Pub Date : 2019-10-01Epub Date: 2019-07-30DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30185-3
Yu Li, Yonghong Zhou, Yibing Cheng, Peng Wu, Chongchen Zhou, Peng Cui, Chunlan Song, Lu Liang, Fang Wang, Qi Qiu, Chun Guo, Mengyao Zeng, Lu Long, Benjamin J Cowling, Hongjie Yu
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inactivated monovalent enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccines are now available in China to reduce the substantial public health burden of hand, foot, and mouth disease. However, post-licensure monitoring of vaccine effectiveness is important. We did an observational test-negative study of EV-A71 vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children with hand, foot, and mouth disease who were admitted to Henan Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou, China) within 7 days of illness onset were invited to participate in this test-negative case-control study. Participant vaccination history with EV-A71, including the number of doses received and the date of each dose of vaccination, was elicited from parents or legal guardians of participants with a standardised questionnaire. Children must have received two doses before hospitalisation to be counted as fully vaccinated. Patients who had received a single dose before hospitalisation were classified as partly vaccinated. Children who had received no EV-A71 vaccine before hospitalisation were classified as unvaccinated. Throat swabs and stool samples collected from patients were tested by RT-PCR to identify EV-A71 and other enteroviruses. The primary outcome of the study was paediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with EV-A71 requiring hospitalisation. We estimated vaccine effectiveness with conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Between Feb 15, 2017, and Feb 15, 2018, we enrolled 1803 children aged 6-71 months with hand, foot, and mouth disease. 234 (13%) children tested positive for EV-A71, 1529 (85%) tested positive for other enteroviruses-528 (29%) were positive for Coxsackievirus (CV)-A6 and 342 (19%) were positive for CV-A16-and 29 (2%) tested negative for all enteroviruses. 11 (1%) children with neither throat swab nor stool testing results were excluded from further analyses. Overall vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 85·4% (95% CI 53·2 to 95·4) for fully vaccinated children and 63·1% (13·1 to 84·3) for partly vaccinated children. The vaccine effectiveness for full vaccination was estimated to be 91·1% (35·1 to 98·8) among non-severe cases compared with 73·3% (-32·6 to 94·6) in severe cases. The vaccine effectiveness for partial vaccination was 77·9% (4·3 to 94·9) in children aged 24-71 months and 40·8% (-71·1 to 79·5) in children aged 6-23 months. We found no significant association between full or partial vaccination and CV-A6 or CV-A16-related hand, foot, and mouth disease.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>EV-A71 vaccination was effective in preventing non-severe hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with EV-A71 virus infection in children aged 6-71 months, and we found evidence that one dose of vaccination provided partial protection for children aged 24-71 months. Introduction of multivalent vaccines could further reduce the burden of hand, foot, and mouth disease.<
{"title":"Effectiveness of EV-A71 vaccination in prevention of paediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with EV-A71 virus infection requiring hospitalisation in Henan, China, 2017-18: a test-negative case-control study.","authors":"Yu Li, Yonghong Zhou, Yibing Cheng, Peng Wu, Chongchen Zhou, Peng Cui, Chunlan Song, Lu Liang, Fang Wang, Qi Qiu, Chun Guo, Mengyao Zeng, Lu Long, Benjamin J Cowling, Hongjie Yu","doi":"10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30185-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30185-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inactivated monovalent enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccines are now available in China to reduce the substantial public health burden of hand, foot, and mouth disease. However, post-licensure monitoring of vaccine effectiveness is important. We did an observational test-negative study of EV-A71 vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children with hand, foot, and mouth disease who were admitted to