developing (TD) children aged 4.5-5.5 and 10 children suspected of DLD were recruited. Then, we removed some items and evaluated the construct validity and reliability of the final form of the Persian Grammar-Phonology Screening Test (PGPST).The final form of the PGPST consisted of 16 sentences, and 11 non-words were developed. The correlation between the two subtests was 0.29. Children suspected of DLD in SR (p = .001) and NWR (p = .007) performed significantly worse than the TD children. The correlation between the two administrations of the test was 0.74 and 0.71, respectively, for SR and NWR. Cronbach's alpha was also 0.84 and 0.86 for the SR and NWR subtests, respectively. The PGPST is a quick and brief screening test with acceptable validity and reliability.