Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381985
L. Bernard, B. Chauveau, D. Rémond
Different methodologies for the measurement of peptide amino acid (PAA) in blood and plasma were compared in sheep. Preparation of blood and plasma samples consisted of a deproteinization, either chemical with sulfosalicylic acid (0.04 g for 1 ml of sample) or physical by ultrafiltration (10,000‐MW cut‐off filters), with or without a subsequent ultrafiltration through a 3,000‐MW cut‐off filter. Peptide concentrations were determined by quantification of amino acid concentrations before and after acid hydrolysis of samples. Free amino acid concentrations were similar by all the method used (about 2.5 and 2.7mM, for blood and plasma respectively). Peptide concentrations were higher with chemical deproteinization (10.6 and 4.2 mM, for blood and plasma respectively) than with physical deproteinization (5.7 and 3.3 mM, for blood and plasma respectively). When the deproteinized samples were further treated to remove material of molecular weight above than 3 kDa, peptide concentrations were significantly reduced, which indicates inefficiencies in the ability of the deproteinizing procedures in removing all the proteinaceous materials. Concentration of small PAA (< 3kDa) in blood was about 1.5‐fold that in plasma, mainly due to peptide Gly and Glu derived from the hydrolysis of the erythrocyte glutathione. The choice of a methodology for quantifying circulating peptides is discussed.
{"title":"Effect of the methodology on peptide amino acid concentrations in blood and plasma of sheep","authors":"L. Bernard, B. Chauveau, D. Rémond","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381985","url":null,"abstract":"Different methodologies for the measurement of peptide amino acid (PAA) in blood and plasma were compared in sheep. Preparation of blood and plasma samples consisted of a deproteinization, either chemical with sulfosalicylic acid (0.04 g for 1 ml of sample) or physical by ultrafiltration (10,000‐MW cut‐off filters), with or without a subsequent ultrafiltration through a 3,000‐MW cut‐off filter. Peptide concentrations were determined by quantification of amino acid concentrations before and after acid hydrolysis of samples. Free amino acid concentrations were similar by all the method used (about 2.5 and 2.7mM, for blood and plasma respectively). Peptide concentrations were higher with chemical deproteinization (10.6 and 4.2 mM, for blood and plasma respectively) than with physical deproteinization (5.7 and 3.3 mM, for blood and plasma respectively). When the deproteinized samples were further treated to remove material of molecular weight above than 3 kDa, peptide concentrations were significantly reduced, which indicates inefficiencies in the ability of the deproteinizing procedures in removing all the proteinaceous materials. Concentration of small PAA (< 3kDa) in blood was about 1.5‐fold that in plasma, mainly due to peptide Gly and Glu derived from the hydrolysis of the erythrocyte glutathione. The choice of a methodology for quantifying circulating peptides is discussed.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78258585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386192
V. Fievez, Ann Vandeweghe, B. Vlaeminck, L. Mbanzamihigo, L. Carlier, D. Demeyer
The effect of nitrogen (N) fertilisation (200 vs. 400 kg N ha‐1 year‐1) of pasture cut in the beginning (end of May) and the end (end of August) of the grazing season and of simultaneous or separated feeding of maize and grass (400 kg N ha‐1 year‐1) on efficiency of N utilisation in the rumen has been studied using four rumen canulated wethers. Doubling N fertiliser rate increased grass CP production by about 60%, but induced extensive excess of rumen degradable N, reflected in high urinary urea excretion (rpearson = 0.747). The latter was lower (74% at the maximum) when feeding less fertilised or older grass or when supplementing with maize silage. Although simultaneous feeding of maize silage with grass changed patterns of rumen ammonia concentrations, no change in urinary excretion of purine derivatives was observed. Hence, faecal or urinary N excretion was unaffected by the supplementation strategy. Microbial growth efficiency was estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives and fermented OM. The latter was calculated from total rumen CH4 production, based on rumen fermentation stoichiometry and taking into account proportional concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids. Higher levels of intake tended to improve rumen microbial growth efficiency slightly (rpearson=0.406), which, however, could not compensate for the reduced effective rumen DM degradability (rpearson =‐0.442). The latter was apparently associated with a partial shift of the fermentation from the rumen to the hindgut, as suggested from the negative correlation (rprarson =‐0.745) between faecal RNA concentrations and rumen effective degradability.
