Pub Date : 1981-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0198-0254(85)93065-1
S. Gould
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{"title":"Skin Bleaching in South Africa: A Result of Colonialism and Apartheid?","authors":"Nahomie Julien","doi":"10.31922/DISC2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31922/DISC2.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81113,"journal":{"name":"Discover","volume":"2 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69790024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our political attitudes shape our perceptions of the world. It has been suggested to use Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework within a political context. Specifically, SIT can be used to explain the preference for in-group members who share a political identity and dislike of out-group members who do not. Given the literature using SIT as a framework and that political attitudes can bias perceptions, a person’s political identity can impact the evaluation of a candidate. A total of 232 undergraduate students from Georgia State University completed a questionnaire evaluating a political candidate that was either labeled as a Republican, Democratic, or without a label. The results showed a significant difference in the evaluation of the candidate depending on whether or not the participant shared the same party identity. This supports the notion that the party label alone can have an impact on candidate evaluations. The preference for in-group members and distrust of out-group members supports using SIT as a model explaining this phenomenon within a political context. PARTY ID AND EVAL OF CANDIDATES 3 Party Identity and the Evaluation of Political Candidates Attitudes & Party Identity Our attitudes shape our perceptions of the world. Partisanship acts as an attitude shaping our views towards people, issues, and objects. It is stable and relatively unchanging over time (Greene, 2002). Understanding partisan identity is as equally important to understand as other group identities individuals have because it behaves in a similar way. Racial, ethnic, and religious identities all tie individuals to a group just like partisan identity does (Campbell, et al, 1960). Partisan identity allows for individuals to distort perceptions of their in-group. Specifically, it allows for individuals to form more favorable perceptions of their in-group and negative perceptions of the out-group. An increase in polarization and animosity between political parties has been increasing since the 1960s (Haidt & Hetherington, 2012; Iyengar, et al, 2012). This is partially due to the increase in technology and the ability for individuals to act out confirmation bias, seeking information that confirms their beliefs and tuning out information that does not (Iyengar, et al, 2012). It has been suggested to use Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework within a political context to better explain party identity (Greene, 2004; Greene, 2005). SIT explains how an individual’s self-concept is tied to their perceived group membership (Tajfel & Turner, 1986). Thus, SIT explains the preference for in-group members. In addition, SIT states that individuals place an emotional value on these group memberships, explaining in-group bias. Although SIT is rooted within social psychology, there is a great advantage of applying it towards political science. The benefits of using SIT as a model for partisan identity include providing a richer theoretical background to explain the psychologi
我们的政治态度塑造了我们对世界的看法。有人建议在政治背景下使用社会认同理论(SIT)作为框架。具体来说，SIT可以用来解释对具有相同政治身份的群体内成员的偏好和对没有相同政治身份的群体外成员的厌恶。鉴于文献使用SIT作为一个框架，并且政治态度可以偏见感知，一个人的政治认同可以影响对候选人的评估。来自佐治亚州立大学的232名本科生完成了一份调查问卷，评估一名政治候选人，他们被贴上共和党、民主党和没有标签的标签。结果显示，根据参与者是否拥有相同的政党身份，对候选人的评价有显着差异。这证明了政党标签本身就能对候选人的评价产生影响的观点。对群体内成员的偏好和对群体外成员的不信任支持使用SIT作为在政治背景下解释这一现象的模型。政党身份和政治候选人态度和政党身份的评价我们的态度塑造了我们对世界的看法。党派关系是一种态度，塑造了我们对人、问题和事物的看法。随着时间的推移，它是稳定的，相对不变的(Greene, 2002)。理解党派认同和理解个人的其他群体认同同样重要，因为它们的行为方式相似。种族、民族和宗教身份都将个人与一个群体联系起来，就像党派身份一样(Campbell, et al, 1960)。党派认同允许个人扭曲对其内部群体的看法。具体来说，它允许个人对他们的内群体形成更有利的看法，对外群体形成消极的看法。自20世纪60年代以来，政党之间的两极分化和敌意一直在增加(Haidt & Hetherington, 2012;Iyengar, et al, 2012)。这部分是由于技术的发展和个人表现出确认偏见的能力，寻求证实他们信念的信息，而忽略不证实的信息(Iyengar, et al, 2012)。有人建议在政治背景下使用社会认同理论(SIT)作为框架来更好地解释政党认同(Greene, 2004;格林,2005)。SIT解释了一个人的自我概念是如何与他们感知到的群体成员关系联系在一起的(Tajfel & Turner, 1986)。因此，SIT解释了对群体内成员的偏好。此外，SIT指出，个人对这些群体成员的情感价值，解释了群体内偏见。虽然SIT植根于社会心理学，但将其应用于政治学有很大的优势。使用SIT作为党派认同模型的好处包括为解释与群体相关的心理依恋和群体归属感提供了更丰富的理论背景(Greene, 2002;Theodoridis, 2015)。此外，它可以为个体行为提供更好的政党ID和候选人评价4解释，因为它与群体依恋有关，是个体行为的更好预测器(Greene, 2002)。这解释了美国政治的两极化，即对立的态度。重要的是，SIT并不打算取代现有的理论框架，而只是在它们的基础上进行扩展。SIT可以用来解释对具有相同政治身份的群体内成员的偏好，以及对不具有相同政治身份的群体外成员的强烈厌恶。虽然选民应该单独评估每个候选人，但这需要做很多工作，因此许多选民依靠其他捷径来快速确定他们喜欢的候选人。