Apmis最新文献

Immune checkpoints are important molecules that regulate the immune response, preventing its overactivation from causing tissue damage and autoimmune diseases. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) plays an important role in regulating the activation and suppression of the immune response as part of a bidirectional signaling complex. The BTLA and its ligand herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) interaction transmits inhibitory signals that suppress the biological activity of T cells, B cells, and DCs. In addition, BTLA–HVEM can affect the induction of Treg cells, further suggesting its important role in immune regulation. Organ transplantation is the ultimate treatment option for many patients with end-stage organ failure. Transplant rejection can cause damage to the transplanted organ, which seriously affects the prognosis of patients. Therefore, we would like to explore the potential application value of the BTLA–HVEM interaction to exert an immunosuppressive function and thus attenuate transplant rejection. We first reviewed the structure and function of BTLA and HVEM, then summarized their research progress in organ transplantation, and further explored the directions of potential future applications and the challenges of current BTLA–HVEM applications.

Capreomycin (CMN) paired with levofloxacin (LEV) was tested in patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB) for efficacy and immune function. The control group (40 cases) received conventional treatment and the observation group (40 cases) received CMN combined with LEV were established. Three months of intensification therapy and eighteen months of consolidation therapy were performed. The therapeutic effects (sputum negative conversion, lesion absorption, cavity shrinkage, and total effective rates), CD4⁺, CD8⁺, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, IgG, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), and alanine aminotransferase (AST) were assessed. Adverse reactions were compared. After treatment, the observation group performed at a higher sputum negative conversion rate, lesion absorption rate, cavity shrinkage rate, and total effective rate than the control group; CD4⁺, IgA, IgM, IgG, and IL-17 were increased and CD8⁺, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased in both groups, and all of them were improved significantly in the observation group; ALP, ALT, and AST were elevated in both groups, but the differences between the observation and control groups were comparable. CMN combined with LEV is highly effective for MDR-PTB patients, enhancing immune function and reducing inflammation while having minimal effects on liver function.

In late 2022, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of RSV in the northeastern United States. This surge occurred concurrently with the beginning of the traditional influenza season and the ongoing circulation of SARS-CoV-2. We retrospectively analyzed respiratory testing data at a regional reference laboratory from September 2022 to April 2024 to characterize the prevalence and incidence of co-detection of RSV, influenza A, influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2 in the northeastern United States. The positivity rates were found to be 16.68% for SARS-CoV-2, 11.66% for influenza A, 0.83% for influenza B, and 9.11% for RSV during the study period. Co-detections were observed in 0.49% of samples, with SARS-CoV-2/influenza A co-detection being the most common. Co-detections occurred less frequently than expected based on individual positivity rates. During the study period, influenza B positivity increased over 10-fold, SARS-CoV-2 positivity decreased by 60%, and co-detection was more prevalent in the pediatric population.

SKA3, an important factor in cell cycle regulation, is involved in spindle assembly and kinetochore function, playing a critical role in maintaining cancer cell proliferation and division. However, its specific roles and regulatory mechanisms in cancer remain not fully understood. Large-scale datasets from multiple public databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression, covering various cancer types, were integrated. Systematic analysis revealed that SKA3 exhibits aberrant expression patterns in multiple cancers and is significantly associated with tumor progression and poor patient prognosis in certain cancers. We explored the status of SKA3 gene mutation, gene amplification and promoter region methylation in various tumors. In the context of immunotherapy, we assessed the value of SKA3 in cancer. Analyzing the correlation between SKA3 expression levels and immune checkpoints and immune cell infiltration, we discovered that SKA3 could serve as a novel immunotherapy biomarker across multiple cancers, guiding clinical immunotherapy decisions. Finally, SKA3 knockdown inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the role of SKA3 in cancer and offers significant theoretical and experimental evidence for its development as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.

Paiva-Correia A, Hellquist H, Apolónio J, Castelo-Branco P. Role of ancillary techniques in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland carcinomas. The diagnosis of salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) rests mainly on histology, but immunohistochemical and molecular investigations are often necessary for differential diagnosis. This review is primarily aimed as a tool for pathologists in non-specialised head and neck hospitals who encounter a limited number of SGC annually. The use of testing an initial antibody panel, which may comprise both positive and negative expression for a suspected entity, and examples of different panels are outlined. We also focused on acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC), which is positive for DOG1 and negative for mammaglobin, whilst secretory carcinoma (SC) is positive for mammaglobin and negative for DOG1. In addition, the exclusive expression of androgen and HER2 in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) and its use for differential diagnosis are also addressed. This review also highlights the particularities of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and its negativity for S100 and SOX10, which distinguishes it from some of its mimics. In laboratories with limited access to antibodies for SGC, we recommend inclusion of mammaglobin. The use of molecular techniques for the diagnosis of MEC (MAML2), SC (ETV6), adenoid cystic carcinoma (MYB), and AcCC (NR4A3) is discussed. We highlight the role of commonly available antibodies for the histological classification of SGC.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is characterized by diverse profiles of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We aimed to investigate the potential prognostic role of TILs and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in patients with supraglottic LSCC. The expression of PD-L1 and TILs was assessed using immunohistochemistry in 39 patients with primary supraglottic LSCC and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and disease-free survival (DFS). Survival curves were measured using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival between the groups were estimated using the log-rank test. TIL density was significantly higher in PD-L1-positive (combined positive score: CPS ≥ 1) than in PD-L1-negative (CPS < 1) patients (p = 0.000). Lower PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with a locoregional recurrence (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.008). DFS was significantly longer in patients with CPS ≥ 1 than in those with CPS < 1 (Log-rank test, p = 0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a low CPS (p = 0.003) and positive nodal status (p = 0.012) were statistically significant and independent predictors of malignancy recurrence. PD-L1 represents a valuable marker for predicting recurrence and shorter survival after definitive therapy.