Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381972
H. Kutlu
In two experiments was investigated whether feeding with an air‐dry feed mixed with different amounts of water and/or supplemental ascorbic acid affect performance and carcass compositions of broilers exposed to a high ambient temperature (35 to 37°C for 8 h/d and thermoneutral for 16 h/d). In the first trial, 64 one‐week‐old male broiler chicks were fed ad libitum in four dietary treatment groups for a 6‐week period. Experimental mash diets were prepared by mixing a maize‐soybean based standard broiler starter or finisher with tap water in the ratios of 0.0: 1.0, 0.5: 1.0, 1.0: 1.0 and 1.5: 1.0 (water: air‐dry feed, w/w). More water in the diet increased BWG, DMI, abdominal fat and carcass weight, carcass CP, crude fat, but it deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, 64 one‐week‐old male broiler chicks were given air‐dry or wet (waterfeed, 1.5: 1) starter or finisher diets without or with ascorbic acid supplementation (0 and 250 mg/kg air‐dry feed, resp.) ad libitum for a 6‐week period. Ascorbic acid supplementation increased BWG, carcass weight and carcass CP significantly, while reducing carcass crude fat content. However, feeding broilers with a diet mixed with water in a ratio of 1.5: 1.0 increased BWG, DMI, carcass weight and carcass lipid markedly, but deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. There was also a significant interaction between ascorbic acid and wet feeding, whereby ascorbic acid supplementation induced a significant reduction in carcass lipid contents of broilers fed on air‐dry diets but not on wet diets. It is concluded that wet feeding, especially an addition of 150% water to produce a porridge like consistency, improved growth performance by increasing fat, ash and protein deposition in the body, while reducing DM conversion efficiency. It is also concluded that under heat stress supplemental ascorbic acid in air‐dry diets stimulates broiler performance but not in wet diets.
{"title":"Influences of wet feeding and supplementation with ascorbic acid on performance and carcass composition of broiler chicks exposed to a high ambient temperature","authors":"H. Kutlu","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381972","url":null,"abstract":"In two experiments was investigated whether feeding with an air‐dry feed mixed with different amounts of water and/or supplemental ascorbic acid affect performance and carcass compositions of broilers exposed to a high ambient temperature (35 to 37°C for 8 h/d and thermoneutral for 16 h/d). In the first trial, 64 one‐week‐old male broiler chicks were fed ad libitum in four dietary treatment groups for a 6‐week period. Experimental mash diets were prepared by mixing a maize‐soybean based standard broiler starter or finisher with tap water in the ratios of 0.0: 1.0, 0.5: 1.0, 1.0: 1.0 and 1.5: 1.0 (water: air‐dry feed, w/w). More water in the diet increased BWG, DMI, abdominal fat and carcass weight, carcass CP, crude fat, but it deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, 64 one‐week‐old male broiler chicks were given air‐dry or wet (waterfeed, 1.5: 1) starter or finisher diets without or with ascorbic acid supplementation (0 and 250 mg/kg air‐dry feed, resp.) ad libitum for a 6‐week period. Ascorbic acid supplementation increased BWG, carcass weight and carcass CP significantly, while reducing carcass crude fat content. However, feeding broilers with a diet mixed with water in a ratio of 1.5: 1.0 increased BWG, DMI, carcass weight and carcass lipid markedly, but deteriorated DM conversion efficiency. There was also a significant interaction between ascorbic acid and wet feeding, whereby ascorbic acid supplementation induced a significant reduction in carcass lipid contents of broilers fed on air‐dry diets but not on wet diets. It is concluded that wet feeding, especially an addition of 150% water to produce a porridge like consistency, improved growth performance by increasing fat, ash and protein deposition in the body, while reducing DM conversion efficiency. It is also concluded that under heat stress supplemental ascorbic acid in air‐dry diets stimulates broiler performance but not in wet diets.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"1 1","pages":"127 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83110883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381974
J. M. Hallebeek, A. Beynen