利用四种瘤胃模拟天气，研究了放牧季节初(5月底)和末(8月底)割草施肥氮肥(200 vs 400 kg N ha‐1年‐1)以及玉米和草同时或分开饲喂(400 kg N ha‐1年‐1)对瘤胃氮素利用效率的影响。施氮量增加一倍，草CP产量增加约60%，但瘤胃可降解氮大量过剩，尿尿素排泄量高(rpearson = 0.747)。饲喂较少施肥或较老草或添加玉米青贮时，后者较低(最高74%)。虽然玉米青贮与草同时饲喂改变了瘤胃氨浓度的变化规律，但尿中嘌呤衍生物的排泄量没有变化。因此，粪便或尿氮排泄不受补充策略的影响。通过尿中嘌呤衍生物和发酵OM的排泄来估计微生物的生长效率。后者是根据瘤胃发酵化学计量学并考虑单个挥发性脂肪酸的比例浓度，由瘤胃总甲烷产量计算得出的。较高的采食量可略微提高瘤胃微生物生长效率(rpearson=0.406)，但不能弥补瘤胃DM有效降解率的降低(rpearson=‐0.442)。粪便RNA浓度与瘤胃有效降解率呈负相关(rprarson =‐0.745)，后者明显与发酵从瘤胃向后肠的部分转移有关。
{"title":"Effect of N fertilisation rate, energy supplementation and supplementation strategy on efficiency of N utilisation in the sheep rumen","authors":"V. Fievez, Ann Vandeweghe, B. Vlaeminck, L. Mbanzamihigo, L. Carlier, D. Demeyer","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386192","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of nitrogen (N) fertilisation (200 vs. 400 kg N ha‐1 year‐1) of pasture cut in the beginning (end of May) and the end (end of August) of the grazing season and of simultaneous or separated feeding of maize and grass (400 kg N ha‐1 year‐1) on efficiency of N utilisation in the rumen has been studied using four rumen canulated wethers. Doubling N fertiliser rate increased grass CP production by about 60%, but induced extensive excess of rumen degradable N, reflected in high urinary urea excretion (rpearson = 0.747). The latter was lower (74% at the maximum) when feeding less fertilised or older grass or when supplementing with maize silage. Although simultaneous feeding of maize silage with grass changed patterns of rumen ammonia concentrations, no change in urinary excretion of purine derivatives was observed. Hence, faecal or urinary N excretion was unaffected by the supplementation strategy. Microbial growth efficiency was estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives and fermented OM. The latter was calculated from total rumen CH4 production, based on rumen fermentation stoichiometry and taking into account proportional concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids. Higher levels of intake tended to improve rumen microbial growth efficiency slightly (rpearson=0.406), which, however, could not compensate for the reduced effective rumen DM degradability (rpearson =‐0.442). The latter was apparently associated with a partial shift of the fermentation from the rumen to the hindgut, as suggested from the negative correlation (rprarson =‐0.745) between faecal RNA concentrations and rumen effective degradability.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79178066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109386189
F. Garza-Cázares, R. Daenicke, G. Flachowsky
The effect of including Bacillus ceretis (BC) in a diet of growing bulls was examined. 64 German Holstein bulls (initial body weight: 187 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments (control and BC). The bulls were fed corn silage ad libitum and a restricted amount of concentrate (without BC or with 100 mg BC/kg). They were slaughtered with a final body weight averaging 555 kg. No significant treatment differences were detected for any feedlot performance or carcass characteristics measured. Bulls fed BC had a daily weight gain of 1472 g, control animals of 1425 g. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that under these conditions the inclusion of BC will not significantly improve performance of growing bulls.
