Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386181
A. Sünder, G. Flachowsky
The aim of the study was to contribute to the discussion of overdosing vitamin E in laying hens. A total of 45 laying hens, divided into 5 groups were fed diets supplemented with either 0; 100; 1000; 10 000 or 20 000 mg dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet over a period of 10 weeks. Concentrations of vitamins A and E were measured in plasma, various tissues and egg yolk. Furthermore egg yolk colour and some carotinoids were measured in egg yolks. None of the vitamin E doses significantly influenced performance of the hens. As expected, vitamin E concentration in plasma, all tissue samples and egg yolk was significantly increased with increasing tocopherol content in the diet. The egg yolk showed the highest vitamin E concentration, followed by liver and muscles. Feeding 1000 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg diet resulted in an increase of vitamin A concentration in the liver. Very high doses (10 000 and 20 000 mg/kg diet) significantly decreased retinol concentration in the liver and egg yolk, as well as carotinoid concentration in the egg yolk. The lower carotinoid concentration in egg yolk resulted in a decreased intensity of egg yolk colour. A prooxidative and/or competitive effect of very high doses of vitamin E with other fat soluble substances has been discussed.
{"title":"Influence of high vitamin E dosages on retinol and carotinoid concentration in body tissues and eggs of laying hens","authors":"A. Sünder, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386181","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to contribute to the discussion of overdosing vitamin E in laying hens. A total of 45 laying hens, divided into 5 groups were fed diets supplemented with either 0; 100; 1000; 10 000 or 20 000 mg dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg diet over a period of 10 weeks. Concentrations of vitamins A and E were measured in plasma, various tissues and egg yolk. Furthermore egg yolk colour and some carotinoids were measured in egg yolks. None of the vitamin E doses significantly influenced performance of the hens. As expected, vitamin E concentration in plasma, all tissue samples and egg yolk was significantly increased with increasing tocopherol content in the diet. The egg yolk showed the highest vitamin E concentration, followed by liver and muscles. Feeding 1000 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg diet resulted in an increase of vitamin A concentration in the liver. Very high doses (10 000 and 20 000 mg/kg diet) significantly decreased retinol concentration in the liver and egg yolk, as well as carotinoid concentration in the egg yolk. The lower carotinoid concentration in egg yolk resulted in a decreased intensity of egg yolk colour. A prooxidative and/or competitive effect of very high doses of vitamin E with other fat soluble substances has been discussed.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81569029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386193
M. Klein, Marlies Neubert, L. Hoffmann, W. Jentsch, M. Beyer, H. Scholze, S. Kuhla
Energy balances of cocks and chickens were measured using the nitrogen‐carbon‐balance method. In Experiment 1 twelve adult White Leghorn cocks were fed alternately on a basal ration or on a supplemental ration composed of 75% basal diet and 25% carbohydrate source as a supplement. In Experiment 2 six groups of 12 male broiler chickens were fed successively on two diets each with different carbohydrate sources (40% of DM) and on two energy levels. The investigated carbohydrate sources were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maize starch, raw and steamed potato starch, dried sugar beet pulp, tapioka, wheat, maize, rye and barley. In both experiments the energy digestibility of the diets with raw potato starch, beet pulp and barley was significantly lower compared to the other diets. Digestibility of those ranged from 88 to 81%. By simple linear regression no significant differences in efficiency of utilisation of ME of the diets between the carbohydrate sources sugars, starches and cereal grains could be proved. The corresponding MEm values agreed very close among the diets (411 to 429 kJ·kg BW‐0.75·d‐1).