The hypothesis tested was that the feeding of medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) to horses would raise the level of plasma triacylglycerols by increasing the availability of glucose as lipogenic substrate, implying that the MCT effect would be greater with glucose in the diet instead of cellulose. A Latin square experiment was carried out with 4 horses and 4 dietary treatments. The experimental periods lasted 21 d. Blood samples were taken 16 h after feeding. The diets consisted of hay and experimental concentrates, differing in fat source (MCT or soybean oil) and carbohydrate source (corn starch plus glucose or cellulose). The dietary variables, MCT or soybean oil, provided on average 27% of total dietary net energy, while glucose plus cornstarch or cellulose provided 33%. The feeding of MCT versus soybean oil raised the level of plasma triacylglycerols significantly from 196.7 ± 30.2 to 427.3 ± 85.7 mmol/1 and that of VLDL cholesterol from 0.028 ± 0.01 to 0.069 ± 0.01 mmol/ml. As based on analysis of variance, for the four experimental diets there was no significant effect of carbohydrate source and no fat‐carbohydrate interaction. Thus, the hypothesis was rejected. When the diets contained soybean oil, cellulose versus starch plus glucose produced significantly greater increase plasma triacylglycerols. This carbohydrate effect was not seen when horses were fed the MCT diets. The experimental concentrates did not differently influence the concentrations of plasma glucose, total serum cholesterol, phospholipids, insulin, free fatty acids and the activity of post‐heparin lipoprotein lipase. We suggest that the MCT‐induced increase in plasma triacylglycerols is related to an increase in hepatic VLDL secretion, with the extra substrate for increased synthesis of triacylglycerols being the acetyl‐CoA derived from the hepatic oxidation of medium chain fatty acids.
{"title":"Effect of dietary medium chain triacylglycerols on plasma triacylglycerol levels in horses","authors":"J. M. Hallebeek, A. Beynen","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381974","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesis tested was that the feeding of medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) to horses would raise the level of plasma triacylglycerols by increasing the availability of glucose as lipogenic substrate, implying that the MCT effect would be greater with glucose in the diet instead of cellulose. A Latin square experiment was carried out with 4 horses and 4 dietary treatments. The experimental periods lasted 21 d. Blood samples were taken 16 h after feeding. The diets consisted of hay and experimental concentrates, differing in fat source (MCT or soybean oil) and carbohydrate source (corn starch plus glucose or cellulose). The dietary variables, MCT or soybean oil, provided on average 27% of total dietary net energy, while glucose plus cornstarch or cellulose provided 33%. The feeding of MCT versus soybean oil raised the level of plasma triacylglycerols significantly from 196.7 ± 30.2 to 427.3 ± 85.7 mmol/1 and that of VLDL cholesterol from 0.028 ± 0.01 to 0.069 ± 0.01 mmol/ml. As based on analysis of variance, for the four experimental diets there was no significant effect of carbohydrate source and no fat‐carbohydrate interaction. Thus, the hypothesis was rejected. When the diets contained soybean oil, cellulose versus starch plus glucose produced significantly greater increase plasma triacylglycerols. This carbohydrate effect was not seen when horses were fed the MCT diets. The experimental concentrates did not differently influence the concentrations of plasma glucose, total serum cholesterol, phospholipids, insulin, free fatty acids and the activity of post‐heparin lipoprotein lipase. We suggest that the MCT‐induced increase in plasma triacylglycerols is related to an increase in hepatic VLDL secretion, with the extra substrate for increased synthesis of triacylglycerols being the acetyl‐CoA derived from the hepatic oxidation of medium chain fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"5 1","pages":"159 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81516150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381970
J. van der Meulen, J. Inborr, J. Barker
Pigs were fed diets containing 40% wheat bran incubated with a water.‐acetic acid mixture (control, C) and a cellulase (Cel‐i) or xylanase (Xyl‐i) preparation or with addition of the cellulase (Cel‐a) or xylanase (Xyl‐a) preparation immediately before feeding. Stomach and ileal samples were analysed for pH, osmolality, soluble saccharides, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid. Incubation of wheat bran resulted in a small reduction of NDF and an increase in the amount of soluble starch, ß‐glucans and saccharides (glucose, xylose and arabinose), especially after incubation with the cellulase preparation. Two hours after feeding, significantly higher arabinose and xylose concentrations were present in the stomach for diets Cel‐i, Cel‐a and Xyl‐i. In the ileum xylose and arabinose concentrations were higher 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 hours after feeding the enzyme‐treated diets. In stomach and ileum there were no differences between the diets in pH, osmolality, VFA and lactic acid concentrations, but ileal VFA concentration from 4 h after feeding tended to be higher for diets Cel‐i and Xyl‐i. It can be concluded that the amount of soluble saccharides in stomach and small intestine and the ileal VFA concentration may be increased by cell wall degrading enzyme preparations.
