Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology最新文献

英文中文

THE COHESION-TENSION MECHANISM AND THE ACQUISITION OF WATER BY PLANT ROOTS. 植物根系内聚-张力机制与水分获取。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.847

E. Steudle

The physical basis and evidence in support of the cohesion-tension theory of the ascent of sap in plants are reviewed. The focus is on the recent discussion of challenges to the cohesion-tension mechanism based on measurements with the pressure probe. Limitations of pressure probes to measure tensions (negative pressures) in intact transpiring plants are critically assessed. The possible role of the cohesion-tension mechanism during the acquisition of water and solutes by plant roots is discussed.

综述了植物汁液上升的内聚-张力理论的物理基础和证据。重点是最近对基于压力探头测量的内聚-张力机制的挑战的讨论。压力探头测量张力(负压)在完整的蒸发厂的局限性进行了严格的评估。讨论了内聚-张力机制在植物根系获取水分和溶质过程中可能起的作用。

引用次数: 378

ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Molecular Regulation, and Metabolic Engineering Applications. 植物生物碱合成:生物化学、细胞生物学、分子调控和代谢工程应用。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.29

P. Facchini

Recent advances in the cell, developmental, and molecular biology of alkaloid biosynthesis have heightened our appreciation for the complexity and importance of plant secondary pathways. Several biosynthetic genes involved in the formation of tropane, benzylisoquinoline, and terpenoid indole alkaloids have now been isolated. The early events of signal perception, the pathways of signal transduction, and the function of gene promoters have been studied in relation to the regulation of alkaloid metabolism. Enzymes involved in alkaloid biosynthesis are associated with diverse subcellular compartments including the cytosol, vacuole, tonoplast membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast stroma, thylakoid membranes, and perhaps unique "biosynthetic" or transport vesicles. Localization studies have shown that sequential alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes can also occur in distinct cell types, suggesting the intercellular transport of pathway intermediates. Isolated genes have also been used to genetically alter the accumulation of specific alkaloids and other plant secondary metabolites. Metabolic modifications include increased indole alkaloid levels, altered tropane alkaloid accumulation, elevated serotonin synthesis, reduced indole glucosinolate production, redirected shikimate metabolism, and increased cell wall-bound tyramine formation. This review discusses the biochemistry, cell biology, molecular regulation, and metabolic engineering of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants.

生物碱生物合成的细胞、发育和分子生物学的最新进展使我们对植物次生途径的复杂性和重要性有了更高的认识。几个生物合成基因参与形成的tropane，苄基异喹啉和萜类吲哚生物碱现已被分离。对生物碱代谢调控的早期信号感知事件、信号转导途径以及基因启动子的功能进行了研究。参与生物碱生物合成的酶与不同的亚细胞区室有关，包括细胞质、液泡、细胞质膜、内质网、叶绿体基质、类囊体膜，以及可能独特的“生物合成”或运输囊泡。定位研究表明，顺序生物碱生物合成酶也可以发生在不同的细胞类型中，提示通路中间体的细胞间转运。分离的基因也被用于遗传改变特定生物碱和其他植物次生代谢物的积累。代谢改变包括吲哚生物碱水平增加、tropane生物碱积累改变、血清素合成升高、吲哚硫代葡萄糖苷生成减少、莽草酸代谢重定向和细胞壁结合酪胺形成增加。综述了植物生物碱合成的生物化学、细胞生物学、分子调控和代谢工程等方面的研究进展。

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引用次数: 582

ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN HIGHER PLANTS. 高等植物的单碳代谢。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.119

A. Hanson, S. Roje

The metabolism of one-carbon (C1) units is essential to plants, and plant C1 metabolism has novel features not found in other organisms-plus some enigmas. Despite its centrality, uniqueness, and mystery, plant C1 biochemistry has historically been quite poorly explored, in part because its enzymes and intermediates tend to be labile and low in abundance. Fortunately, the integration of molecular and genetic approaches with biochemical ones is now driving rapid advances in knowledge of plant C1 enzymes and genes. An overview of these advances is presented. There has also been progress in measuring C1 metabolite fluxes and pool sizes, although this remains challenging and there are relatively few data. In the future, combining reverse genetics with flux and pool size determinations should lead to quantitative understanding of how plant C1 pathways function. This is a prerequisite for their rational engineering.