{"title":"Energy metabolism of cocks and broiler chickens fed on diets with different carbohydrate sources","authors":"M. Klein, Marlies Neubert, L. Hoffmann, W. Jentsch, M. Beyer, H. Scholze, S. Kuhla","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386193","url":null,"abstract":"Energy balances of cocks and chickens were measured using the nitrogen‐carbon‐balance method. In Experiment 1 twelve adult White Leghorn cocks were fed alternately on a basal ration or on a supplemental ration composed of 75% basal diet and 25% carbohydrate source as a supplement. In Experiment 2 six groups of 12 male broiler chickens were fed successively on two diets each with different carbohydrate sources (40% of DM) and on two energy levels. The investigated carbohydrate sources were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maize starch, raw and steamed potato starch, dried sugar beet pulp, tapioka, wheat, maize, rye and barley. In both experiments the energy digestibility of the diets with raw potato starch, beet pulp and barley was significantly lower compared to the other diets. Digestibility of those ranged from 88 to 81%. By simple linear regression no significant differences in efficiency of utilisation of ME of the diets between the carbohydrate sources sugars, starches and cereal grains could be proved. The corresponding MEm values agreed very close among the diets (411 to 429 kJ·kg BW‐0.75·d‐1).","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78161244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381990
M. Tafaj, A. Maulbetsch, B. Junck, H. Steingass, W. Drochner
A method was developed for studying local differences in ruminai fermentation. The developed sampler consisted of an acrylic glass container (460 cm3) with an aperture for digesta sampling, which could be opened and closed by the scaled “T”; rod. The scale was a reference for defined rumen layers: top, middle, 5 to 10 cm and 25 to 35 cm beneath the top of particles mat, respectively, and bottom 5 to 10 cm above the rumen floor. The repeatability of the method was proved in two rumen cannulated cows. Particle/fluid ratio, pH and sample amount were measured 2 to 21/2 h after morning feeding in four replicates each day (over 5 days), rumen layer and animal. No significant differences between replicates were observed. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the particle/fluid ratio varied between 8.7% and 13.6%. Top layer had higher CV than middle and bottom layer. CV of pH ranged between 0.59% and 1.27%. The developed method of sampling showed satisfactory repeatability for investigation of digesta properties and fermentation in different rumen layers.
{"title":"Research note: A method for studying local differences in ruminal fermentation in dairy cattle","authors":"M. Tafaj, A. Maulbetsch, B. Junck, H. Steingass, W. Drochner","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381990","url":null,"abstract":"A method was developed for studying local differences in ruminai fermentation. The developed sampler consisted of an acrylic glass container (460 cm3) with an aperture for digesta sampling, which could be opened and closed by the scaled “T”; rod. The scale was a reference for defined rumen layers: top, middle, 5 to 10 cm and 25 to 35 cm beneath the top of particles mat, respectively, and bottom 5 to 10 cm above the rumen floor. The repeatability of the method was proved in two rumen cannulated cows. Particle/fluid ratio, pH and sample amount were measured 2 to 21/2 h after morning feeding in four replicates each day (over 5 days), rumen layer and animal. No significant differences between replicates were observed. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the particle/fluid ratio varied between 8.7% and 13.6%. Top layer had higher CV than middle and bottom layer. CV of pH ranged between 0.59% and 1.27%. The developed method of sampling showed satisfactory repeatability for investigation of digesta properties and fermentation in different rumen layers.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74406689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386179
B. Pastuszewska, Anna Ochtabińska, R. Lechowski
Two groups of 26 male and 26 female rats at the initial age 30 ± 2 days were fed during 31 weeks on diets containing 20 percent of yellow lupin seeds having low (LG) or high (HG) gramine content. The animals were mated twice within nutritional groups, 1 male: 1 female, and their main reproductive parameters were recorded. In both reproductive cycles body weight of females at mating, after parturition and after 21‐days lactation was lower in HG than in LG group. Fertility rate and body weight of neonates were not affected by the diet while number of neonates per litter tended to be lower by 0.7 and 0.8 pups in HG than in LG group. Body weight of weaners was also substantially smaller in dams fed on HG than LG diet. Relative weight of spleen but not of liver, kidney and heart was significantly greater in HG females. Four weeks old males and females issued from the first litters born to LG and HG animals (ten males and ten females per treatment) were fed individually on respective diets during 3 weeks. Feed intake and growth rate did not differ between the treatments. In males relative weight of liver and testicles was greater, while hematocrit and red blood count were lower in HG than in LG group. In females organ weights did not differ. Activity of liver enzymes determined in males was not affected by the diet. It may be concluded that high‐gramine lupin affects negatively lactational performance, probably via lower feed intake, but it does not induce apparent teratogenic effects in the progeny.