{"title":"Effects of cell wall degrading enzymes on carbohydrate fractions and metabolites in stomach and ileum of pigs fed wheat bran based diets","authors":"J. van der Meulen, J. Inborr, J. Barker","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381970","url":null,"abstract":"Pigs were fed diets containing 40% wheat bran incubated with a water.‐acetic acid mixture (control, C) and a cellulase (Cel‐i) or xylanase (Xyl‐i) preparation or with addition of the cellulase (Cel‐a) or xylanase (Xyl‐a) preparation immediately before feeding. Stomach and ileal samples were analysed for pH, osmolality, soluble saccharides, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid. Incubation of wheat bran resulted in a small reduction of NDF and an increase in the amount of soluble starch, ß‐glucans and saccharides (glucose, xylose and arabinose), especially after incubation with the cellulase preparation. Two hours after feeding, significantly higher arabinose and xylose concentrations were present in the stomach for diets Cel‐i, Cel‐a and Xyl‐i. In the ileum xylose and arabinose concentrations were higher 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 hours after feeding the enzyme‐treated diets. In stomach and ileum there were no differences between the diets in pH, osmolality, VFA and lactic acid concentrations, but ileal VFA concentration from 4 h after feeding tended to be higher for diets Cel‐i and Xyl‐i. It can be concluded that the amount of soluble saccharides in stomach and small intestine and the ileal VFA concentration may be increased by cell wall degrading enzyme preparations.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"71 1","pages":"101 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85903409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381975
H. Müller, J. Reimann, U. Schumacher, K. Schwadorf
A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐ and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐, 15‐ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT‐2 toxin (HT‐2), T‐2 toxin (T‐2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon‐X (FUS‐X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC‐MS), zearalenone (ZEA), α‐ and β‐zearalenol (α‐ß‐ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 μg/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3‐ADON, NIV, HT‐2, and T‐2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 μg/kg, except for 948 μg/kg 3‐ADON in samples from 1993. 15‐ADON and FUS‐X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15‐ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels ≤ 17 μ/kg, DAS, α‐ and β‐ZOL, and FUS‐X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT‐2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries.