{"title":"Research note: Effect of bacillus cereus on performances of growing bulls","authors":"F. Garza-Cázares, R. Daenicke, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109386189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386189","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of including Bacillus ceretis (BC) in a diet of growing bulls was examined. 64 German Holstein bulls (initial body weight: 187 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments (control and BC). The bulls were fed corn silage ad libitum and a restricted amount of concentrate (without BC or with 100 mg BC/kg). They were slaughtered with a final body weight averaging 555 kg. No significant treatment differences were detected for any feedlot performance or carcass characteristics measured. Bulls fed BC had a daily weight gain of 1472 g, control animals of 1425 g. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that under these conditions the inclusion of BC will not significantly improve performance of growing bulls.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87363930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381979
S. Dänicke, H. Kluge, G. Dusel, H. Jeroch
The nitrogen pool of piglets weighing 19.4 ± 1.4 kg at the beginning of the experiment was labeled with an oral application of ([15N]H4SO4 (1.26 [l5N]‐atom percent excess of dietary N) over a period of 7 d. The labeling period was followed by an equilibration period of 7 d without feeding the labeling compound. The two experimental diets were based on wheat (53%) and rye (25%) and were fed either with or without a xylanase containing enzyme preparation over both experimental periods. Additionally, diets were supplemented with an indigestible marker during the 2nd period of the experiment to allow the calculation of endogenous N‐Iosses in subsequent segments of the digestive tract of the pigs. These endogenous N‐losses were estimated at the end of the experiment by analyzing feces, ingesta and urine for [15N]‐enrichment assuming that [l5N]‐enrichment of urine represents the [15N]‐enrichment of the precursor pool. Endogenous N‐losses were not significantly affected by xylanase addition at any measurement site (stomach, 3 sections of the small intestine, total digestive tract). Endogenous N‐proportions of total nitrogen amounted on average for the six pigs to 42 ± 11% and 56 ± 5% at the last section of the small intestine and over the whole digestive tract, respectively, which corresponded to endogenous N‐losses of 2.8 ± 1.3 g N/kg DM and 2.0 ± 0.3 g N/kg DM, respectively.
试验开始时体重为19.4±1.4 kg的仔猪，在7 d内口服([15N]H4SO4(比饲粮氮高出1.26 [l5N] -原子百分比)氮池进行标记。标记期后为7 d的平衡期，不饲喂标记化合物。两种试验饲粮分别以小麦(53%)和黑麦(25%)为基础，在两个试验期间分别饲喂或不饲喂含木聚糖酶的酶制剂。此外，在试验的第二阶段，饲粮中添加了一种不消化标记物，以便计算猪消化道后续部分的内源性N -损失。这些内源性氮损失在实验结束时通过分析粪便、摄食和尿液来估计[15N] -富集，假设尿液的[15N] -富集代表前体池的[15N] -富集。添加木聚糖酶对任何测量部位(胃、小肠3段、全消化道)的内源性氮损失均无显著影响。6头猪小肠末段和整个消化道的内源氮占总氮的平均比例分别为42±11%和56±5%，对应的内源氮损失分别为2.8±1.3 g N/kg DM和2.0±0.3 g N/kg DM。
{"title":"Endogenous N‐losses in piglets estimated by a [15N]‐isotope dilution technique: Effect of xylanase addition to a wheat and rye based diet","authors":"S. Dänicke, H. Kluge, G. Dusel, H. Jeroch","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381979","url":null,"abstract":"The nitrogen pool of piglets weighing 19.4 ± 1.4 kg at the beginning of the experiment was labeled with an oral application of ([15N]H4SO4 (1.26 [l5N]‐atom percent excess of dietary N) over a period of 7 d. The labeling period was followed by an equilibration period of 7 d without feeding the labeling compound. The two experimental diets were based on wheat (53%) and rye (25%) and were fed either with or without a xylanase containing enzyme preparation over both experimental periods. Additionally, diets were supplemented with an indigestible marker during the 2nd period of the experiment to allow the calculation of endogenous N‐Iosses in subsequent segments of the digestive tract of the pigs. These endogenous N‐losses were estimated at the end of the experiment by analyzing feces, ingesta and urine for [15N]‐enrichment assuming that [l5N]‐enrichment of urine represents the [15N]‐enrichment of the precursor pool. Endogenous N‐losses were not significantly affected by xylanase addition at any measurement site (stomach, 3 sections of the small intestine, total digestive tract). Endogenous N‐proportions of total nitrogen amounted on average for the six pigs to 42 ± 11% and 56 ± 5% at the last section of the small intestine and over the whole digestive tract, respectively, which corresponded to endogenous N‐losses of 2.8 ± 1.3 g N/kg DM and 2.0 ± 0.3 g N/kg DM, respectively.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75853741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381977