单碳(C1)单位的代谢对植物至关重要，植物C1代谢具有其他生物没有的新特征-加上一些谜。尽管具有中心性、独特性和神秘性，但植物C1生物化学在历史上的探索很少，部分原因是其酶和中间体往往不稳定且丰度低。幸运的是，分子和遗传方法与生物化学方法的结合正在推动植物C1酶和基因知识的快速发展。本文概述了这些进展。在测量C1代谢物通量和池大小方面也取得了进展，尽管这仍然具有挑战性，而且数据相对较少。在未来，将反向遗传学与通量和池大小的确定相结合，将有助于定量了解植物C1通路的功能。这是他们进行理性工程的先决条件。

引用次数: 406

PLANT MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS: Electron Transport, NADPH Turnover, and Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species. 植物线粒体和氧化应激:电子传递、NADPH转换和活性氧代谢。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.561

I. Møller

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O2- and H2O2, is an unavoidable consequence of aerobic metabolism. In plant cells the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is a major site of ROS production. In addition to complexes I-IV, the plant mitochondrial ETC contains a non-proton-pumping alternative oxidase as well as two rotenone-insensitive, non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on each side of the inner membrane: NDex on the outer surface and NDin on the inner surface. Because of their dependence on Ca2+, the two NDex may be active only when the plant cell is stressed. Complex I is the main enzyme oxidizing NADH under normal conditions and is also a major site of ROS production, together with complex III. The alternative oxidase and possibly NDin(NADH) function to limit mitochondrial ROS production by keeping the ETC relatively oxidized. Several enzymes are found in the matrix that, together with small antioxidants such as glutathione, help remove ROS. The antioxidants are kept in a reduced state by matrix NADPH produced by NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and non-proton-pumping transhydrogenase activities. When these defenses are overwhelmed, as occurs during both biotic and abiotic stress, the mitochondria are damaged by oxidative stress.

活性氧(ROS)的产生，如O2-和H2O2，是有氧代谢不可避免的结果。在植物细胞中，线粒体电子传递链(ETC)是ROS产生的主要部位。除了配合物I-IV外，植物线粒体ETC在内膜两侧还含有一个非质子泵送的替代氧化酶和两个鱼藤酮不敏感的非质子泵送的NAD(P)H脱氢酶:NDex在外表面，NDin在内表面。由于它们对Ca2+的依赖性，这两个NDex可能只有在植物细胞受到胁迫时才有活性。正常情况下，复合体I和复合体III是氧化NADH的主要酶，也是产生ROS的主要位点。替代氧化酶和可能的NDin(NADH)通过保持ETC相对氧化来限制线粒体ROS的产生。在基质中发现了几种酶，它们与小抗氧化剂(如谷胱甘肽)一起帮助去除活性氧。抗氧化剂通过nadp -异柠檬酸脱氢酶和非质子抽运转氢酶活性产生的基质NADPH保持在还原状态。当这些防御被淹没时，就像在生物和非生物应激中发生的那样，线粒体被氧化应激破坏。

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引用次数: 1592

CYTOKINESIS AND BUILDING OF THE CELL PLATE IN PLANTS. 植物细胞质分裂和细胞板的构建。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.751

D. Verma

Cytokinesis in plant cells is more complex than in animals, as it involves building a cell plate as the final step in generating two cells. The cell plate is built in the center of phragmoplast by fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles. This step imposes an architectural problem where ballooning of the fused structures has to be avoided to create a plate instead. This is apparently achieved by squeezing the vesicles into dumbbell-shaped vesicle-tubule-vesicle (VTV) structures with the help of phragmoplastin, a homolog of dynamin. These structures are fused at their ends in a star-shaped body creating a tubulovesicular "honeycomb-like" structure sandwiched between the positive ends of the phragmoplast microtubules. This review summarizes our current understanding of various mechanisms involved in budding-off of Golgi vesicles, delivery and fusion of vesicles to initiate cell plate, and the synthesis of polysaccharides at the forming cell plate. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in determining the site, direction, and the point of attachment of the growing cell plate with the parental cell wall. These gaps may be filled soon, as many genes that have been identified by mutations are analyzed and functions of their products are deciphered.

植物细胞的细胞质分裂比动物细胞更复杂，因为它涉及到构建细胞板，作为生成两个细胞的最后一步。细胞板由高尔基囊泡融合而成，位于膜质体的中心。这一步带来了一个建筑问题，必须避免融合结构的膨胀，而不是创建一个板。这显然是通过在phragmoplastin(动力蛋白的同源物)的帮助下将囊泡挤压成哑铃状的囊泡-小管-囊泡(VTV)结构来实现的。这些结构在它们的末端融合在一个星形体中，形成一个夹在膜质体微管正端之间的管泡状“蜂窝状”结构。本文综述了目前对高尔基囊泡脱出、囊泡的传递和融合引发细胞板以及形成细胞板时多糖合成的各种机制的了解。关于决定生长的细胞板与亲本细胞壁的位置、方向和附着点的分子机制，我们所知甚少。这些空白可能很快就会被填补，因为许多已经通过突变确定的基因被分析，它们的产物的功能被破译。