{"title":"Further survey of the occurrence of fusarium toxins in wheat grown in southwest Germany","authors":"H. Müller, J. Reimann, U. Schumacher, K. Schwadorf","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381975","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐ and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐, 15‐ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT‐2 toxin (HT‐2), T‐2 toxin (T‐2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon‐X (FUS‐X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC‐MS), zearalenone (ZEA), α‐ and β‐zearalenol (α‐ß‐ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 μg/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3‐ADON, NIV, HT‐2, and T‐2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 μg/kg, except for 948 μg/kg 3‐ADON in samples from 1993. 15‐ADON and FUS‐X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15‐ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels ≤ 17 μ/kg, DAS, α‐ and β‐ZOL, and FUS‐X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT‐2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"17 1","pages":"173 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85261771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381969
W. Windisch, G. Gotterbarm, F. X. Roth
Three studies with each 96 weaning piglets were conducted to evaluate the combinatory effect of potassium diformate and high dietary doses of Cu on production performance. In Exp. 1, increasing dietary Cu (25, 75, 125, 175 ppm Cu) were tested at either no or 1.8% potassium diformate. In Exp. 2, rising dietary levels of potassium diformate (0%, 0.6%, 1.2% and 1.8%) were tested at either 25 or 175 ppm Cu. In Exp. 3, a basal dietary Cu content of 15 ppm was compared with dietary Cu levels of 95 or 175 ppm, each of them added as either Cu sulphate or Cu amino acid chelate or Cu formate. Rising dietary additions of potassium diformate and Cu improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate of piglets. The combination of potassium diformate and Cu failed to act additively at highest dose levels of the two supplements. Cu sulphate was efficient as growth stimulating additive in all 3 experiments, Cu formate failed to stimulate production performance, Cu chelate tended to depress production performance and to increase blood plasma Cu compared to equivalent amounts of Cu from Cu sulphate.
{"title":"Effect of potassium diformate in combination with different amounts and sources of excessive dietary copper on production performance in weaning piglets","authors":"W. Windisch, G. Gotterbarm, F. X. Roth","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381969","url":null,"abstract":"Three studies with each 96 weaning piglets were conducted to evaluate the combinatory effect of potassium diformate and high dietary doses of Cu on production performance. In Exp. 1, increasing dietary Cu (25, 75, 125, 175 ppm Cu) were tested at either no or 1.8% potassium diformate. In Exp. 2, rising dietary levels of potassium diformate (0%, 0.6%, 1.2% and 1.8%) were tested at either 25 or 175 ppm Cu. In Exp. 3, a basal dietary Cu content of 15 ppm was compared with dietary Cu levels of 95 or 175 ppm, each of them added as either Cu sulphate or Cu amino acid chelate or Cu formate. Rising dietary additions of potassium diformate and Cu improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate of piglets. The combination of potassium diformate and Cu failed to act additively at highest dose levels of the two supplements. Cu sulphate was efficient as growth stimulating additive in all 3 experiments, Cu formate failed to stimulate production performance, Cu chelate tended to depress production performance and to increase blood plasma Cu compared to equivalent amounts of Cu from Cu sulphate.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"65 1","pages":"100 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78580125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381971
F. A. Igbasan, O. Simon, G. Miksch, K. Manner
The effectiveness of an Escherichia coli phytase in comparison with a commercially available Aspergillus phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in broilers, layers and young pigs was studied in three separate experiments. Three basal diets, marginally deficient in dietary P mainly provided as phytate, were formulated. Both phytases were added to the diets at the rate of 500 U/kg diet. The phytases significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the availability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. Aspergillus and E. coli phytases enhanced the pre‐caecal digestibility of P by 11 and 29% for broilers and 18 and 25% for layers, respectively. Total tract digestibility of P (P balance) was also enhanced but with smaller magnitude. In pigs, total tract digestibility of P was improved by 33 and 34% by Aspergillus and E. coli phytases, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, it was observed that E. coli consistently, though with small magnitude in layers and pigs, enhanced the availability of phytate P at the same range or slightly better than Aspergillus phytase. It was only in pigs that the availability of Ca was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved by addition of both phytases. It can be concluded that E. coli phytase is highly effective in improving the bioavailability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. This seems to be based on the high proteolytic stability of the enzyme in the digestive tract, as shown recently.