K. Aulrich, H. Böhme, Reinhard Daenicke, I. Halle, G. Flachowsky
During the last few years, animal nutrition has been confronted with genetically modified organisms (GMO), and their significance will increase in the future. The study presents investigations on the substantial equivalence of the transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn and the corresponding nontransgenic hybrid Cesar and parameters of nutrition physiology such as digestibility and energy content for poultry, pigs and ruminants. The results of the analysed corn samples as well as of the silage samples illustrated substantial equivalence in all investigated ingredients, such as crude nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and non‐starch polysaccharides. The results of the experiments using poultry, pigs, wethers and fattening bulls were not influenced by the genetic modification of corn. The determined values for the digestibilities and the energy contents for poultry, pigs and wethers were not affected by the used corn variety. Neither the examined parameters of the fattening experiments with bulls nor the slaughter results showed any significant differences between the bulls fed on silages made from the nontransgenic or transgenic corn.
{"title":"Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition","authors":"K. Aulrich, H. Böhme, Reinhard Daenicke, I. Halle, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381977","url":null,"abstract":"During the last few years, animal nutrition has been confronted with genetically modified organisms (GMO), and their significance will increase in the future. The study presents investigations on the substantial equivalence of the transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn and the corresponding nontransgenic hybrid Cesar and parameters of nutrition physiology such as digestibility and energy content for poultry, pigs and ruminants. The results of the analysed corn samples as well as of the silage samples illustrated substantial equivalence in all investigated ingredients, such as crude nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and non‐starch polysaccharides. The results of the experiments using poultry, pigs, wethers and fattening bulls were not influenced by the genetic modification of corn. The determined values for the digestibilities and the energy contents for poultry, pigs and wethers were not affected by the used corn variety. Neither the examined parameters of the fattening experiments with bulls nor the slaughter results showed any significant differences between the bulls fed on silages made from the nontransgenic or transgenic corn.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87707105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381981
M. Tafaj, H. Steingass, W. Drochner
In order to study the main effects of particle size, three ruminally fistulated cows (550 to 580 kg BW) were fed a constant low concentrate level (3.56 kg DM/d, 20% of total DMI) and a fibre‐rich hay (approximately 60% NDF in DM) in long (28.7 mm), chopped (9.2 mm) and fine ground (2.9 mm) form in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In another three factorial experiment with 8 wethers (4 animals were ruminally fistulated, mean BW = 68 kg) the main effects and interactions of the above mentioned hay particle sizes at two concentrate levels (10.4 to 13.3% and 29.5 to 40.1% of DMI, resp.) and two intake levels (restricted and ad libitum) were investigated. In comparison to long hay (28.7 mm), feeding of chopped hay (9.2 mm) at low concentrate levels, increased not only the hay intake (7% in dairy cows and 13% in sheep) but also the intake of digestible organic matter (12% in dairy cows and 32% in sheep), due to an increase in the apparent digestibility of OM by 3.8% in dairy cows and 8.2% in sheep. Ad libitum feeding of fine ground hay in combination with low concentrate amount in the ration increased the passage rate in the hindgut and consequently the hay intake, but not the intake of DOM, due to a significant depression of digestibility, especially of fibre fractions (4 to 7% in dairy cows and 4.5 to 14% in sheep), in comparison to 28.7 and 9.2 mm hay particle sizes. The digestibility decreased significantly with restricted feeding of fine ground hay in sheep only in comparison to 9.2 mm particle size. A threefold increase of concentrate amount levelled out all effects of the particle size reduction. The effect of particle size was more pronounced in sheep than in dairy cows.
