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From Stage to Screen 从舞台到银幕
Pub Date : 2007-04-28 DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300106190.003.0006
T. Carter
Oklahoma! was a surprising success on Broadway, and although the Theatre Guild considered other possible creative teams for new musicals, the now-sealed Rodgers and Hammerstein partnership proved hard to resist. A touring company was in place by late summer 1943, and Oklahoma! traveled internationally after the end of World War II (not least, to London’s West End in 1947); meanwhile, the Guild needed to replace cast members leaving one or other productions of the show. In 1953, Rodgers and Hammerstein bought the Guild’s rights to all three of the shows they had done under its auspices (including Carousel and Allegro). In part, this was to maximize their profits from intended film versions. The 1955 film of Oklahoma! took advantage of the new Todd-AO wide-screen process and location shooting to produce a vivid rendition of the show that, however, also needed to be followed, or resisted, in subsequent stage versions.
俄克拉何马州!在百老汇取得了惊人的成功,尽管戏剧协会考虑过其他可能的创作团队来创作新音乐剧,但事实证明,罗杰斯和汉默斯坦的合作难以抗拒。1943年夏末,一个巡回剧团成立了。第二次世界大战结束后,他在国际上旅行(尤其是在1947年去了伦敦西区);与此同时,工会需要替换离开这部剧的演员。1953年,罗杰斯和汉默斯坦买下了他们在协会赞助下完成的所有三场演出的版权(包括旋转木马和快板)。在某种程度上,这是为了最大化他们从预定的电影版本中获得的利润。1955年的电影《俄克拉荷马!》利用新的Todd-AO宽屏工艺和外景拍摄,制作了一场生动的演出,然而,在随后的舞台版本中,也需要效仿或抵制。
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引用次数: 14
Heading for Broadway 前往百老汇
Pub Date : 2007-04-28 DOI: 10.12987/YALE/9780300106190.003.0004
T. Carter
Although there was a complete libretto for what became Oklahoma! when the typical five weeks of rehearsals began on 8 February 1943, plus a number of the songs, there was still much work to do. The principal cast was fixed, including Alfred Drake (Curly), Joan Roberts (Laurey), Celeste Holm (Ado Annie), and Joseph Buloff (Ali Hakim), but others still needed to be recruited (Howard da Silva as Jud Fry). Some roles were expanded (Gertie Cummings) and others dropped (Lotta Gonzales, who was to have ended up marrying Ali Hakim). Act 1 was fixed early on, but act 2 was subject to constant revision even during the tryouts in New Haven and Boston (when the show was titled Away We Go!). In part this was due to problems of staging, but Rodgers and Hammerstein also remained unclear on the musical contents until the week before the Broadway opening, on 31 March 1943.
虽然有一个完整的剧本,成为俄克拉荷马!1943年2月8日,典型的五周排练开始了,加上一些歌曲,还有很多工作要做。主要演员阵容已经确定,包括阿尔弗雷德·德雷克(卷毛)、琼·罗伯茨(劳蕾)、塞莱斯特·霍尔姆(阿多·安妮)和约瑟夫·布洛夫(阿里·哈基姆),但其他人仍然需要招募(霍华德·达·席尔瓦饰演贾德·弗莱)。一些角色得到了扩充(格蒂·卡明斯),另一些角色被删除(洛塔·冈萨雷斯,她最终嫁给了阿里·哈基姆)。第一幕很早就确定了,但第二幕甚至在纽黑文和波士顿的选拔赛期间也在不断修改(当时这部剧的名字叫“出发吧!”)。在某种程度上,这是由于舞台上的问题,但罗杰斯和哈默斯坦直到1943年3月31日百老汇开幕前一周还不清楚音乐剧的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Contracts and Commitments 合同和承诺
Pub Date : 2007-04-28 DOI: 10.12987/YALE/9780300106190.003.0002
T. Carter
Theresa Helburn was initially uncertain about whether to treat Green Grow the Lilacs as a “cowboy play” with songs by the likes of Woody Guthrie and Tex Ritter, as something aspiring to higher artistic status (music by Aaron Copland or Roy Harris), or somewhere in between. Richard Rodgers also needed to deal with his longtime but collapsing partnership with Lorenz Hart. Even after Helburn had fixed on Rodgers and Hammerstein, in summer 1942, there were important decisions to be made about the director (eventually, it was Rouben Mamoulian), choreographer (Agnes de Mille, chosen because of her work on Copland’s Rodeo), and the casting of the show. The Guild approached various Hollywood stars (Deanna Durbin, Groucho Marx, Anthony Quinn, Shirley Temple) but took a different path in the end. No less troublesome was how to generate the large amount of money needed to get a musical onto the stage.