{"title":"The effectiveness of an escherichia coli phytase in improving phosphorus and calcium bioavailabilities in poultry and young pigs","authors":"F. A. Igbasan, O. Simon, G. Miksch, K. Manner","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381971","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of an Escherichia coli phytase in comparison with a commercially available Aspergillus phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in broilers, layers and young pigs was studied in three separate experiments. Three basal diets, marginally deficient in dietary P mainly provided as phytate, were formulated. Both phytases were added to the diets at the rate of 500 U/kg diet. The phytases significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the availability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. Aspergillus and E. coli phytases enhanced the pre‐caecal digestibility of P by 11 and 29% for broilers and 18 and 25% for layers, respectively. Total tract digestibility of P (P balance) was also enhanced but with smaller magnitude. In pigs, total tract digestibility of P was improved by 33 and 34% by Aspergillus and E. coli phytases, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, it was observed that E. coli consistently, though with small magnitude in layers and pigs, enhanced the availability of phytate P at the same range or slightly better than Aspergillus phytase. It was only in pigs that the availability of Ca was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved by addition of both phytases. It can be concluded that E. coli phytase is highly effective in improving the bioavailability of phytate P to broilers, layers and young pigs. This seems to be based on the high proteolytic stability of the enzyme in the digestive tract, as shown recently.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"115 1","pages":"117 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80810769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381966
M. Farag
Raw seed kernels of local mango varieties (Magnifera indica L.) were analyzed for composition, levels of trypsin inhibitors, tannins, cyanogenetic glucosides, in vitro protein digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) as being effected by boiling, autoclaving as well as irradiation at 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy. The air‐dry mango seed kernels (MSK) contained CP 70 gkg‐1, EE 128gkg‐1, and tannins 67 gkg‐1. Compared with raw kernels the contents of trypsin inhibitory activity (30 TIU g‐1) and cyanogenetic glucosides, measured as hydrocyanic acid (71 mgkg‐1), were lowered by boiling, autoclaving and radiation treatments. Tannin content (67.2 gkg‐1 in raw kernels) was decreased only by boiling or autoclaving, but irradiation did not introduce any effect. The low in vitro protein digestibility and AMEN values of raw MSK were enhanced by processing. The improvements were paralleled to reductions in trypsin inhibitory activity, cyanogenetic glucosides and tannin contents. Greater improvements were noticed with boiling and autoclaving than with irradiation alone. Autoclaving for 30 min plus irradiation treatment up to 20 kGy increased the in vitro protein digestibility and AMEN by 139% and 72%, respectively. These results indicate that tannins, trypsin inhibitors and cyanogenetic glucosides are responsible for the poor nutritive value of MSK. The effects of feeding 200 g kg‐1 raw or processed MSK on the performance of broiler chicks were examined. The inclusion of raw kernel affected body weight gain and feed consumption, while weight gain of birds fed the autoclaved (30 min) plus irradiated (20kGy) kernels was significantly more improved than by the other treatments. However, feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between groups fed the processed MSK, The results showed that the combination of autoclaving for 30 min plus irradiation up to 20 kGy upgraded the nutritive value more than the other tested treatments and that this method is most effective in processing MSK to be used as animal feed.