{"title":"Influence of hay particle size at different concentrate and feeding levels on digestive processes and feed intake in ruminants. 2. passage, digestibility and feed intake","authors":"M. Tafaj, H. Steingass, W. Drochner","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381981","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the main effects of particle size, three ruminally fistulated cows (550 to 580 kg BW) were fed a constant low concentrate level (3.56 kg DM/d, 20% of total DMI) and a fibre‐rich hay (approximately 60% NDF in DM) in long (28.7 mm), chopped (9.2 mm) and fine ground (2.9 mm) form in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In another three factorial experiment with 8 wethers (4 animals were ruminally fistulated, mean BW = 68 kg) the main effects and interactions of the above mentioned hay particle sizes at two concentrate levels (10.4 to 13.3% and 29.5 to 40.1% of DMI, resp.) and two intake levels (restricted and ad libitum) were investigated. In comparison to long hay (28.7 mm), feeding of chopped hay (9.2 mm) at low concentrate levels, increased not only the hay intake (7% in dairy cows and 13% in sheep) but also the intake of digestible organic matter (12% in dairy cows and 32% in sheep), due to an increase in the apparent digestibility of OM by 3.8% in dairy cows and 8.2% in sheep. Ad libitum feeding of fine ground hay in combination with low concentrate amount in the ration increased the passage rate in the hindgut and consequently the hay intake, but not the intake of DOM, due to a significant depression of digestibility, especially of fibre fractions (4 to 7% in dairy cows and 4.5 to 14% in sheep), in comparison to 28.7 and 9.2 mm hay particle sizes. The digestibility decreased significantly with restricted feeding of fine ground hay in sheep only in comparison to 9.2 mm particle size. A threefold increase of concentrate amount levelled out all effects of the particle size reduction. The effect of particle size was more pronounced in sheep than in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84122120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381982
P. Lebzien, Kerstin Loose, G. Flachowsky
A digestion trial was performed with 14 lactating Friesian dairy cows to compare the estimated digestibility of crude nutrients after collecting the faeces for 5, 7 and 9 d. The experimental ration consisted of grass silage (7.3 kg DM) and concentrate (10.9 kg DM). Animals were adapted to the ration for 14 d. There was no effect of the duration of the collection period on the estimated mean digestibility of crude nutrients and on the respective standard deviation. In consequence, in digestibility trials with cows the collection period must not exceed 5 d.
采用14头泌乳弗里西亚奶牛进行消化试验，比较收集粪便5、7和9 d后估算的粗营养物质消化率。试验日粮为草青贮(7.3 kg DM)和精料(10.9 kg DM)。动物对日粮的适应期为14 d。收集期的持续时间对粗营养物质的平均消化率估算值及其标准差没有影响。因此，在奶牛消化率试验中，收集期不应超过5 d。
{"title":"Research note: Effect of duration of the collection period on the estimated digestibility in dairy cows","authors":"P. Lebzien, Kerstin Loose, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381982","url":null,"abstract":"A digestion trial was performed with 14 lactating Friesian dairy cows to compare the estimated digestibility of crude nutrients after collecting the faeces for 5, 7 and 9 d. The experimental ration consisted of grass silage (7.3 kg DM) and concentrate (10.9 kg DM). Animals were adapted to the ration for 14 d. There was no effect of the duration of the collection period on the estimated mean digestibility of crude nutrients and on the respective standard deviation. In consequence, in digestibility trials with cows the collection period must not exceed 5 d.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87546025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381978
H. Böhme, K. Aulrich, Reinhard Daenicke, Gerhard Flachowsky
To analyse substantial equivalence of genetically modified sugar‐beets and maize, in which the glufosinate‐tolerant (Pat) gene is inserted, crude nutrients, the amino acid and the fatty acid profiles as well as the composition of the NDF‐fraction of maize grains were determined and compared with those of the corresponding non‐transgenic cultivars. Due to the genetic manipulation differences in crude nutrient contents including sugar and starch were not detected. The amino acid profile of maize grains was analysed to be the same. Fatty acid profile and composition of cell wall constituents did not show any influences as well. Digestibility of Pat‐sugar‐beets and maize grains for pigs did not demonstrate meaningful differences as compared to the corresponding non‐transgenic cultivars. Digestibility of sugar‐beet roots and sugar‐beet top silage for ruminants proved to be also in the scope of natural variance. As the digestibility of the macro nutrients remained unaffected, the Pat‐gene introduction into both crops did not show an influence on the energetic feeding value. For pigs the ME‐content of Pat‐sugar‐beets was determined to be 14.1 MJ/kg DM versus 13.7 MJ of the non‐transgenic cultivars. ME‐content of Pat‐maize grains was 16.0 MJ/kg DM versus 15.8 MJ for controls. For ruminants the feeding value of Pat‐sugar‐beets was found to be 8.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 13.2 MJ ME/kg DM, regardless of whether the Pat‐gene was inserted or not. The corresponding energy values of sugar‐beet top silage ranged between 5.2 and 5.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 8.6 and 9.1 MJ ME/kg DM, with differences considered in the biological range.