{"title":"Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. effects of feeding high‐gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring","authors":"B. Pastuszewska, Anna Ochtabińska, R. Lechowski","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386179","url":null,"abstract":"Two groups of 26 male and 26 female rats at the initial age 30 ± 2 days were fed during 31 weeks on diets containing 20 percent of yellow lupin seeds having low (LG) or high (HG) gramine content. The animals were mated twice within nutritional groups, 1 male: 1 female, and their main reproductive parameters were recorded. In both reproductive cycles body weight of females at mating, after parturition and after 21‐days lactation was lower in HG than in LG group. Fertility rate and body weight of neonates were not affected by the diet while number of neonates per litter tended to be lower by 0.7 and 0.8 pups in HG than in LG group. Body weight of weaners was also substantially smaller in dams fed on HG than LG diet. Relative weight of spleen but not of liver, kidney and heart was significantly greater in HG females. Four weeks old males and females issued from the first litters born to LG and HG animals (ten males and ten females per treatment) were fed individually on respective diets during 3 weeks. Feed intake and growth rate did not differ between the treatments. In males relative weight of liver and testicles was greater, while hematocrit and red blood count were lower in HG than in LG group. In females organ weights did not differ. Activity of liver enzymes determined in males was not affected by the diet. It may be concluded that high‐gramine lupin affects negatively lactational performance, probably via lower feed intake, but it does not induce apparent teratogenic effects in the progeny.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87318440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386187
Nuria Miquel, K. Knudsen, H. Jørgensen
The effects of feeding two fibre‐rich diets with contrasting solubility and a concentrated low dietary fibre on the rate of gastric emptying were examined in six gastric cannulated pregnant sows. Additionally, it was examined whether any effect could be related to the physico‐chemical properties of digesta, i.e. viscosity and/or water binding capacity. The sows were fed each diet for one week in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design and the samples were taken in a randomised order 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 15.5 h after the morning meal. The stomach contents were evacuated through the gastric cannula once daily. The evacuated gastric digesta was quantified and a representative sample was taken to determine its viscosity, water binding capacity and its content of dry matter, dietary components and solid (Cr2O3) and liquid (polyethylene glycol) phase markers. The flow of liquid digesta was calculated as the difference between digesta and dry matter. Increasing the content of dietary fibre in the diet led to higher recovery of liquid digesta but did not have any significant effect on the gastric emptying of dry matter and dietary components. The effect of dietary fibre could not be attributed to the viscosity of the liquid phase of digesta but might be related to the ability of the increased gastric dietary fibre content to hold water. The stomach selectively retained the insoluble dietary fibre components most noticeably seen with the bran‐supplemented diet where the concentration of insoluble NSP in digesta increased significantly from 2 hours and onward.
{"title":"Impact of diets varying in dietary fibre characteristics on gastric emptying in pregnant sows","authors":"Nuria Miquel, K. Knudsen, H. Jørgensen","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386187","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of feeding two fibre‐rich diets with contrasting solubility and a concentrated low dietary fibre on the rate of gastric emptying were examined in six gastric cannulated pregnant sows. Additionally, it was examined whether any effect could be related to the physico‐chemical properties of digesta, i.e. viscosity and/or water binding capacity. The sows were fed each diet for one week in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design and the samples were taken in a randomised order 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 15.5 h after the morning meal. The stomach contents were evacuated through the gastric cannula once daily. The evacuated gastric digesta was quantified and a representative sample was taken to determine its viscosity, water binding capacity and its content of dry matter, dietary components and solid (Cr2O3) and liquid (polyethylene glycol) phase markers. The flow of liquid digesta was calculated as the difference between digesta and dry matter. Increasing the content of dietary fibre in the diet led to higher recovery of liquid digesta but did not have any significant effect on the gastric emptying of dry matter and dietary components. The effect of dietary fibre could not be attributed to the viscosity of the liquid phase of digesta but might be related to the ability of the increased gastric dietary fibre content to hold water. The stomach selectively retained the insoluble dietary fibre components most noticeably seen with the bran‐supplemented diet where the concentration of insoluble NSP in digesta increased significantly from 2 hours and onward.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85414632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386183
T. Ettle, P. Lebzien, G. Flachowsky, F. Schwarz
In this study we investigated the influence of harvest date and genotype on the ruminai degradability of the organic matter of ensiled maize grains. Grains of the varieties Avenir, Byzance, CGS 5104 and CGS 5107 from six different harvest dates were available; they are classified as intermediate types between flint and dent com. The six harvest dates, during which time the dry matter content of the ensiled grains rose from 52% to 66%, extended from 1st September to 19th October. Assuming a passage rate of k=0.08, the effective ruminai degradability declined in this period on average from 93% to just under 79%; variety‐specific deviations also increased markedly during this period. The dry matter content (x, DM in %) of the ensiled grains had a profound influence on ruminai degradation: a highly significant curvilinear decline in ruminai degradability (y) was calculated at increasing DM levels (k = 0.08), which can be described by the equation y = −0.072x2 (±0.010)+7.417x(±1.186)−98.71(±34.58)(B=0.96;sy,x[%]=1.36). The ruminai degradability of ensiled maize grains is about 5–10% higher than that of fresh maize grains.