Henan Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou, China) within 7 days of illness onset were invited to participate in this test-negative case-control study. Participant vaccination history with EV-A71, including the number of doses received and the date of each dose of vaccination, was elicited from parents or legal guardians of participants with a standardised questionnaire. Children must have received two doses before hospitalisation to be counted as fully vaccinated. Patients who had received a single dose before hospitalisation were classified as partly vaccinated. Children who had received no EV-A71 vaccine before hospitalisation were classified as unvaccinated. Throat swabs and stool samples collected from patients were tested by RT-PCR to identify EV-A71 and other enteroviruses. The primary outcome of the study was paediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with EV-A71 requiring hospitalisation. We estimated vaccine effectiveness with conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Between Feb 15, 2017, and Feb 15, 2018, we enrolled 1803 children aged 6-71 months with hand, foot, and mouth disease. 234 (13%) children tested positive for EV-A71, 1529 (85%) tested positive for other enteroviruses-528 (29%) were positive for Coxsackievirus (CV)-A6 and 342 (19%) were positive for CV-A16-and 29 (2%) tested negative for all enteroviruses. 11 (1%) children with neither throat swab nor stool testing results were excluded from further analyses. Overall vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 85·4% (95% CI 53·2 to 95·4) for fully vaccinated children and 63·1% (13·1 to 84·3) for partly vaccinated children. The vaccine effectiveness for full vaccination was estimated to be 91·1% (35·1 to 98·8) among non-severe cases compared with 73·3% (-32·6 to 94·6) in severe cases. The vaccine effectiveness for partial vaccination was 77·9% (4·3 to 94·9) in children aged 24-71 months and 40·8% (-71·1 to 79·5) in children aged 6-23 months. We found no significant association between full or partial vaccination and CV-A6 or CV-A16-related hand, foot, and mouth disease.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>EV-A71 vaccination was effective in preventing non-severe hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with EV-A71 virus infection in children aged 6-71 months, and we found evidence that one dose of vaccination provided partial protection for children aged 24-71 months. Introduction of multivalent vaccines could further reduce the burden of hand, foot, and mouth disease.<","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"9 1","pages":"697-704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8713082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77770109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90007-D
C.Don Keyes
{"title":"The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions","authors":"C.Don Keyes","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90007-D","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90007-D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 357-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90007-D","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53490800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90023-J
C.U.M. Smith
The central theses of Kant's critical philosophy are sometimes said to have been overtaken by evolutionary biology. This paper considers how far this proposition can be sustained. I argue that the ‘architectonic’ or ‘system-building’ character of the mind, the categories and the forms of intuition, can indeed be seen as the outcome of a particular evolutionary lineage in a Darwinian world. I argue, further, that the principal motive energizing the critical philosophy is the 'nightmare' of physical determinism. An alternative escape route from this particular nightmare is rehearsed. If this route is taken, the intricate arguments of the Critiques are unnecessary to save moral action in a world of things. Nonetheless, insofar as 'first philosophy' necessarily starts from within the philosopher's own subjectivity, Kant's work retains its power. I suggest that the Kantian and the Darwinian interpretations are to an extent complementary. If this is so, some form of evolutionarily-informed dual-aspect psychoneural identity theory could combine the essence of the two interpretations.