研究了5、10、15和20 kGy辐照对当地芒果品种(Magnifera indica L.)的组成、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、单宁、氰基糖苷、体外蛋白质消化率和表观代谢能(AMEN)的影响。风干芒果籽粒(MSK)含有CP 70 gkg‐1,EE 128gkg‐1，单宁67 gkg‐1。与生仁相比，经过煮沸、高压灭菌和辐射处理后，胰蛋白酶抑制活性(30 TIU g‐1)和氰酸(71 mgkg‐1)含量降低。单宁含量(生仁67.2 gkg - 1)仅通过煮沸或高压灭菌降低，但辐照没有任何影响。原料MSK较低的体外蛋白质消化率和AMEN值通过加工得到改善。这种改善与胰蛋白酶抑制活性、发绀苷和单宁含量的降低是平行的。煮沸和高压灭菌比单独辐照有更大的改善。高压灭菌30 min，再加上高达20 kGy的辐照处理，体外蛋白质消化率和AMEN分别提高了139%和72%。这些结果表明，单宁、胰蛋白酶抑制剂和氰糖苷是造成MSK营养价值不高的原因。研究了饲喂200 g kg - 1生或加工MSK对肉鸡生产性能的影响。生仁处理影响了体重增加和饲料消耗，而蒸熟(30 min)加辐照(20kGy)处理对禽类增重的改善显著高于其他处理。结果表明，蒸压30 min +辐照20 kGy的处理方式对MSK的营养价值提升效果显著，是加工MSK作为饲料最有效的处理方式。
{"title":"The enhancement of the nutritive value of mango seed kernels for poultry by thermal treatment and radiation processing","authors":"M. Farag","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381966","url":null,"abstract":"Raw seed kernels of local mango varieties (Magnifera indica L.) were analyzed for composition, levels of trypsin inhibitors, tannins, cyanogenetic glucosides, in vitro protein digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) as being effected by boiling, autoclaving as well as irradiation at 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy. The air‐dry mango seed kernels (MSK) contained CP 70 gkg‐1, EE 128gkg‐1, and tannins 67 gkg‐1. Compared with raw kernels the contents of trypsin inhibitory activity (30 TIU g‐1) and cyanogenetic glucosides, measured as hydrocyanic acid (71 mgkg‐1), were lowered by boiling, autoclaving and radiation treatments. Tannin content (67.2 gkg‐1 in raw kernels) was decreased only by boiling or autoclaving, but irradiation did not introduce any effect. The low in vitro protein digestibility and AMEN values of raw MSK were enhanced by processing. The improvements were paralleled to reductions in trypsin inhibitory activity, cyanogenetic glucosides and tannin contents. Greater improvements were noticed with boiling and autoclaving than with irradiation alone. Autoclaving for 30 min plus irradiation treatment up to 20 kGy increased the in vitro protein digestibility and AMEN by 139% and 72%, respectively. These results indicate that tannins, trypsin inhibitors and cyanogenetic glucosides are responsible for the poor nutritive value of MSK. The effects of feeding 200 g kg‐1 raw or processed MSK on the performance of broiler chicks were examined. The inclusion of raw kernel affected body weight gain and feed consumption, while weight gain of birds fed the autoclaved (30 min) plus irradiated (20kGy) kernels was significantly more improved than by the other treatments. However, feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between groups fed the processed MSK, The results showed that the combination of autoclaving for 30 min plus irradiation up to 20 kGy upgraded the nutritive value more than the other tested treatments and that this method is most effective in processing MSK to be used as animal feed.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"12 1","pages":"61 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78138507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381964
Z. Váradyová, Svetlana Kišidayová, I. Zeleňák, P. Siroka
The effects of penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on total gas, methane, volatile fatty acid production and food degradability after 24 h of incubation in vitro were investigated in the cultures of two rumen ciliates. The inocula of both rumen ciliates Entodinium caudatum and Epidinium ecaudatum were used at a volume of 34 ml into the 50 ml glass syringes together with the feed and compounds tested. Despite penicillin G ‐ streptomycin treatment methane production in both cultures was significantly decreased by the inhibitors for Epidinium ecaudatum. Methane production of the bacterial fraction of both protozoan species was significantly lower than in the whole cultures. No epifluorescence of methanogens on (or in) the cells of Entodinium caudatum was observed in contrast to Epidinium with which strong epifluorescence of methanogens on the cell surface was detected. Microscopic observation could indicate that the methane production by Entodinium caudatum was probably caused by their intracellular methanogenic activity, while methane production by Epidinium ecaudatum could be related to both the methanogenic bacterial fraction from their external surface and probably also to intracellular activity. Decreased feed degradability and differences in the fermentation end products accompanied the inhibition of methanogenesis in both in vitro cultures. Entodinium caudatum appeared to be more sensitive than Epidinium ecaudatum to the compounds tested.
