Applied Animal Behaviour Science最新文献_第5页

Development of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) in farmed fox species and Finnraccoons 养殖狐类和灰浣熊定性行为评价方法的研究进展

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106890

Tarja Koistinen , Mika Kurkilahti

Measures of emotional states have not gained much attention in farmed fox species (blue foxes and silver foxes) and Finnraccoons. This study aims to start the development of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA), to be later included in to the on-farm welfare assessment scheme, WelFur. To collect the potential QBA terms, two separate expert opinion surveys were carried out. Based on the questionnaire surveys, a fixed list of 26–27 terms (depending on the species) was generated for each species. To test the observer agreement and to investigate potential latent factors describing animal welfare, eleven persons assessed behavioural expressions of the fox species and Finnraccoons from 13 to 15 1–2 min video recordings from commercial farms. The consistency of the use of terms was studied by using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and the data reduction was carried out by using Principal factor analysis. In all species, the inter-and intra-rater reliabilities of the individual terms were mainly moderate (Kendal W 0.4–0.7). They were interpreted sufficient for proceeding to factor analysis. The factor solutions differed between the species. In blue foxes, the analysis produced factors including all four components of the commonly found model of emotional dimensions describing bipolar valence (positive vs negative) and arousal (low vs high). In silver foxes, negative low arousal dimension was missing and in Finnraccoon, the clear low arousal factor was not divided into positive and negative valence. Besides these dimensions, a factor indicating attentiveness or interaction (with human) was found in both fox species and an incoherent factor in Finnraccoons. The present results show that, the behavioural expressions of farmed fox species and Finnraccoons can be described by using a large variety of terms, and fixed list could be generated out of these terms. The observer agreement in the scoring of the individual terms from videos is at least moderate and the selected terms constitute logical dimensions of animal welfare in the data reduction analysis. The further development of the method requires testing of the vocabulary on farms.

在人工饲养的狐狸（蓝狐和银狐）和芬浣熊中，情绪状态的测量并没有得到太多的关注。本研究旨在启动定性行为评估（QBA）的发展，随后将纳入农场福利评估计划，WelFur。为了收集潜在的QBA术语，进行了两次单独的专家意见调查。在问卷调查的基础上，为每个物种生成了一个固定的26-27个术语列表（取决于物种）。为了检验观察者的一致性并调查描述动物福利的潜在潜在因素，11人评估了来自商业农场的13 - 15分钟视频记录中狐狸和finnraccoon的行为表达。采用肯德尔一致性系数研究术语使用的一致性，采用主因子分析进行数据约简。在所有物种中，个体术语的等级间和等级内信度主要为中等（Kendal W为0.4 ~ 0.7）。它们被解释为足以进行因子分析。不同种类的因子解不同。在蓝狐中，分析产生的因素包括描述双相效价（积极与消极）和觉醒（低与高）的常见情感维度模型的所有四个组成部分。银狐的负性低唤醒维度缺失，芬浣熊的低唤醒维度没有明确的正效价和负效价。除了这些维度外，在狐狸和芬浣熊中都发现了一个表明注意力或（与人）互动的因素，在芬浣熊中发现了一个不连贯的因素。本研究结果表明，养殖狐狸和finnraccoon的行为表达可以用大量的术语来描述，并且可以由这些术语生成固定的列表。观察者对视频中单个术语的评分至少是中等的，所选术语在数据约简分析中构成了动物福利的逻辑维度。该方法的进一步发展需要在农场测试词汇。

{"title":"Development of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) in farmed fox species and Finnraccoons","authors":"Tarja Koistinen , Mika Kurkilahti","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measures of emotional states have not gained much attention in farmed fox species (blue foxes and silver foxes) and Finnraccoons. This study aims to start the development of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA), to be later included in to the on-farm welfare assessment scheme, WelFur. To collect the potential QBA terms, two separate expert opinion surveys were carried out. Based on the questionnaire surveys, a fixed list of 26–27 terms (depending on the species) was generated for each species. To test the observer agreement and to investigate potential latent factors describing animal welfare, eleven persons assessed behavioural expressions of the fox species and Finnraccoons from 13 to 15 1–2 min video recordings from commercial farms. The consistency of the use of terms was studied by using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and the data reduction was carried out by using Principal factor analysis. In all species, the inter-and intra-rater reliabilities of the individual terms were mainly moderate (Kendal W 0.4–0.7). They were interpreted sufficient for proceeding to factor analysis. The factor solutions differed between the species. In blue foxes, the analysis produced factors including all four components of the commonly found model of emotional dimensions describing bipolar valence (positive vs negative) and arousal (low vs high). In silver foxes, negative low arousal dimension was missing and in Finnraccoon, the clear low arousal factor was not divided into positive and negative valence. Besides these dimensions, a factor indicating attentiveness or interaction (with human) was found in both fox species and an incoherent factor in Finnraccoons. The present results show that, the behavioural expressions of farmed fox species and Finnraccoons can be described by using a large variety of terms, and fixed list could be generated out of these terms. The observer agreement in the scoring of the individual terms from videos is at least moderate and the selected terms constitute logical dimensions of animal welfare in the data reduction analysis. The further development of the method requires testing of the vocabulary on farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 106890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationship between agonistic behaviour, physical condition and movement patterns of laying hens in aviaries 鸡舍中蛋鸡竞争行为、身体状况与运动模式的关系