特蕾莎·赫尔本(Theresa Helburn)最初不确定是将《绿色种植紫丁香》(Green Grow the Lilacs)视为伍迪·格思里(Woody Guthrie)和特克斯·里特(Tex Ritter)等人创作的“牛仔剧”,还是将其视为追求更高艺术地位的作品(由亚伦·科普兰(Aaron Copland)或罗伊·哈里斯(Roy Harris)创作),还是介于两者之间。理查德·罗杰斯还需要处理他与洛伦兹·哈特长期但即将破裂的合作关系。即使在1942年夏天,赫尔本确定了罗杰斯和哈默斯坦之后,关于导演(最终是鲁本·马穆里安)、编舞(艾格尼丝·德·米勒,因为她在科普兰的牛仔竞技表演中所做的工作而被选中)和演出的选角,还需要做出一些重要的决定。工会曾接触过许多好莱坞明星(迪安娜·德宾、格劳乔·马克思、安东尼·奎因、秀兰·邓波儿),但最终选择了不同的道路。同样麻烦的是,如何筹集到将音乐剧搬上舞台所需的大笔资金。
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引用次数: 2
Defending the Polygon: The Emerging Human Right to Communal Property 捍卫多边形:新兴的公共财产人权
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2675733
T. Ankersen, T. Ruppert
For many peoples in the developing world, "homeland security" has a meaning very different from its post-September 11 meaning in the United States. In many cases, peoples who have a shared cultural conception of "territory" within nation-states have begun to adopt the dominant Western property paradigm of land titling to formalize their rights to that territory. Many view this paradigm and the individualization of property rights it facilitates as an inevitable outcome of the inexorable march of social evolution, evidenced by the end of the twentieth century collapse of communism. The Enlightenment era conception of fungible individual property emerged triumphant. Moreover, it has been enshrined in the fundamental human rights charters and domestic constitutions of the twentieth century.' Yet a closer inspection yields a much more nuanced analysis of the nature and forms of property ownership around the world and its treatment within the rights-based framework of humanitarian law. The literature suggests that communally held lands, often referred to as "common property," have remained robust and adaptable in the face of the forces of globalization, and continue to persist in even the most developed nations.'This Article begins with a brief review of the literature of common property - an area of intense and interdisciplinary scholarly interest sparked by Garrett Hardin's famous essay, The Tragedy of the Commons. In Part II we briefly review the modem view of common property and its relationship with international development theory. Part III describes the historical development of the three-generational conceptual framework for international human rights law and the right to property within that framework. Part IV discusses key national jurisprudence that has attempted to reverse the colonial legacy of indigenous homeland alienation and the inter-American human rights system.
对发展中国家的许多人来说,“国土安全”的含义与“9·11”之后在美国的含义大不相同。在许多情况下,在民族国家中拥有共同“领土”文化概念的民族已经开始采用占主导地位的西方土地所有权范式,以正式确定他们对该领土的权利。许多人认为,这种范式及其促成的财产权个体化是社会进化不可阻挡的必然结果,20世纪末共产主义的崩溃就是明证。启蒙时代的个人财产可替代性概念取得了胜利。此外,它已载入20世纪的基本人权宪章和各国国内宪法。然而,如果仔细观察,就会对世界各地财产所有权的性质和形式及其在基于权利的人道主义法框架内的待遇进行细致得多的分析。文献表明,公共拥有的土地,通常被称为“公共财产”,在全球化的力量面前保持了强大和适应性,甚至在最发达的国家也继续存在。本文首先简要回顾了公共财产的文献——这是一个由加勒特·哈丁的著名论文《公共财产的悲剧》引发的跨学科学术兴趣的领域。第二部分简要回顾了现代共有财产观及其与国际发展理论的关系。第三部分描述了国际人权法三代概念框架的历史发展以及该框架内的财产权。第四部分讨论了试图扭转土著家园异化和美洲间人权制度的殖民遗产的关键国家法理学。
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引用次数: 10
A Primer on the Doctrine of Federal Sovereign Immunity 联邦主权豁免原则入门
Pub Date : 2005-05-04 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.722602
Gregory C. Sisk
Because the federal government is a party, as plaintiff or defendant, in between one-fifth and one-quarter of all civil cases in the federal courts, any student of federal litigation should develop an understanding of the unique principles, rules, and statutes that govern when the sovereign is a party to a court action. As but one concrete indication of the importance of the subject, the Supreme Court continues to devote substantial attention to recurring questions of sovereign immunity, the distinctive jurisdictional statutes governing litigation with the United States, special forums for adjudication of particular types of governmental disputes, the limitations on governmental liability in tort and contract, and the availability of and standards for awards of attorney's fees against the government and its agencies. The concept of sovereign immunity - that is, the immunity of the United States from suit without its express permission - underlies and permeates this field of litigation with the federal government. As Justice Holmes admonished nearly a century ago, "[m]en must turn square corners when they deal with the Government." Rock Island, A. & L.R. Co. v. United States, 254 U.S. 141, 143 (1920) (Holmes, J.). Yet, far too often, attorneys representing clients against the government fail to heed - or even recognize - this classic proverb of federal government litigation. The reason is that they fail to appreciate the persisting influence of sovereign immunity. The purpose of this article is to provide something of a primer on the doctrine of federal sovereign immunity, for both practicing lawyers and scholars. In this article, the author draws together the sometimes scattered pieces of the federal sovereign immunity puzzle, including a consideration of the opposing arguments on the legitimacy of the doctrine, the contested history of the doctrine, a discussion of its evolution in Supreme Court decisions, a summary of the current state of the doctrine, an outline of the tapestry of statutory authorizations for suit against the federal government, and an analysis of the continuing tension underlying the doctrine as now played out in judicial construction of statutory waivers. [This article is adapted from a chapter in Gregory Sisk's forthcoming treatise on Litigation with the Federal Government, which is scheduled for publication in 2005 by the American Law Institute - American Bar Association.]