其中一个捷径就是吸引力。第一印象非常重要，为了确定候选人的哪些特征更可取，人们研究了政治家的面部图像(Budesheim & DePaolo, 1994;Hellweg, Pfau， & Brydon 1992;Rosenberg等人，1986;基廷等人，1999)。更有趣的是，一些研究表明，个体仅仅从一张照片就能识别出外群体成员，其准确性比仅仅由于偶然而预期的要高(Olivola & Todorov, 2010;Samochowiec et al, 2010)。Wanke, Samochowiec, and Landwehr(2013)认为这种对外部群体成员的超敏感有进化基础。信任一个会伤害我们的人比不信任一个无害的人更危险。在美国的政治背景下，两党在过去的几十年里已经变得如此两极化，以至于产生了两种不同的文化，个人可以识别他们的差异。艾扬格和韦斯特伍德(2014)的一项研究发现，政治领域的群体外仇恨和不信任已经变得根深蒂固和自动。 这些研究都为吸引力作为一种捷径和识别外群体成员提供了支持;然而，关于派对标签作为快捷方式的影响的数据更令人信服。在Kaplan等人(2007)进行的一项有趣的神经系统研究中，参与者接受了功能磁共振成像(fMRI)，并向他们展示了自己政党成员(内团体成员)和反对党成员(外团体成员)的照片。当看到组外成员的照片时，与组内成员的照片相比，前额叶皮层和前扣带(大脑的认知区)以及脑岛和前颞叶(大脑的情感区)发生了显著的变化。这项研究在神经学层面上捕捉到了对群体内成员表达积极情绪和对群体外成员表达消极情绪时的情绪和生物学反应。此外，研究还发现，对群体外成员的消极情绪越强烈，对群体内成员的积极情绪就越强烈。此外，Young, Ratner， & Fazio(2013)的一项研究发现，个体对群体外政治家面孔的记忆不如群体内政治家面孔有吸引力。同样，Ratner等人(2014)的一项研究发现，在经济游戏中，群体内面孔被评为更值得信任，更有爱心，更聪明，更有吸引力。Duck等人(1995)发现，群体内成员认为自己比群体外成员更不容易受到媒体宣传的影响。此外，内群体成员认为外群体成员不太可能听取与他们观点相反的信息，而只会听取支持他们政治态度的信息。此外，在Bolsen, Druckman, and Cook(2014)的研究中，参与者对环境政策的意见形成与是否得到群体内或群体外政党的认可有关。因此，政党标签本身可以作为形成对面孔和政策的态度和意见的捷径。考虑到使用SIT作为框架的文献，以及支持政治态度会影响感知的研究，一个人的政治认同可以影响对政党ID的评估和候选人的评估，当只有一个形象出现时。这项研究是为了检验政党标签和政治候选人评价之间的联系。该研究测试了(1)党派关系是否会影响对候选人的评价;(2)如果候选人来自同一政党(内团体)，人们是否更喜欢他们，但不喜欢来自反对党的候选人(外团体)。因此，支持使用SIT作为政治学中的工作框架。假设是:(1)个人党派关系确实会影响对候选人的评价;(2)群体内对候选人的偏爱不会像群体外的厌恶那么强烈。
{"title":"Party Identity and the Evaluation of Political Candidates","authors":"A. Zabinski, T. Bolsen","doi":"10.31922/DISC4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31922/DISC4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Our political attitudes shape our perceptions of the world. It has been suggested to use Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework within a political context. Specifically, SIT can be used to explain the preference for in-group members who share a political identity and dislike of out-group members who do not. Given the literature using SIT as a framework and that political attitudes can bias perceptions, a person’s political identity can impact the evaluation of a candidate. A total of 232 undergraduate students from Georgia State University completed a questionnaire evaluating a political candidate that was either labeled as a Republican, Democratic, or without a label. The results showed a significant difference in the evaluation of the candidate depending on whether or not the participant shared the same party identity. This supports the notion that the party label alone can have an impact on candidate evaluations. The preference for in-group members and distrust of out-group members supports using SIT as a model explaining this phenomenon within a political context. PARTY ID AND EVAL OF CANDIDATES 3 Party Identity and the Evaluation of Political Candidates Attitudes & Party Identity Our attitudes shape our perceptions of the world. Partisanship acts as an attitude shaping our views towards people, issues, and objects. It is stable and relatively unchanging over time (Greene, 2002). Understanding partisan identity is as equally important to understand as other group identities individuals have because it behaves in a similar way. Racial, ethnic, and religious identities all tie individuals to a group just like partisan identity does (Campbell, et al, 1960). Partisan identity allows for individuals to distort perceptions of their in-group. Specifically, it allows for individuals to form more favorable perceptions of their in-group and negative perceptions of the out-group. An increase in polarization and animosity between political parties has been increasing since the 1960s (Haidt & Hetherington, 2012; Iyengar, et al, 2012). This is partially due to the increase in technology and the ability for individuals to act out confirmation bias, seeking information that confirms their beliefs and tuning out information that does not (Iyengar, et al, 2012). It has been suggested to use Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework within a political context to better explain party identity (Greene, 2004; Greene, 2005). SIT explains how an individual’s self-concept is tied to their perceived group membership (Tajfel & Turner, 1986). Thus, SIT explains the preference for in-group members. In addition, SIT states that individuals place an emotional value on these group memberships, explaining in-group bias. Although SIT is rooted within social psychology, there is a great advantage of applying it towards political science. The benefits of using SIT as a model for partisan identity include providing a richer theoretical background to explain the psychologi","PeriodicalId":81113,"journal":{"name":"Discover","volume":"4 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69790236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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