{"title":"Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 2nd communication: Glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs","authors":"H. Böhme, K. Aulrich, Reinhard Daenicke, Gerhard Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381978","url":null,"abstract":"To analyse substantial equivalence of genetically modified sugar‐beets and maize, in which the glufosinate‐tolerant (Pat) gene is inserted, crude nutrients, the amino acid and the fatty acid profiles as well as the composition of the NDF‐fraction of maize grains were determined and compared with those of the corresponding non‐transgenic cultivars. Due to the genetic manipulation differences in crude nutrient contents including sugar and starch were not detected. The amino acid profile of maize grains was analysed to be the same. Fatty acid profile and composition of cell wall constituents did not show any influences as well. Digestibility of Pat‐sugar‐beets and maize grains for pigs did not demonstrate meaningful differences as compared to the corresponding non‐transgenic cultivars. Digestibility of sugar‐beet roots and sugar‐beet top silage for ruminants proved to be also in the scope of natural variance. As the digestibility of the macro nutrients remained unaffected, the Pat‐gene introduction into both crops did not show an influence on the energetic feeding value. For pigs the ME‐content of Pat‐sugar‐beets was determined to be 14.1 MJ/kg DM versus 13.7 MJ of the non‐transgenic cultivars. ME‐content of Pat‐maize grains was 16.0 MJ/kg DM versus 15.8 MJ for controls. For ruminants the feeding value of Pat‐sugar‐beets was found to be 8.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 13.2 MJ ME/kg DM, regardless of whether the Pat‐gene was inserted or not. The corresponding energy values of sugar‐beet top silage ranged between 5.2 and 5.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 8.6 and 9.1 MJ ME/kg DM, with differences considered in the biological range.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80522110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-07-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381980
H. Fébel, S. Fekete, R. Romvári
The effects of salinomycin and flavophospholipol, and their relationship with the diet, were studied in nine ruminally and duodenally cannulated wethers. Within the composition of the ration, the levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) were changed (diet H: 74% RDP and 38% NSC; diet M: 57% RDP and 32% NSC; diet L: 48% RDP and 23% NSC). There was no clear treatment effect of flavophospholipol on propionate concentration. Salinomycin supplementation appeared to be more effective than flavophospholipol in the increase of propionate concentration at the expense of acetic acid. Salinomycin significantly reduced the ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Microbial N content of the duodenal digesta was significantly lower when salinomycin was used. Salinomycin inhibited proteolysis and reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. The effect of salinomycin on ruminai N metabolism was independent of the composition of substrate. Unlike salinomycin, flavophospholipol tended to increase proteolysis in the rumen and did not inhibit protein synthesis. The effect of salinomycin on ruminai fermentation and (he duodenal flow of nutrients were independent of substrate composition.