{"title":"Effect of harvest date and variety on ruminal degradability of ensiled maize grains in dairy cows","authors":"T. Ettle, P. Lebzien, G. Flachowsky, F. Schwarz","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386183","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we investigated the influence of harvest date and genotype on the ruminai degradability of the organic matter of ensiled maize grains. Grains of the varieties Avenir, Byzance, CGS 5104 and CGS 5107 from six different harvest dates were available; they are classified as intermediate types between flint and dent com. The six harvest dates, during which time the dry matter content of the ensiled grains rose from 52% to 66%, extended from 1st September to 19th October. Assuming a passage rate of k=0.08, the effective ruminai degradability declined in this period on average from 93% to just under 79%; variety‐specific deviations also increased markedly during this period. The dry matter content (x, DM in %) of the ensiled grains had a profound influence on ruminai degradation: a highly significant curvilinear decline in ruminai degradability (y) was calculated at increasing DM levels (k = 0.08), which can be described by the equation y = −0.072x2 (±0.010)+7.417x(±1.186)−98.71(±34.58)(B=0.96;sy,x[%]=1.36). The ruminai degradability of ensiled maize grains is about 5–10% higher than that of fresh maize grains.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90155971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386182
E. Tavares, Ana Gómez‐Tubío, M. Murillo, O. Carreras
The effect of ethanol exposure on the fatty acid composition of brown and white adipose tissue in three successive rat progenies at the end of an experimental period (24 weeks) was studied. Ethanol‐treated rats received a standard rat chow diet and 5, 10 and 15% ethanol in the ad libitum drinking fluid over 3 successive weeks. Then a concentration of 20% ethanol was maintained for 5 additional weeks up to the end of the experimental period. The males and females in the ethanol treated group were mated to obtain the 1st generation of offspring. Then female and male rats from the 1st generation were mated to obtain the 2nd generation. Finally, males and females from the 2nd generation were mated to obtain the 3rd generation of ethanol treated rats. Another group served as control and received only water and a standard rat chow diet. The control group was handled in the same way as the other experimental groups. In the 1st and 2nd generations the percentage of stearic acid (18:0) decreased and palmitoleic (16:ln7) and oleic acid (18:ln9) increased in both adipose tissues of ethanol‐treated rats with respect to control. Additionally, n‐3 and n‐6 series were reduced both in brown and white adipose tissues. In the 3rd generation the fatty acid composition of the white adipose tissue was similar to that of control rats. Thus, no significant difference in essential fatty acids and oleic acid (18:ln9) were found. However, the fatty acid composition of the brown adipose tissue, in the 3rd generation, was similar to that observed in the 1st and 2nd generation. Thus, a decrease in essential fatty acids and an increase in oleic acid (18:ln9) was found. This suggests adaptation to ethanol consumption during successive progenies in white adipose tissue. However, in brown adipose tissue the values indicate a triglyceride storing during the thermogenesis, which is more important to newborns.