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引用次数: 180

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF FRUIT MATURATION AND RIPENING. 果实成熟与成熟的分子生物学。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.725

J. Giovannoni

The development and maturation of fruits has received considerable scientific scrutiny because of both the uniqueness of such processes to the biology of plants and the importance of fruit as a significant component of the human diet. Molecular and genetic analysis of fruit development, and especially ripening of fleshy fruits, has resulted in significant gains in knowledge over recent years. Great strides have been made in the areas of ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall metabolism, and environmental factors, such as light, that impact ripening. Discoveries made in Arabidopsis in terms of general mechanisms for signal transduction, in addition to specific mechanisms of carpel development, have assisted discovery in more traditional models such as tomato. This review attempts to coalesce recent findings in the areas of fruit development and ripening.

水果的发育和成熟受到了相当多的科学研究，因为这一过程对植物生物学的独特性，以及水果作为人类饮食的重要组成部分的重要性。果实发育的分子和遗传分析，特别是肉质果实的成熟，近年来在知识方面取得了重大进展。在乙烯生物合成和反应、细胞壁代谢以及影响成熟的环境因素(如光)等领域取得了巨大进展。在拟南芥中发现的信号转导的一般机制，以及心皮发育的特定机制，有助于在番茄等更传统的模型中发现。这篇综述试图整合最近在水果发育和成熟领域的发现。

引用次数: 928

BIOSYNTHESIS OF ASCORBIC ACID IN PLANTS: A Renaissance. 植物中抗坏血酸的生物合成:复兴。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.437

N. Smirnoff, P. L. Conklin, F. Loewus

The structure of the familiar antioxidant L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was described in 1933 yet remarkably, its biosynthesis in plants remained elusive until only recently. It became clear from radioisotopic labeling studies in the 1950s that plant ascorbic acid biosynthesis does not proceed in toto via a route similar to that in mammals. The description in 1996 of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant deficient in ascorbic acid prompted renewed research effort in this area, and subsequently in 1998 a new pathway was discovered that is backed by strong biochemical and molecular genetic evidence. This pathway proceeds through the intermediates GDP-D-mannose, L-galactose, and L-galactono-1,4-lactone. Much research has focused on the properties of the terminal enzyme responsible for conversion of the aldonolactone to ascorbate, and on related enzymes in both mammals and fungi. Two of the plant biosynthetic genes have been studied at the molecular level and additional ascorbate-deficient A. thaliana mutants may hold the key to other proteins involved in plant ascorbate metabolism. An analysis of the biosynthesis of ascorbate and its analogues in algae and fungi as well as the study of alternative proposed pathways should broaden our understanding of ascorbate metabolism in plants. With a biosynthetic pathway in hand, research on areas such as the control of ascorbate biosynthesis and the physiological roles of ascorbate should progress rapidly.

人们所熟悉的抗氧化剂l -抗坏血酸(维生素C)的结构早在1933年就被描述出来了，但值得注意的是，直到最近，它在植物中的生物合成才得以实现。从20世纪50年代的放射性同位素标记研究中可以清楚地看出，植物抗坏血酸的生物合成并不是通过与哺乳动物相似的途径进行的。1996年对拟南芥抗坏血酸缺陷突变体的描述促使这一领域的研究重新开始，随后在1998年发现了一个新的途径，得到了强有力的生化和分子遗传学证据的支持。该途径通过中间产物gdp - d -甘露糖、l -半乳糖和l -半乳糖-1,4-内酯进行。许多研究都集中在负责将醛醛酸内酯转化为抗坏血酸的末端酶的特性，以及哺乳动物和真菌中的相关酶。两个植物生物合成基因已经在分子水平上进行了研究，其他抗坏血酸缺乏的拟南芥突变体可能具有参与植物抗坏血酸代谢的其他蛋白质的关键。对抗坏血酸及其类似物在藻类和真菌中的生物合成的分析，以及对替代途径的研究，将拓宽我们对植物抗坏血酸代谢的理解。随着生物合成途径的掌握，对抗坏血酸生物合成控制和抗坏血酸生理作用等领域的研究将迅速进展。

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引用次数: 437

TRANSPORTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE UPTAKE AND PARTITIONING OF NITROGENOUS SOLUTES. 负责吸收和分配含氮溶质的转运体。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV.ARPLANT.52.1.659

Lefebvre Williams, A. Miller

The acquisition and allocation of nitrogenous compounds are essential processes in plant growth and development. The huge economic and environmental costs resulting from the application of nitrogen fertilizers make this topic very important. A diverse array of transporters varying in their expression pattern and also in their affinity, specificity, and capacity for nitrogenous compounds has been identified. Now the future challenge is to define their individual contribution to nitrogen nutrition and signalling processes. Here we have reviewed recent advances in the identification and molecular characterization of these transporters, concentrating on mechanisms existing at the plasma membrane. The review focuses on nitrate, ammonium, and amino acid transporter familes, but we also briefly describe what is known at the molecular level about peptide transporters and a recently identified family implicated in the transport of purines and their derivatives.