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106889

Klara J. Grethen , Laura Candelotto , Yamenah Gómez , Michael J. Toscano

Laying hens show inter-individual variation in fighting ability in agonistic interactions. However, in large groups exceeding 100 animals, the impact of this variation remains largely unexplored. In such environments, hens which frequently submit to others, may experience restricted access to resources, potentially leading to compromised health and welfare. Conversely, they may adapt by altering movement patterns to avoid interactions with dominant hens. We investigated how fighting ability relates to the physical condition and movement of hens in large groups in a quasi-commercial aviary system. We observed 36 focal birds (Dekalb White) across six pens, each housing 225 hens. Focal birds were selected from 18 birds per pen based on comb sizes to capture extremes in fighting ability. Social behaviour was observed for two hours per hen at 23, 25, and 27 weeks of age (WoA), and fighting ability was quantified as winning ratio (wins relative to the total of agonistic encounters). Additionally, every 4–7 weeks we assessed the animals’ body weight, keel-bone fracture (KBF) severity, plumage condition and aggressive pecking damage (i.e., comb injuries combined with head and neck plumage condition). A tracking system recorded the movements between the aviary tiers from 22 to 55 WoA (164 days), from which we extracted daily spatial and movement variables. Mixed effects models, incorporating WoA and winning ratio and their interaction as independent variables, were employed for analysis. Results indicated that birds with higher winning ratios were heavier over time than those with a lower ratio, whereas no effect of winning ratio was detected on KBF severity, plumage condition or aggressive pecking damage. Analysis of daily spatial and movement variables revealed that hens with higher winning ratios progressively spent less time on the highest tier. Before 30 WoA, they also travelled greater distances between tiers, suggesting increased space use, particularly in the period shortly after barn population than birds with lower winning rations. These findings suggest that fighting ability may relate to body weight and space-use strategies in large groups, although the mechanisms remain unclear. The observed differences in weight and space-use could reflect restricted access to feed and preferred areas for hens with lower winning ratios, or their active avoidance of agonistic encounters. Alternatively, they may stem from inherent behavioural differences between individuals. Future studies should aim to disentangle potential mechanisms by investigating individual resource access and decision-making in large-group housing systems, to clarify how fighting ability affects long-term welfare in commercial aviary systems.

在竞争相互作用中，蛋鸡的战斗能力表现出个体间的差异。然而，在超过100只动物的大群体中，这种变异的影响在很大程度上仍未被探索。在这样的环境中，经常屈服于他人的母鸡可能会受到资源获取的限制，从而可能导致健康和福利受损。相反，它们可能通过改变运动模式来适应，以避免与占主导地位的母鸡互动。我们研究了在一个准商业鸡舍系统中，母鸡在大群体中的身体状况和运动与战斗能力的关系。我们观察了36只焦点鸡（Dekalb White），分布在6个围栏中，每个围栏容纳225只母鸡。根据梳子的大小，从每个围栏18只鸟中选择焦点鸟，以捕捉战斗能力的极限。在23、25和27周龄（WoA）时，对每只母鸡的社会行为进行2小时的观察，并将战斗能力量化为胜率（胜率与总战斗次数的比值）。此外，我们每4-7周评估一次动物的体重、龙骨骨折（KBF）严重程度、羽毛状况和攻击性啄伤（即梳子损伤合并头颈部羽毛状况）。跟踪系统记录了从22到55 WoA（164天）的鸟舍层之间的运动，从中提取了每天的空间和运动变量。采用以WoA和胜率及其相互作用为自变量的混合效应模型进行分析。结果表明，随着时间的推移，中胜比高的鸟类比中胜比低的鸟类更重，而中胜比对KBF严重程度、羽毛状况和攻击性啄食伤害没有影响。对日常空间和运动变量的分析表明，胜率较高的母鸡在最高层的时间逐渐减少。在30 WoA之前，它们在层与层之间的距离也更大，这表明它们增加了空间的使用，特别是在谷仓人口之后不久的一段时间里，比那些获得较低口粮的鸟类。这些发现表明，在大群体中，战斗能力可能与体重和空间使用策略有关，尽管机制尚不清楚。观察到的体重和空间使用的差异可能反映了中胜率较低的母鸡获得饲料和偏好区域的限制，或者它们主动避免激烈的遭遇。或者，它们可能源于个体之间固有的行为差异。未来的研究应旨在通过调查大型群体住房系统中的个体资源获取和决策来解开潜在的机制，以阐明战斗能力如何影响商业鸟舍系统的长期福利。