{"title":"Brown and white adipose tissue lipid composition in three successive progenies of rats: Effects of ethanol exposure","authors":"E. Tavares, Ana Gómez‐Tubío, M. Murillo, O. Carreras","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386182","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of ethanol exposure on the fatty acid composition of brown and white adipose tissue in three successive rat progenies at the end of an experimental period (24 weeks) was studied. Ethanol‐treated rats received a standard rat chow diet and 5, 10 and 15% ethanol in the ad libitum drinking fluid over 3 successive weeks. Then a concentration of 20% ethanol was maintained for 5 additional weeks up to the end of the experimental period. The males and females in the ethanol treated group were mated to obtain the 1st generation of offspring. Then female and male rats from the 1st generation were mated to obtain the 2nd generation. Finally, males and females from the 2nd generation were mated to obtain the 3rd generation of ethanol treated rats. Another group served as control and received only water and a standard rat chow diet. The control group was handled in the same way as the other experimental groups. In the 1st and 2nd generations the percentage of stearic acid (18:0) decreased and palmitoleic (16:ln7) and oleic acid (18:ln9) increased in both adipose tissues of ethanol‐treated rats with respect to control. Additionally, n‐3 and n‐6 series were reduced both in brown and white adipose tissues. In the 3rd generation the fatty acid composition of the white adipose tissue was similar to that of control rats. Thus, no significant difference in essential fatty acids and oleic acid (18:ln9) were found. However, the fatty acid composition of the brown adipose tissue, in the 3rd generation, was similar to that observed in the 1st and 2nd generation. Thus, a decrease in essential fatty acids and an increase in oleic acid (18:ln9) was found. This suggests adaptation to ethanol consumption during successive progenies in white adipose tissue. However, in brown adipose tissue the values indicate a triglyceride storing during the thermogenesis, which is more important to newborns.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83347899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386194
R. Fink, A. Tauson, K. B. Hansen, S. Wamberg, N. Kristensen
Energy intake and milk production were measured in 12 mink dams raising litters of 3, 6 and 9 kits one to four weeks post partum by means of balance experiments and measurements of milk intake of the kits by the water isotope dilution technique. The dams were fed ad libitum on a conventional wet mink diet (DM: 323 g/kg; CP: 173 g/kg; ME: 4.4 MJ/kg). Milk samples collected from dams with corresponding litter sizes and lactation weeks, and body composition of kits nursed by these dams, were analysed for content of DM, ash, N and fat. The ME and drinking water consumption were higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The N and water balances as well as the live weight of dams were not affected by litter size. Daily milk production was higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The DM, N and fat content of the milk increased during lactation, but were not affected by litter size. Individual kit live weight was higher in litters of 3 than in litters of 6 and 9 kits four weeks post partum. The DM and fat content of the kits were lowest in kits from litters of 9 kits, whereas these kits had the highest protein content. Daily ME for maintenance of kits and the efficiency of utilisation of ME in milk for body gain were estimated to 356 kJ/kg0.75, kp ≈0.53 and kf ≈0.71, respectively. In conclusion, daily milk production increased with increasing litter size, but not in proportion to the number of kits, indicating that milk production limits the growth rate of the young. In the fourth week of lactation, milk production was not different between dams nursing 6 or 9 kits, indicating a maximum capacity.
{"title":"Energy intake and milk production in mink (MUSTELA vison)‐effect of litter size","authors":"R. Fink, A. Tauson, K. B. Hansen, S. Wamberg, N. Kristensen","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386194","url":null,"abstract":"Energy intake and milk production were measured in 12 mink dams raising litters of 3, 6 and 9 kits one to four weeks post partum by means of balance experiments and measurements of milk intake of the kits by the water isotope dilution technique. The dams were fed ad libitum on a conventional wet mink diet (DM: 323 g/kg; CP: 173 g/kg; ME: 4.4 MJ/kg). Milk samples collected from dams with corresponding litter sizes and lactation weeks, and body composition of kits nursed by these dams, were analysed for content of DM, ash, N and fat. The ME and drinking water consumption were higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The N and water balances as well as the live weight of dams were not affected by litter size. Daily milk production was higher in dams nursing 9 kits than in dams nursing 3 kits. The DM, N and fat content of the milk increased during lactation, but were not affected by litter size. Individual kit live weight was higher in litters of 3 than in litters of 6 and 9 kits four weeks post partum. The DM and fat content of the kits were lowest in kits from litters of 9 kits, whereas these kits had the highest protein content. Daily ME for maintenance of kits and the efficiency of utilisation of ME in milk for body gain were estimated to 356 kJ/kg0.75, kp ≈0.53 and kf ≈0.71, respectively. In conclusion, daily milk production increased with increasing litter size, but not in proportion to the number of kits, indicating that milk production limits the growth rate of the young. In the fourth week of lactation, milk production was not different between dams nursing 6 or 9 kits, indicating a maximum capacity.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78438747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386191
T. Ettle, F. Schwarz
The Dutch (DVE) and the German (nXP) protein evaluation system were compared using data from four specially designed dairy feeding trials. The criterion for comparison was the divergence between predicted and observed milk protein yield with the respective protein evaluation system. Different forages were fed in each series of experiments, namely red clover/meadow grass, meadow grass, grass silage and maize silage, respectively. To achieve a diversified database, protein was supplied at 2 or 3 different levels in each experiment. Across all measured data, the two protein evaluation systems resulted sometimes in considerable differences between predicted and observed protein yield. The observed yield was overestimated by 223 g per cow and day with the DVE system and by 144 g per cow and day with the nXP system. The magnitude of the bias varied depending on the type of ration fed. In experiments with fresh forage the difference between predicted and observed milk protein yield was far greater with the DVE system than that calculated with the nXP system (difference 322 g vs. 162 g), whereas after feeding grass silage the differences between the two protein evaluation systems were small (194 g vs. 182 g). In experiments with maize silage the predicted value was close to the observed value both with the DVE and the nXP system (difference 48 g vs. 80 g).