研究了青霉素G、链霉素、氯霉素、2‐溴乙烷磺酸和焦酰二亚胺对2只瘤胃纤毛虫体外培养24 h后总气体、甲烷、挥发性脂肪酸产量和食物降解率的影响。将瘤胃纤毛虫尾尾内酰胺和尾尾附睾按34 ml的体积接种于50 ml的玻璃注射器中，与所测饲料和化合物一起接种。尽管使用了青霉素- G -链霉素，但两种培养物的甲烷产量都被附睾抑制剂显著降低。两种原生动物细菌组分的甲烷产量显著低于整个培养物。没有这项工作的产甲烷菌(或在)的细胞内毛虫caudatum观察与Epidinium产甲烷菌在细胞表面的强大的数字化检测。显微观察表明，尾尾附属草产甲烷可能与其胞内产甲烷活性有关，而尾尾附属草产甲烷可能与其外表面产甲烷菌组分有关，也可能与胞内产甲烷活性有关。在两种体外培养中，饲料降解率降低和发酵终产物的差异都伴随着甲烷生成的抑制。尾尾附属物似乎比尾尾附属物对所测化合物更敏感。
{"title":"Effect of antibiotics, 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on methanogenesis in rumen ciliate cultures in vitro","authors":"Z. Váradyová, Svetlana Kišidayová, I. Zeleňák, P. Siroka","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381964","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on total gas, methane, volatile fatty acid production and food degradability after 24 h of incubation in vitro were investigated in the cultures of two rumen ciliates. The inocula of both rumen ciliates Entodinium caudatum and Epidinium ecaudatum were used at a volume of 34 ml into the 50 ml glass syringes together with the feed and compounds tested. Despite penicillin G ‐ streptomycin treatment methane production in both cultures was significantly decreased by the inhibitors for Epidinium ecaudatum. Methane production of the bacterial fraction of both protozoan species was significantly lower than in the whole cultures. No epifluorescence of methanogens on (or in) the cells of Entodinium caudatum was observed in contrast to Epidinium with which strong epifluorescence of methanogens on the cell surface was detected. Microscopic observation could indicate that the methane production by Entodinium caudatum was probably caused by their intracellular methanogenic activity, while methane production by Epidinium ecaudatum could be related to both the methanogenic bacterial fraction from their external surface and probably also to intracellular activity. Decreased feed degradability and differences in the fermentation end products accompanied the inhibition of methanogenesis in both in vitro cultures. Entodinium caudatum appeared to be more sensitive than Epidinium ecaudatum to the compounds tested.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"2 1","pages":"33 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87761068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381962
A. Jadamus, W. Vahjen, O. Simon
The growth behaviour of the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and suckling piglets was evaluated. The strain germinated rapidly in intestinal samples from both animal species. Less than 10% of spores were recovered from the chicken crop and piglet stomach, respectively. Lumen samples and mucosal tissues from the hind gut of piglets displayed increasing colonization of the probiotic strain throughout the trial period. After oral administration of vegetative cells to broiler chicken and weaned piglets, sporulation was detected in all intestinal samples. The distribution of spore CFU indicated repeated germination and sporulation during the intestinal passage in piglets. B. cereus var. toyoi was not able to colonize the intestinal tract of both animal species. However, the probiotic strain was detected in suckling piglets before uptake of B. cereus var. toyoi supplemented feed. It is concluded that B. cereus var. toyoi germinates rapidly in broiler chicken and piglets, which is a necessary prerequisite for its possible probiotic effects. Germination and in vivo sporulation of vegetative cells indicated that the probiotic strain was metabolically active in the intestine of both animal species.