{"title":"Relationship between agonistic behaviour, physical condition and movement patterns of laying hens in aviaries","authors":"Klara J. Grethen , Laura Candelotto , Yamenah Gómez , Michael J. Toscano","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laying hens show inter-individual variation in fighting ability in agonistic interactions. However, in large groups exceeding 100 animals, the impact of this variation remains largely unexplored. In such environments, hens which frequently submit to others, may experience restricted access to resources, potentially leading to compromised health and welfare. Conversely, they may adapt by altering movement patterns to avoid interactions with dominant hens. We investigated how fighting ability relates to the physical condition and movement of hens in large groups in a quasi-commercial aviary system. We observed 36 focal birds (Dekalb White) across six pens, each housing 225 hens. Focal birds were selected from 18 birds per pen based on comb sizes to capture extremes in fighting ability. Social behaviour was observed for two hours per hen at 23, 25, and 27 weeks of age (WoA), and fighting ability was quantified as winning ratio (wins relative to the total of agonistic encounters). Additionally, every 4–7 weeks we assessed the animals’ body weight, keel-bone fracture (KBF) severity, plumage condition and aggressive pecking damage (i.e., comb injuries combined with head and neck plumage condition). A tracking system recorded the movements between the aviary tiers from 22 to 55 WoA (164 days), from which we extracted daily spatial and movement variables. Mixed effects models, incorporating WoA and winning ratio and their interaction as independent variables, were employed for analysis. Results indicated that birds with higher winning ratios were heavier over time than those with a lower ratio, whereas no effect of winning ratio was detected on KBF severity, plumage condition or aggressive pecking damage. Analysis of daily spatial and movement variables revealed that hens with higher winning ratios progressively spent less time on the highest tier. Before 30 WoA, they also travelled greater distances between tiers, suggesting increased space use, particularly in the period shortly after barn population than birds with lower winning rations. These findings suggest that fighting ability may relate to body weight and space-use strategies in large groups, although the mechanisms remain unclear. The observed differences in weight and space-use could reflect restricted access to feed and preferred areas for hens with lower winning ratios, or their active avoidance of agonistic encounters. Alternatively, they may stem from inherent behavioural differences between individuals. Future studies should aim to disentangle potential mechanisms by investigating individual resource access and decision-making in large-group housing systems, to clarify how fighting ability affects long-term welfare in commercial aviary systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 106889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Try before you buy: Preferences for naturalistic-style enclosures are influenced by experience in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) 购买前先试一试：对自然主义风格围场的偏好受胡须龙（Pogona vitticeps）经验的影响。