氮化合物的获取和分配是植物生长发育的重要过程。氮肥的施用所带来的巨大经济和环境成本使得这一课题非常重要。已经确定了各种各样的转运蛋白，它们的表达模式不同，对氮化合物的亲和力、特异性和能力也不同。现在，未来的挑战是确定它们对氮营养和信号传导过程的个体贡献。在这里，我们回顾了这些转运体的鉴定和分子表征的最新进展，集中在质膜上存在的机制。这篇综述的重点是硝酸盐、铵和氨基酸转运蛋白家族，但我们也简要描述了在分子水平上已知的肽转运蛋白和最近发现的与嘌呤及其衍生物转运有关的转运蛋白家族。

引用次数: 306

SIGNALING TO THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IN PLANTS. 植物中肌动蛋白细胞骨架的信号。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2000-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.257

Chris J. Staiger

Plants have developed finely tuned, cellular mechanisms to respond to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. In several examples, these responses necessitate rearrangements of the cytoplasm that are coordinated by a network of actin microfilaments and microtubules, dynamic polymers collectively known as the cytoskeleton. This review focuses on five different cellular responses in which the actin cytoskeleton redistributes following extracellular stimulation: pollen tube tip growth and the self-incompatibility response; root hair responses to bacterial nodulation factors; light-mediated plastid positioning; nonhost resistance to fungal attack; and guard cell shape and turgor changes. For each of these systems, there is reasonable knowledge about what signals induce the plant response and the function(s) of the actin rearrangement. This review aims to build beyond a description of cytoskeletal changes and look at specific actin-binding proteins that have been implicated as effectors of each response, as sites of action for second messengers, and as fundamental coordinators of actin dynamics.

植物已经发展出精细调节的细胞机制来响应各种内在和外在的刺激。在一些例子中，这些反应需要细胞质的重排，这些重排是由肌动蛋白微丝和微管网络协调的，这些动态聚合物统称为细胞骨架。本文综述了肌动蛋白骨架在细胞外刺激下重新分配的五种不同的细胞反应:花粉管尖端生长和自交不亲和反应;根毛对细菌结瘤因子的反应光介导的质体定位;非寄主对真菌攻击的抗性;保护细胞的形状和膨胀也发生了变化。对于这些系统中的每一个，都有关于什么信号诱导植物反应和肌动蛋白重排功能的合理知识。这篇综述的目的是建立在细胞骨架变化的描述之外，并着眼于特定的肌动蛋白结合蛋白，这些蛋白被认为是每种反应的效应器，是第二信使的作用位点，是肌动蛋白动力学的基本协调者。

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引用次数: 314

SELENIUM IN HIGHER PLANTS. 高等植物中的硒。

Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology

Pub Date : 2000-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.401

N. Terry, A. M. Zayed, M. P. De Souza, A. S. Tarun

Plants vary considerably in their physiological response to selenium (Se). Some plant species growing on seleniferous soils are Se tolerant and accumulate very high concentrations of Se (Se accumulators), but most plants are Se nonaccumulators and are Se-sensitive. This review summarizes knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of both types of plants, particularly with regard to Se uptake and transport, biochemical pathways of assimilation, volatilization and incorporation into proteins, and mechanisms of toxicity and tolerance. Molecular approaches are providing new insights into the role of sulfate transporters and sulfur assimilation enzymes in selenate uptake and metabolism, as well as the question of Se essentiality in plants. Recent advances in our understanding of the plant's ability to metabolize Se into volatile Se forms (phytovolatilization) are discussed, along with the application of phytoremediation for the cleanup of Se contaminated environments.

植物对硒的生理反应差异很大。一些生长在含硒土壤上的植物具有耐硒性，可以积累非常高浓度的硒(硒积累物)，但大多数植物是硒不积累物，对硒敏感。本文综述了这两种植物的生理生化知识，特别是硒的吸收和运输，同化、挥发和纳入蛋白质的生化途径，以及毒性和耐受性机制。分子方法为硫酸盐转运体和硫同化酶在硒酸盐摄取和代谢中的作用以及硒在植物体内的必要性问题提供了新的见解。本文讨论了植物将硒代谢为挥发性硒形式(植物挥发)的能力的最新进展，以及植物修复在硒污染环境清理中的应用。

引用次数: 1240

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