{"title":"Comparative investigation of Salinomycin and flavophospholipol in sheep fed different composed diets","authors":"H. Fébel, S. Fekete, R. Romvári","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381980","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of salinomycin and flavophospholipol, and their relationship with the diet, were studied in nine ruminally and duodenally cannulated wethers. Within the composition of the ration, the levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) were changed (diet H: 74% RDP and 38% NSC; diet M: 57% RDP and 32% NSC; diet L: 48% RDP and 23% NSC). There was no clear treatment effect of flavophospholipol on propionate concentration. Salinomycin supplementation appeared to be more effective than flavophospholipol in the increase of propionate concentration at the expense of acetic acid. Salinomycin significantly reduced the ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Microbial N content of the duodenal digesta was significantly lower when salinomycin was used. Salinomycin inhibited proteolysis and reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. The effect of salinomycin on ruminai N metabolism was independent of the composition of substrate. Unlike salinomycin, flavophospholipol tended to increase proteolysis in the rumen and did not inhibit protein synthesis. The effect of salinomycin on ruminai fermentation and (he duodenal flow of nutrients were independent of substrate composition.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85663911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381973
A. Tauson, N. E. Hansen, S. Wamberg
Nitrogen balance, pattern of excretion of nitrogenous end‐products, endogenous urinary N excretion, postprandial plasma urea and creatinine, osmotic load, urinary electrolyte excretion and water intake/output relationships were studied in 12 adult female mink fed a high protein diet (HP; n=6) providing about 155g protein/kg or a low protein diet (LP; n=6) providing about 95 g protein/kg. Two balance periods of each 3 d were used and diets were fed raw or cooked. After the last balance period followed a 48 h fasting period. Postprandial plasma urea and creatinine were studied for 48 h following a test meal given after an overnight fast. Osmotic load was determined based on collection of non‐acidified urine carried out during 48h. Level of protein supply did not affect N balance, being close to zero, whereas slightly negative balances were achieved for fasting animals. Protein supply was clearly reflected in excretion of urinary urea and allantoin but not in creatinine and uric acid. Endogenous urinary N excretion was estimated by a second order regression equation giving an intercept of 280mg/kg0.75. Post‐prandial plasma urea concentrations were strongly influenced by protein supply, HP animals having substantially higher peaks than LP animals, but values returned to fasting values within 24 h after the test meal. Plasma creatinine followed a biphasic pattern with a peak about 2 h after feeding and a nadir approximately 6 h after feeding. Physical form of diet influenced postprandial urea, animals fed raw diets having a higher peak, but not creatinine. The HP diet provided almost the double osmotic load of the LP diet and a corresponding increase in urine volume. The resulting water balances were identical irrespective of diet, showing that water intake/output relationships are very accurately regulated.
{"title":"High versus low protein diets to mink‐postprandial plasma urea and creatinine response, osmotic load and pattern of nitrogen and electrolyte excretion","authors":"A. Tauson, N. E. Hansen, S. Wamberg","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381973","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen balance, pattern of excretion of nitrogenous end‐products, endogenous urinary N excretion, postprandial plasma urea and creatinine, osmotic load, urinary electrolyte excretion and water intake/output relationships were studied in 12 adult female mink fed a high protein diet (HP; n=6) providing about 155g protein/kg or a low protein diet (LP; n=6) providing about 95 g protein/kg. Two balance periods of each 3 d were used and diets were fed raw or cooked. After the last balance period followed a 48 h fasting period. Postprandial plasma urea and creatinine were studied for 48 h following a test meal given after an overnight fast. Osmotic load was determined based on collection of non‐acidified urine carried out during 48h. Level of protein supply did not affect N balance, being close to zero, whereas slightly negative balances were achieved for fasting animals. Protein supply was clearly reflected in excretion of urinary urea and allantoin but not in creatinine and uric acid. Endogenous urinary N excretion was estimated by a second order regression equation giving an intercept of 280mg/kg0.75. Post‐prandial plasma urea concentrations were strongly influenced by protein supply, HP animals having substantially higher peaks than LP animals, but values returned to fasting values within 24 h after the test meal. Plasma creatinine followed a biphasic pattern with a peak about 2 h after feeding and a nadir approximately 6 h after feeding. Physical form of diet influenced postprandial urea, animals fed raw diets having a higher peak, but not creatinine. The HP diet provided almost the double osmotic load of the LP diet and a corresponding increase in urine volume. The resulting water balances were identical irrespective of diet, showing that water intake/output relationships are very accurately regulated.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73098124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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