由于联邦政府作为原告或被告,在联邦法院审理的五分之一到四分之一的民事案件中是一方,任何学习联邦诉讼的学生都应该了解当君主作为法院诉讼的一方时所适用的独特原则、规则和法规。作为这一主题重要性的一个具体迹象,最高法院继续大量关注主权豁免、管辖与美国诉讼的独特司法法规、裁决特定类型政府争端的特别论坛、对侵权和合同中的政府责任的限制、以及针对政府及其机构的律师费奖励的可得性和标准。主权豁免的概念——即美国在未经其明确许可的情况下免于诉讼——是这一与联邦政府的诉讼领域的基础和渗透。正如霍姆斯大法官在近一个世纪前所告诫的那样,“当他们与政府打交道时,他们必须改变立场。”洛克岛,a.l.r.公司诉美国,254 U.S. 141, 143(1920)(霍姆斯,J.)。然而,很多时候,代表客户反对政府的律师没有注意到——甚至没有意识到——这条联邦政府诉讼的经典谚语。原因是他们没有认识到主权豁免的持久影响。本文的目的是为执业律师和学者提供一些关于联邦主权豁免理论的入门知识。在这篇文章中,作者汇集了联邦主权豁免这一有时分散的难题,包括考虑关于该学说合法性的对立论点,该学说的争议历史,讨论其在最高法院判决中的演变,总结该学说的现状,概述对联邦政府提起诉讼的法定授权,以及对这一原则持续存在的紧张关系的分析现在在法定豁免的司法构建中发挥了作用。[本文改编自Gregory Sisk即将出版的关于与联邦政府诉讼的论文中的一章,该论文计划于2005年由美国法律研究所-美国律师协会出版。]
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引用次数: 2
Direct-to-consumer genetic tests, government oversight, and the First Amendment: what the government can (and can't) do to protect the public's health. 直接面向消费者的基因检测、政府监督和第一修正案:政府能做什么(不能做什么)来保护公众的健康。
Pub Date : 2004-01-01
Gail H Javitt, Erica Stanley, Kathy Hudson
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引用次数: 0
The Risks of Going Non-GMO 走向非转基因的风险
Pub Date : 2001-08-22 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.278948
D. Kershen
In light of the STARLINK(R) incident, food companies may think of avoiding transgenic crops altogether as a source of food ingredients. This article discusses three risks that accompany the decision not to use products of agricultural biotechnology. Risk One is the Risk of Legal Liability for Damages. Legal Liability may arise through product liability for design defect in the food. Legal liability may also arise through contribution and indemnity for worker safety and environmental damages through agronomic practices that create additional hazards in comparison to agricultural biotechnology crops. Risk Two is the Risk of Environmental Compliance. Food companies may be held responsible by environmental agencies for increased environmental harms caused by non-transgenic crop production. Moreover, environmental agencies may adopt technology-forcing regulations and agricultural biotechnology may be the best available technology. Risk Three is the Risk of Scientific Ignorance. Making public policy about agricultural biotechnology based on scientific misinformation creates both a societal and moral risk domestically and internationally.
鉴于STARLINK事件,食品公司可能会考虑完全避免将转基因作物作为食品原料的来源。本文讨论了决定不使用农业生物技术产品所伴随的三种风险。风险一是损害赔偿的法律责任风险。法律责任可能通过食品设计缺陷的产品责任而产生。与农业生物技术作物相比,由于农艺做法造成的额外危害,对工人安全和环境损害的赔偿和赔偿也可能产生法律责任。风险二是环境合规风险。食品公司可能会因非转基因作物生产造成的环境危害增加而被环境机构追究责任。此外,环境机构可能采用技术强制法规,农业生物技术可能是现有的最佳技术。风险三是科学无知的风险。根据科学上的错误信息制定有关农业生物技术的公共政策,在国内和国际上都造成了社会和道德风险。
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引用次数: 7
Constitutional Law: Hutchins v. District of Columbia : The Constitutional Dilemma over Juvenile Curfews 宪法:哈钦斯诉哥伦比亚特区:青少年宵禁的宪法困境
Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.4324/9780203390290-16
William L. Foreman
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引用次数: 0
Promoting medical research without sacrificing patient autonomy: legal and ethical issues raised by the waiver of informed consent for emergency research. 在不牺牲病人自主权的情况下促进医学研究:因放弃紧急研究的知情同意而引起的法律和伦理问题。
Pub Date : 1999-01-01
S J Carnahan
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引用次数: 0
Informed consent in Oklahoma: a search for reasonableness and predictability in the aftermath of Scott v. Bradford. 俄克拉何马州的知情同意:斯科特诉布拉德福德案后对合理性和可预测性的探索。
Pub Date : 1996-01-01
E S Fisher
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Oklahoma law review
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