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106887

Melanie Denommé, Glenn J. Tattersall

To ensure their welfare in captivity, reptiles are typically provided enclosures that aim to mimic their natural environment, as such enclosures may be preferred and better facilitate important behaviours. Research has frequently supported this principle, and has often found that reptiles’ preferences for naturalistic resources are innate. Regardless, it is critical to assess if the assumed benefits of such enclosures are realized; this may be especially pertinent for reptiles, given that the life histories of many species are not well known, making it unclear what “naturalistic” entails. Therefore, we used preference tests to examine the behaviour of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) when allowed to freely interact with environments that were naturalistic or less complex (hereafter, standard). Lizards were randomly assigned to live in either naturalistic- or standard-style enclosures and swapped into the opposite style after 200 days. Preference tests were performed twice, occurring at least 100 days after lizards had lived in either enclosure style. In contrast to other work in reptiles, we found that a lizard’s experience influenced their behaviour: Lizards who were housed exclusively in standard-style enclosures when they were young spent more time with the style that they were familiar with when the preference test was performed, and, for all lizards, naturalistic-style enclosures were only preferred the second time the test was performed. Overall, these results suggest that familiarity may play an important role in the lizard’s preferences for naturalistic resources. Furthermore, the behaviour of lizards exclusively housed in standard-style enclosures when young could be indicative of neophobia induced by the relative low complexity of their rearing conditions, as has been observed in other vertebrates. Finally, because lizards only preferred naturalistic resources the second time the test was performed, these results may also suggest that the perceived value of naturalistic resources may have changed due to the timing of these tests, perhaps due to the lizard’s maturation or due to the season in which each test was performed. Regardless, all lizards used naturalistic resources more often to climb, dig, and hide, suggesting that these were superior for facilitating important, species-specific, motivated behaviours. In conclusion, these results demonstrate how a number of factors could influence a lizard’s perception of naturalistic resources and underscores how such resources may best facilitate important behaviours in P. vitticeps. Furthermore, these findings highlight the importance of assessing the assumed benefits of naturalistic enclosures and provide some practical recommendations for such assessments.

为了确保它们在圈养环境中的福利，爬行动物通常被提供旨在模仿其自然环境的圈养环境，因为这样的圈养环境可能是首选的，并且更有利于重要的行为。研究经常支持这一原则，并且经常发现爬行动物对自然资源的偏好是天生的。无论如何，至关重要的是评估这些围场是否实现了假定的好处；考虑到许多物种的生活史并不为人所知，这使得“自然主义”的含义变得不清楚，这一点可能尤其适用于爬行动物。因此，我们使用偏好测试来检查胡须龙（Pogona vitticeps）在被允许与自然环境或不太复杂的环境（以下简称标准环境）自由互动时的行为。蜥蜴被随机分配生活在自然主义或标准风格的围栏中，并在200天后换到相反的风格。偏好测试进行了两次，在蜥蜴在两种封闭方式中生活至少100天后进行。与爬行动物的其他研究相反，我们发现蜥蜴的经历影响了它们的行为：当蜥蜴年轻时只被关在标准风格的笼子里，当进行偏好测试时，它们会花更多的时间在它们熟悉的风格上，而且，对所有蜥蜴来说，自然风格的笼子只有在第二次测试时才会被选中。总的来说，这些结果表明，熟悉程度可能在蜥蜴对自然资源的偏好中起着重要作用。此外，在其他脊椎动物中也观察到，幼年时只被关在标准围栏里的蜥蜴的行为可能表明，由于饲养条件相对较低的复杂性，它们有恐新症。最后，由于蜥蜴在第二次进行测试时只偏好自然资源，这些结果也可能表明，自然资源的感知价值可能由于这些测试的时间而改变，可能是由于蜥蜴的成熟或由于每次测试进行的季节。无论如何，所有的蜥蜴都更经常地使用自然资源来攀爬、挖掘和隐藏，这表明这些资源对于促进重要的、物种特异性的、有动机的行为是优越的。总之，这些结果证明了许多因素如何影响蜥蜴对自然资源的感知，并强调了这些资源如何最好地促进玻璃质蜥蜴的重要行为。此外，这些发现强调了评估自然围场的假设好处的重要性，并为此类评估提供了一些实用的建议。

{"title":"Try before you buy: Preferences for naturalistic-style enclosures are influenced by experience in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)","authors":"Melanie Denommé, Glenn J. Tattersall","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To ensure their welfare in captivity, reptiles are typically provided enclosures that aim to mimic their natural environment, as such enclosures may be preferred and better facilitate important behaviours. Research has frequently supported this principle, and has often found that reptiles’ preferences for naturalistic resources are innate. Regardless, it is critical to assess if the assumed benefits of such enclosures are realized; this may be especially pertinent for reptiles, given that the life histories of many species are not well known, making it unclear what “naturalistic” entails. Therefore, we used preference tests to examine the behaviour of bearded dragons (<em>Pogona vitticeps</em>) when allowed to freely interact with environments that were naturalistic or less complex (hereafter, standard). Lizards were randomly assigned to live in either naturalistic- or standard-style enclosures and swapped into the opposite style after 200 days. Preference tests were performed twice, occurring at least 100 days after lizards had lived in either enclosure style. In contrast to other work in reptiles, we found that a lizard’s experience influenced their behaviour: Lizards who were housed exclusively in standard-style enclosures when they were young spent more time with the style that they were familiar with when the preference test was performed, and, for all lizards, naturalistic-style enclosures were only preferred the second time the test was performed. Overall, these results suggest that familiarity may play an important role in the lizard’s preferences for naturalistic resources. Furthermore, the behaviour of lizards exclusively housed in standard-style enclosures when young could be indicative of neophobia induced by the relative low complexity of their rearing conditions, as has been observed in other vertebrates. Finally, because lizards only preferred naturalistic resources the second time the test was performed, these results may also suggest that the perceived value of naturalistic resources may have changed due to the timing of these tests, perhaps due to the lizard’s maturation or due to the season in which each test was performed. Regardless, all lizards used naturalistic resources more often to climb, dig, and hide, suggesting that these were superior for facilitating important, species-specific, motivated behaviours. In conclusion, these results demonstrate how a number of factors could influence a lizard’s perception of naturalistic resources and underscores how such resources may best facilitate important behaviours in <em>P. vitticeps</em>. Furthermore, these findings highlight the importance of assessing the assumed benefits of naturalistic enclosures and provide some practical recommendations for such assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 106887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environmental enrichment improves behavior and welfare in captive cockatiels 环境富集改善了圈养鹦鹉的行为和福利