研究了乳酸菌蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus var. toyoi)在肉鸡和哺乳仔猪胃肠道中的生长行为。该菌株在两种动物的肠道样本中迅速发芽。从鸡嗉囊和仔猪胃中分别回收不到10%的孢子。在整个试验期间，仔猪后肠的肠腔样本和粘膜组织显示益生菌菌株的定植增加。将营养细胞口服给药于肉鸡和断奶仔猪后，所有肠道样本均检测到产孢。孢子CFU的分布表明在仔猪肠道内反复萌发和产孢。蜡样芽孢杆菌丰田变种不能在两种动物的肠道中定殖。然而，在哺乳仔猪摄入丰田蜡样芽孢杆菌添加饲料之前，检测到益生菌菌株。由此可见，丰田蜡样芽孢杆菌在肉鸡和仔猪体内萌发迅速，这是其可能产生益生菌作用的必要前提。营养细胞的萌发和体内产孢表明，该益生菌菌株在两种动物的肠道中具有代谢活性。
{"title":"Growth behaviour of a spore forming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets","authors":"A. Jadamus, W. Vahjen, O. Simon","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381962","url":null,"abstract":"The growth behaviour of the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and suckling piglets was evaluated. The strain germinated rapidly in intestinal samples from both animal species. Less than 10% of spores were recovered from the chicken crop and piglet stomach, respectively. Lumen samples and mucosal tissues from the hind gut of piglets displayed increasing colonization of the probiotic strain throughout the trial period. After oral administration of vegetative cells to broiler chicken and weaned piglets, sporulation was detected in all intestinal samples. The distribution of spore CFU indicated repeated germination and sporulation during the intestinal passage in piglets. B. cereus var. toyoi was not able to colonize the intestinal tract of both animal species. However, the probiotic strain was detected in suckling piglets before uptake of B. cereus var. toyoi supplemented feed. It is concluded that B. cereus var. toyoi germinates rapidly in broiler chicken and piglets, which is a necessary prerequisite for its possible probiotic effects. Germination and in vivo sporulation of vegetative cells indicated that the probiotic strain was metabolically active in the intestine of both animal species.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73120416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-02-01DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381967
B. Barkow, K. Pietrzik, G. Flachowsky
An experiment comprising 19 German Landrace sows was established to evaluate the effect of folic acid supplements (10 mg/kg concentrate) on homocysteine and folic acid concentration in plasma and serum, respectively, of highly pregnant sows as compared to an unsupplemented control (basal diet contained 0.62 mg folic acid/kg concentrate). Blood samples were taken between day 75 and 110 of gestation for homocysteine analysis and on day 100 of gestation for folic acid determination. Due to the folic acid supplements serum folic acid concentration increased significantly (104 nmol/1 in controls and 140 nmol/1 in supplemented sows). In contrast, homocysteine concentration in the plasma was not significantly influenced by folic acid supplements (16.6 μmol/1 in controls and 15.2 μmol/1 in supplemented sows). Further investigations seem to be necessary to clarify the physiology of homocysteine metabolism in swine.
{"title":"Effect of folic acid supplements on homocysteine concentration in plasma of gestating sows","authors":"B. Barkow, K. Pietrzik, G. Flachowsky","doi":"10.1080/17450390109381967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390109381967","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment comprising 19 German Landrace sows was established to evaluate the effect of folic acid supplements (10 mg/kg concentrate) on homocysteine and folic acid concentration in plasma and serum, respectively, of highly pregnant sows as compared to an unsupplemented control (basal diet contained 0.62 mg folic acid/kg concentrate). Blood samples were taken between day 75 and 110 of gestation for homocysteine analysis and on day 100 of gestation for folic acid determination. Due to the folic acid supplements serum folic acid concentration increased significantly (104 nmol/1 in controls and 140 nmol/1 in supplemented sows). In contrast, homocysteine concentration in the plasma was not significantly influenced by folic acid supplements (16.6 μmol/1 in controls and 15.2 μmol/1 in supplemented sows). Further investigations seem to be necessary to clarify the physiology of homocysteine metabolism in swine.","PeriodicalId":8141,"journal":{"name":"Archiv für Tierernaehrung","volume":"97 1","pages":"81 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89596366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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