{"title":"Comparison of the German and the Dutch protein evaluation system in dairy nutrition when applied to different rations with graded protein levels","authors":"T. Ettle, F. Schwarz","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386191","url":null,"abstract":"The Dutch (DVE) and the German (nXP) protein evaluation system were compared using data from four specially designed dairy feeding trials. The criterion for comparison was the divergence between predicted and observed milk protein yield with the respective protein evaluation system. Different forages were fed in each series of experiments, namely red clover/meadow grass, meadow grass, grass silage and maize silage, respectively. To achieve a diversified database, protein was supplied at 2 or 3 different levels in each experiment. Across all measured data, the two protein evaluation systems resulted sometimes in considerable differences between predicted and observed protein yield. The observed yield was overestimated by 223 g per cow and day with the DVE system and by 144 g per cow and day with the nXP system. The magnitude of the bias varied depending on the type of ration fed. In experiments with fresh forage the difference between predicted and observed milk protein yield was far greater with the DVE system than that calculated with the nXP system (difference 322 g vs. 162 g), whereas after feeding grass silage the differences between the two protein evaluation systems were small (194 g vs. 182 g). In experiments with maize silage the predicted value was close to the observed value both with the DVE and the nXP system (difference 48 g vs. 80 g).","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80309352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386186
S. Muetzel, U. Krishnamoorthy, K. Becker
Rumen fluid samples from a cow were withdrawn manually from the feed mat (solid phase) or the liquid phase below this mat and incubated in vitro with wheat straw, sorghum hay and a concentrate mixture. From the inoculum and several samples collected during in vitro incubation RNA was extracted to assess microbial population size and structure. RNA content recovered from the solid phase rumen fluid was significantly higher than from the liquid phase. The composition of the microbial population in the solid phase material was characterised by a high proportion of Ruminococci. Neither the proportion of other cell wall degrading organisms (Fibrobacter and Chytridiomycetes) nor the Eukarya and Archaea populations differed between the two sampling sites. Gas production was higher when substrates were incubated with solid phase than with liquid phase rumen fluid regardless of sampling time. However, the higher level of gas production was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in true digestibility. The RNA probes showed that during in vitro incubation with liquid phase rumen fluid, the eukaryotic population was inactive no matter which substrate was used and the activity of methanogens (Archaea) was lower than with solid phase rumen fluid. The population pattern of the cell wall degrading organisms was influenced mainly by the substrate fermented, and to a smaller extent by the inoculum used for in vitro fermentation.
{"title":"Effects of rumen fluid collection site on microbial population structure during in vitro fermentation of the different substrates quantified by 16S rRNA hybridisation","authors":"S. Muetzel, U. Krishnamoorthy, K. Becker","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386186","url":null,"abstract":"Rumen fluid samples from a cow were withdrawn manually from the feed mat (solid phase) or the liquid phase below this mat and incubated in vitro with wheat straw, sorghum hay and a concentrate mixture. From the inoculum and several samples collected during in vitro incubation RNA was extracted to assess microbial population size and structure. RNA content recovered from the solid phase rumen fluid was significantly higher than from the liquid phase. The composition of the microbial population in the solid phase material was characterised by a high proportion of Ruminococci. Neither the proportion of other cell wall degrading organisms (Fibrobacter and Chytridiomycetes) nor the Eukarya and Archaea populations differed between the two sampling sites. Gas production was higher when substrates were incubated with solid phase than with liquid phase rumen fluid regardless of sampling time. However, the higher level of gas production was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in true digestibility. The RNA probes showed that during in vitro incubation with liquid phase rumen fluid, the eukaryotic population was inactive no matter which substrate was used and the activity of methanogens (Archaea) was lower than with solid phase rumen fluid. The population pattern of the cell wall degrading organisms was influenced mainly by the substrate fermented, and to a smaller extent by the inoculum used for in vitro fermentation.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85415669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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