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106888

Rodrigo Mendes Aguiar , Nicolas Châline , Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo

Environmental enrichment is widely used to enhance the welfare of captive animals, particularly in cognitively complex species such as parrots. This study experimentally evaluated the behavioral effects of two enrichment categories object-based items and food-based enrichment on captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Forty adult birds were observed across three phases: a 30-day baseline without enrichment (March–April 2023), followed by a 30-day acclimatization period (May 2023), a 30-day enrichment phase (June–July 2023), and a post-enrichment phase after a 30-day latency (September–October 2023). Behavioral data were collected through focal animal sampling and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Enrichment reduced stress-related behaviors, with a 58 % decrease in FDB directed to conspecifics (IRR = 0.42, p < 0.001) and a 43 % decrease in self-directed FDB (IRR = 0.57, p = 0.034). While FDB directed to conspecifics reductions persisted post-enrichment, the effect on self-directed FDB did not. Positive behaviors also increased, with greater flight activity during enrichment (IRR = 1.43, p < 0.001) and a significant rise in mating behavior in the post-enrichment phase (IRR = 2.27, p = 0.021). Object-based enrichment items elicited significantly more engagement than food-based ones (p < 0.001). Interindividual variation was notable. Cluster analysis revealed distinct behavioral profiles, ranging from highly responsive to non-responsive individuals. These results reveal substantial interindividual variation, suggesting that birds differ in their responsiveness to enrichment. Overall, enrichment reduced stress-related behaviors and promoted behavioral flexibility, as evidenced by the capacity of individuals to adjust their activity patterns in response to changing environmental conditions. These findings support the use of tailored enrichment protocols to enhance the welfare of captive psittacines.

环境富集被广泛用于提高圈养动物的福利，特别是在认知复杂的物种，如鹦鹉。本研究通过实验评估了两种富集方式对荷兰凤尾鹦鹉（nyphicus hollandicus）行为的影响。对40只成年鸟进行了三个阶段的观察：30天的无富集基线（2023年3月至4月），随后是30天的适应期（2023年5月），30天的富集阶段（2023年6月至7月），以及30天潜伏期后的富集后阶段（2023年9月至10月）。通过动物局部取样收集行为数据，并采用广义线性混合模型进行分析。富集减少了与压力相关的行为，指向同种生物的FDB减少了58% % (IRR = 0.42, p <； 0.001)，自我导向的FDB减少了43% % （IRR = 0.57, p = 0.034）。虽然定向定向FDB在富集后持续存在，但对自我定向FDB的影响却没有。积极行为也有所增加，富集期间飞行活动增加（IRR = 1.43, p <； 0.001），富集后交配行为显著增加（IRR = 2.27, p = 0.021）。基于物体的丰富项目比基于食物的项目明显更吸引人（p <； 0.001）。个体间差异显著。聚类分析揭示了不同的行为特征，从高反应个体到无反应个体。这些结果揭示了大量的个体间差异，表明鸟类对富集的反应不同。总体而言，富集减少了与压力相关的行为，并促进了行为的灵活性，这一点可以从个体调整活动模式以应对不断变化的环境条件的能力中得到证明。这些发现支持使用量身定制的富集方案来提高圈养鹦鹉的福利。