{"title":"Kant and Darwin","authors":"C.U.M. Smith","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90023-J","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90023-J","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The central theses of Kant's critical philosophy are sometimes said to have been overtaken by evolutionary biology. This paper considers how far this proposition can be sustained. I argue that the ‘architectonic’ or ‘system-building’ character of the mind, the categories and the forms of intuition, can indeed be seen as the outcome of a particular evolutionary lineage in a Darwinian world. I argue, further, that the principal motive energizing the critical philosophy is the 'nightmare' of physical determinism. An alternative escape route from this particular nightmare is rehearsed. If this route is taken, the intricate arguments of the <em>Critiques</em> are unnecessary to save moral action in a world of things. Nonetheless, insofar as 'first philosophy' necessarily starts from within the philosopher's own subjectivity, Kant's work retains its power. I suggest that the Kantian and the Darwinian interpretations are to an extent complementary. If this is so, some form of evolutionarily-informed dual-aspect psychoneural identity theory could combine the essence of the two interpretations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90023-J","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53490936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90031-K
J. Losco
{"title":"The nature of politics: by Roger D. Masters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989, xvii + 291 pp., $25.00 (cloth)","authors":"J. Losco","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90031-K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90031-K","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 1","pages":"101-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90031-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53491111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90357-V
Christine A. Skarda
{"title":"The biology of life and learning","authors":"Christine A. Skarda","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90357-V","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90357-V","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 221-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90357-V","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53491548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90097-A
Mika Pantzar , Vilmos Csányi
{"title":"The replicative model of the evolution of the business organization","authors":"Mika Pantzar , Vilmos Csányi","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90097-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90097-A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 149-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90097-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76266156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90037-Q
PL
{"title":"Editor's introduction","authors":"PL","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90037-Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90037-Q","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages v-vi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90037-Q","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137127865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90011-E
PL
{"title":"Editor's introduction","authors":"PL","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90011-E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90011-E","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages v-vi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90011-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137046577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90013-G
Warren D. TenHouten
The development of cognitive science and neuroscience has stimulated the emergence of social science-based and philosophy-based neurosciences. A classification of the neurosciences is presented. The new neurosciences are viewed as ethnoneurologies, having as their common object the study of brain—in neurophysiological, neuroelectrical, neurochemical, and other functioning as related to mental level of experience and to structures, arrangements, and processes in the social world. This approach focuses not on how people perceive the brain, but rather on the uses they make of brain. Thus, the ethnoneurologies refer to a closely related family of interdisciplinary, neurocognitive fields of inquiry. The behavioral science based neurosciences—neurocommunications, neuroethology, neurolinguistics, and neuropsychology—contain within themselves topics, problems, and levels of analysis that are ethnoneurological, although not defined as ethnoneurologies. The social science based ethnoneurologies are neurosociology, neuroanthropology, neuropolitics, and neuroeconomics. The philosophy/humanities based ethnoneurologies include neurophilosophy, neuroaesthetics, neuroepistemology, neurophenomenology, and neuro-ontology. An ethnoneurological perspective provides a strategy for resolving the culture-and-cognition paradox, according to which (i) cultural differences are viewed as variations in the expression of universal human mentation, and (ii) such cultural differences reflect qualitatively different cognitive structures.
{"title":"Into the wild blue yonder: On the emergence of the ethnoneurologies—the social science-based neurologies and the philosophy-based neurologies","authors":"Warren D. TenHouten","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90013-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90013-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of cognitive science and neuroscience has stimulated the emergence of social science-based and philosophy-based neurosciences. A classification of the neurosciences is presented. The new neurosciences are viewed as ethnoneurologies, having as their common object the study of brain—in neurophysiological, neuroelectrical, neurochemical, and other functioning as related to mental level of experience and to structures, arrangements, and processes in the social world. This approach focuses not on how people perceive the brain, but rather on the uses they make of brain. Thus, the ethnoneurologies refer to a closely related family of interdisciplinary, neurocognitive fields of inquiry. The behavioral science based neurosciences—neurocommunications, neuroethology, neurolinguistics, and neuropsychology—contain within themselves topics, problems, and levels of analysis that are ethnoneurological, although not defined as ethnoneurologies. The social science based ethnoneurologies are neurosociology, neuroanthropology, neuropolitics, and neuroeconomics. The philosophy/humanities based ethnoneurologies include neurophilosophy, neuroaesthetics, neuroepistemology, neurophenomenology, and neuro-ontology. An ethnoneurological perspective provides a strategy for resolving the culture-and-cognition paradox, according to which (i) cultural differences are viewed as variations in the expression of universal human mentation, and (ii) such cultural differences reflect qualitatively different cognitive structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 381-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90013-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53490859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-01-01DOI: 10.1016/0140-1750(91)90217-E
Edward S. Reed
{"title":"Selection, competition, and specificity: Elements of an ecological evolutionary epistemology","authors":"Edward S. Reed","doi":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90217-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0140-1750(91)90217-E","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81696,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social and biological structures","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 190-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90217-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53491322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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