{"title":"Environmental enrichment improves behavior and welfare in captive cockatiels","authors":"Rodrigo Mendes Aguiar , Nicolas Châline , Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental enrichment is widely used to enhance the welfare of captive animals, particularly in cognitively complex species such as parrots. This study experimentally evaluated the behavioral effects of two enrichment categories object-based items and food-based enrichment on captive cockatiels (<em>Nymphicus hollandicus</em>). Forty adult birds were observed across three phases: a 30-day baseline without enrichment (March–April 2023), followed by a 30-day acclimatization period (May 2023), a 30-day enrichment phase (June–July 2023), and a post-enrichment phase after a 30-day latency (September–October 2023). Behavioral data were collected through focal animal sampling and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Enrichment reduced stress-related behaviors, with a 58 % decrease in FDB directed to conspecifics (IRR = 0.42, p < 0.001) and a 43 % decrease in self-directed FDB (IRR = 0.57, p = 0.034). While FDB directed to conspecifics reductions persisted post-enrichment, the effect on self-directed FDB did not. Positive behaviors also increased, with greater flight activity during enrichment (IRR = 1.43, p < 0.001) and a significant rise in mating behavior in the post-enrichment phase (IRR = 2.27, p = 0.021). Object-based enrichment items elicited significantly more engagement than food-based ones (p < 0.001). Interindividual variation was notable. Cluster analysis revealed distinct behavioral profiles, ranging from highly responsive to non-responsive individuals. These results reveal substantial interindividual variation, suggesting that birds differ in their responsiveness to enrichment. Overall, enrichment reduced stress-related behaviors and promoted behavioral flexibility, as evidenced by the capacity of individuals to adjust their activity patterns in response to changing environmental conditions. These findings support the use of tailored enrichment protocols to enhance the welfare of captive psittacines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 106888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106886

Lisa Dickel , Suzanne Truong , Heather Browning , Jes Lynning Harfeld , Anna Rademann

引用次数: 0

Mending fences: Relationship quality, not reproductive cycle, predicts reconciliation in Amiata jennies 修补篱笆：关系质量，而不是生育周期，预示着Amiata珍妮的和解

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106885

Alice Galotti , Viviana Forti , Alessandra Rota , Paolo Baragli , Elisabetta Palagi

Research on reconciliation has mainly focused on primates, leaving domestic ungulates largely unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated female–female agonistic and post-conflict dynamics in a stable group of jennies (Equus asinus), integrating behavioral observations with a physiologically validated reproductive parameter. During estrus, females showed increased proximity, suggesting that reproductive cycle promotes tolerance and spatial cohesion. Closer spacing did not lead to more overt aggression, but was associated with a rise in subtle threats, likely functioning as a low-cost strategy to regulate tension while avoiding escalation. Here, we also reported reconciliation in our group of jennies, consistent with findings in horses, a species phylogenetically close to donkeys. Most conciliatory contacts occurred within seconds after aggression and were more frequent between closely bonded partners, supporting the Valuable Relationship Hypothesis. Victims were more likely to initiate post-conflict contacts with close affiliates and aggressors of similar rank, indicating a balance between preserving valuable ties and minimizing risk. Reconciliation was also more likely after high-intensity aggression, suggesting its key role in rapidly repairing relationships when social costs are highest. Contrary to our predictions, the reproductive cycle did not influence post-conflict behavior. The absence of a resident male in the group likely reduced reproductive competition among females, which may explain this result. By integrating physiological and behavioral approaches, this study not only provides the first systematic evidence of reconciliation in donkeys but also demonstrates that subtle social dynamics in female-only groups can be rigorously quantified. Extending conflict management research beyond primates to domestic ungulates reveals mechanisms that are both evolutionarily informative and directly relevant to husbandry, offering novel insights into how social cohesion and welfare can be maintained in managed populations.

关于和解的研究主要集中在灵长类动物身上，而对家养有蹄类动物的研究基本上是未知的。为了解决这一差距，我们研究了一群稳定的珍妮马（Equus asinus）的雌性-雌性激动和冲突后动态，将行为观察与生理验证的生殖参数相结合。在发情期，雌性的接近性增加，表明生殖周期促进了容忍和空间凝聚力。更近的间隔并不会导致更多的公开攻击，但与微妙威胁的增加有关，可能是一种低成本的策略，可以调节紧张情绪，同时避免升级。在这里，我们也报告了我们的珍妮组的和解，与马的发现一致，马是一个在系统发育上接近驴的物种。大多数和解接触发生在攻击后的几秒钟内，而且在关系密切的伴侣之间更频繁，这支持了“有价值关系假说”。受害者更有可能在冲突后与亲密的附属机构和类似级别的侵略者进行接触，这表明在保持有价值的关系和尽量减少风险之间取得了平衡。在高强度的攻击之后，和解也更有可能发生，这表明在社会成本最高的情况下，和解在快速修复关系方面发挥了关键作用。与我们的预测相反，生殖周期并不影响冲突后的行为。群体中没有常驻的雄性可能会减少雌性之间的生殖竞争，这可能解释了这一结果。通过整合生理学和行为学的方法，这项研究不仅提供了驴子和解的第一个系统证据，而且还表明，在只有雌性的群体中，微妙的社会动态可以严格量化。将冲突管理研究从灵长类动物扩展到家养有蹄类动物，揭示了既具有进化信息又与畜牧业直接相关的机制，为如何在管理种群中维持社会凝聚力和福利提供了新的见解。

{"title":"Mending fences: Relationship quality, not reproductive cycle, predicts reconciliation in Amiata jennies","authors":"Alice Galotti , Viviana Forti , Alessandra Rota , Paolo Baragli , Elisabetta Palagi","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on reconciliation has mainly focused on primates, leaving domestic ungulates largely unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated female–female agonistic and post-conflict dynamics in a stable group of jennies (<em>Equus asinus</em>), integrating behavioral observations with a physiologically validated reproductive parameter. During estrus, females showed increased proximity, suggesting that reproductive cycle promotes tolerance and spatial cohesion. Closer spacing did not lead to more overt aggression, but was associated with a rise in subtle threats, likely functioning as a low-cost strategy to regulate tension while avoiding escalation. Here, we also reported reconciliation in our group of jennies, consistent with findings in horses, a species phylogenetically close to donkeys. Most conciliatory contacts occurred within seconds after aggression and were more frequent between closely bonded partners, supporting the <em>Valuable Relationship Hypothesis</em>. Victims were more likely to initiate post-conflict contacts with close affiliates and aggressors of similar rank, indicating a balance between preserving valuable ties and minimizing risk. Reconciliation was also more likely after high-intensity aggression, suggesting its key role in rapidly repairing relationships when social costs are highest. Contrary to our predictions, the reproductive cycle did not influence post-conflict behavior. The absence of a resident male in the group likely reduced reproductive competition among females, which may explain this result. By integrating physiological and behavioral approaches, this study not only provides the first systematic evidence of reconciliation in donkeys but also demonstrates that subtle social dynamics in female-only groups can be rigorously quantified. Extending conflict management research beyond primates to domestic ungulates reveals mechanisms that are both evolutionarily informative and directly relevant to husbandry, offering novel insights into how social cohesion and welfare can be maintained in managed populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 106885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of the interrelationship between personality traits, emotional states and abnormal behaviour in horses 马的人格特征、情绪状态和异常行为之间相互关系的评估

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106813

Laize Guedes do Carmo , Matheus Borges de Carvalho , Pedro Vicente Michelotto , Ruan Rolnei Daros

Personality traits may be linked to the development of abnormal behaviours in horses. However, abnormal behaviour could represent an attempt to adapt to the environment to improve the horses' emotional state. This study aimed to investigate whether personality traits can predict the expression of acute abnormal behaviours in horses stabled for a short period and whether the emotional state is influenced by the occurrence of these abnormal behavioural responses or by personality traits. To this end, fifteen mixed breed adult mares, housed outdoors, underwent three validated equine personality tests (open field test, novel object test, and startle test) and a new behavioural test aimed to assess neuroticism in horses. Subsequently, the mares were housed in individual stalls for three consecutive days and were filmed using continuous focal sampling to monitor acute abnormal behavioural responses. At the end of the third day, three additional tests were conducted to assess the emotional state of the mares in the stalls: memory bias test, judgement bias test, and attention test. The results showed that the mares exhibited box walking behaviour but no other abnormal behaviour when housed for three days in an individual box stall. Box walking events were counted and ranked according to the frequency observed in each mare. The median of these values was used to separate the mares into two groups categorized as with and without abnormal behaviour. Principal component analyses were performed to extract the main personality traits from each test; however, there was no association between the extract traits and the groups with and without abnormal behaviour. Additionally, no association was found between box walking frequency and the responses in the memory, judgement, and attention tests. When testing the association of personality traits with cognitive tests, neuroticism showed an association with the memory test, the insecurity trait (novel object test) was negatively associated with the judgement bias test, and the duration of the first alert event (startle test) and neuroticism were associated with the attention test. This study identified box walking within the first three days of housing; however, it was not possible to associate this behaviour with personality traits or cognitive test responses. Nevertheless, certain personality traits, including neuroticism, may be associated with horses' cognitive responses over a short period of individual housing.

性格特征可能与马异常行为的发展有关。然而，不正常的行为可能代表了一种适应环境以改善马的情绪状态的尝试。本研究旨在探讨人格特质是否可以预测短期马厩马急性异常行为的表达，以及这些异常行为反应的发生是否会影响情绪状态，或者人格特质是否会影响情绪状态。为此，15匹混合品种的成年母马被关在户外，进行了三次有效的马性格测试（开放场地测试、新物体测试和惊吓测试）和一项新的行为测试，旨在评估马的神经质。随后，连续三天将母马单独饲养，并使用连续焦点采样拍摄，以监测急性异常行为反应。在第三天结束时，对马的情绪状态进行了三个额外的测试：记忆偏倚测试、判断偏倚测试和注意测试。结果表明，在一个单独的箱栏中饲养3天后，母马表现出箱行走行为，但没有其他异常行为。根据在每匹母马中观察到的频率，对箱子步行事件进行计数和排名。这些值的中位数用于将母马分为两组，分为有和没有异常行为。主成分分析从每个测试中提取主要人格特征；然而，提取物性状与有无异常行为组之间没有相关性。此外，箱子行走频率与记忆、判断和注意力测试的反应之间没有关联。在人格特质与认知测试的关联测试中，神经质与记忆测试呈显著负相关，不安全特质（新客体测试）与判断偏差测试呈显著负相关，首次警觉事件（惊吓测试）持续时间和神经质与注意测试呈显著负相关。这项研究确定了在住房的前三天内进行盒子行走；然而，不可能将这种行为与人格特征或认知测试反应联系起来。然而，某些人格特征，包括神经质，可能与马在短期内的认知反应有关。

{"title":"Assessment of the interrelationship between personality traits, emotional states and abnormal behaviour in horses","authors":"Laize Guedes do Carmo , Matheus Borges de Carvalho , Pedro Vicente Michelotto , Ruan Rolnei Daros","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Personality traits may be linked to the development of abnormal behaviours in horses. However, abnormal behaviour could represent an attempt to adapt to the environment to improve the horses' emotional state. This study aimed to investigate whether personality traits can predict the expression of acute abnormal behaviours in horses stabled for a short period and whether the emotional state is influenced by the occurrence of these abnormal behavioural responses or by personality traits. To this end, fifteen mixed breed adult mares, housed outdoors, underwent three validated equine personality tests (open field test, novel object test, and startle test) and a new behavioural test aimed to assess neuroticism in horses. Subsequently, the mares were housed in individual stalls for three consecutive days and were filmed using continuous focal sampling to monitor acute abnormal behavioural responses. At the end of the third day, three additional tests were conducted to assess the emotional state of the mares in the stalls: memory bias test, judgement bias test, and attention test. The results showed that the mares exhibited box walking behaviour but no other abnormal behaviour when housed for three days in an individual box stall. Box walking events were counted and ranked according to the frequency observed in each mare. The median of these values was used to separate the mares into two groups categorized as with and without abnormal behaviour. Principal component analyses were performed to extract the main personality traits from each test; however, there was no association between the extract traits and the groups with and without abnormal behaviour. Additionally, no association was found between box walking frequency and the responses in the memory, judgement, and attention tests. When testing the association of personality traits with cognitive tests, neuroticism showed an association with the memory test, the insecurity trait (novel object test) was negatively associated with the judgement bias test, and the duration of the first alert event (startle test) and neuroticism were associated with the attention test. This study identified box walking within the first three days of housing; however, it was not possible to associate this behaviour with personality traits or cognitive test responses. Nevertheless, certain personality traits, including neuroticism, may be associated with horses' cognitive responses over a short period of individual housing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 106813"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Animals and society: Striking the right balance through ethology. Preface for the special issue of the 57th congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology 动物与社会：通过动物行为学达到适当的平衡。国际应用动物行为学学会第57届大会特刊序

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106842

Kris Descovich, Ruan Daros, Andreia de Paula Vieira, Thiago Bernardino, Peta Taylor

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Mouse aversion to isoflurane versus carbon dioxide gas” [Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2014; 158:95–101] “老鼠对异氟烷和二氧化碳气体的厌恶”的勘误表[苹果]。动画。Behav。Sci。2014;158:95 - 101]

IF 2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106866

Carly M. Moody, Daniel M. Weary