Orvostorteneti kozlemenyek最新文献

This study gives a special overview of the history of homeopathy in Flungary focusing exclusively on the attitude of the Elungarian churches regarding this new healing method. Authors attempt to prove, that homeopathy actually was a system rooting in Christianity, and according to this fact several priests and eccelesiastical persons took part in the propagation of the method, especially during the 19. century. The essay lists the most important Flunga- rian homeopathic doctors with special regard on their close connections to Catholic priests or bishops and on homeopathic hospitals supported by Christian churches.

Based on until unknown details and data authors evaluate the activity of the medical service of the Austro-Hungarian army in the First World War. They analyse the types of injuries, the various infectious diseases and also injuries caused by the military use of gases. They give a detailed analysis of the stages of medical care from the battlefield to the rear and evaluate the different ways of surgical interventions used in serious cases. Authors conclude that before the war the Austro-Hungarian army did not have an elaborated military health doctrine: it had to be and only could be elaborated based on the analysis of the everyday war experience.

The so called “Hospital under the Rock” in the Buda Castle district served during the siege of Budapest as an emergency hospital. In 1945 the hospital was closed, it opened its doors again only in 2007 as a museal institution. This article focuses on the role of the International Red Cross and that of Friedrich Born (1893-1963) in the history of the hospital. Born, as a functionary and representative of the International Red Cross begun his activity in Budapest two months after the German occupation of the country, in May of 1944. Thanks to Born's agility more than 15 000 people, Jews, fugitives, deserted soldiers, orphans escaped the darkest times. Bom arrived at the hospital on 30. December 1944. Though the hospital formally didn't stand under the protection of the Red Cross, Bom, thanks to his special abilities and connections succesfully managed the only “Civil" hospital of the capital during the siege of Budapest, and also under the beginning of the Soviet occupation. After the special mandate of Bom had been revoked on 19 September 1945, he retired to Switzerland.

We published above in written form the papers submitted on the Jakab Fischer Memorial Session held at the Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Clinic of the Semmelweis University, Budapest on 23th September 2014, with the title Psychiatric Therapy and Education at the Beginning of the 20th Century in Hungary. Károly Kapronczay gives a general overview on the institutes and education of psychiatry and neurology in the late 19th century Hungary emphasizing the rather high level of the Hungarian psychiatry of the time. István Bitter calls our attention to the continuity of Hungarian psychiatrical schools throughout various political systems and among continually changing circumstances. The descendant of Jakab Fischer, János Fischer gives a detailed biography of Jakab Fischer, evaluating his contribution to the development of Hungarian psychiatry. Brigitta Baran analyses Jakab Fischer’s literary activity, focusing on his articles published in various periodicals collected first by the present paper. Katarina Pekarova focuses on Jakab Fischer’s fruitful connections to the Society for Medicine and Natural History in Pressburg, while László Kiss reviewing the history of the first psychiatrical institutes and departments in Pozsony (Bratislava) - based on until ignored evidences - emphasizes the important role Jakab Fischer played in the development of the psychiatry of North-Hungary (today Slovakia).

In April 1944 a ghetto was organized in the center of the town Nyíregyháza (East-Hungary). The ghetto proved to be 17 580 people’s temporary residence for a whole month. The major problem was to ensure hygienic circumstances and prevent epidemics in the overcrowded area. A temporary hospital worked in the orthodox synagogue with a personnel consisting of 6 Jewish pharmacist and 39 doctors. The hospital functioned 35 days visited by daily ca. 100 people. During the period 254 patients were recorded, their average age was 58 years and they mostly suffered in chronic illnesses. The hospital was regarded as a shelter by a good number of patients. During the evacuation of the ghetto the increased stress and brutality caused a lot of deaths and abortions. Within this single month 32 people died and 10 was bom in the ghetto. At the same time during the war and also still in the afterwar period the lack of deported or killed Jewis physicians caused severe problems in the public health of the town and the whole county.

The present article outlines the biography of the great Transylvanian surgeon József Brandt and appraises his professional work. After his medical training in Vienna and specialisation in surgery Brandt returned to Kolozsvár (now: Cluj/Romania) in 1867 to teach surgery and ophthalmology at the Medical-Surgical Institute of this town. As soon as the Royal Hungarian University in Kolozsvár was opened in 1872, Brandt was appointed as professor of the Department of Surgery. He was elected vice-dean of the medical school and rector of the university. More than 100 of his students specialized in surgery taught and mentored by the school-founding professor. Brandt retired in 1904. Brandt was the medical president of the first Kolozsvár Ambulance Service (1891) and the initiator, then director of the Red Cross Hospital in Kolozsvár (1895) where he worked until his death (1912). He is considered to be the first great surgeon in Transylvania, although he had to work under poor conditions, since the first modern surgical clinic was opened in the town only in 1899. Brandt was the first to perform successful ovariectomy in Transylvania (1869), and the second in Europe who performed nephrectomy (1873). He accepted Lister's antiseptic theory; in 1890 the university sent him to Berlin to study Koch's vaccine. The Appendix of the present article lists Brandt's assistants and students.

Byzantine hospitals developed out of Christian institutions for the poor and homeless. Philanthropy provided the initial impulse to create hospices (xenons) and to expand these institutions into specialized medical centers (iatreons or nosokomeions). However the Byzantine nosocomeions resemble more closely modern hospitals than they do any of the institutions of Greek-Roman antiquity or any of the houses of charity in the Latin West during the Middle Ages. Since the 4th century the Byzantine hospitals have stressed the central position of the nosocomeion in Byzantine society at the intersection of state, ecclesiastical and professional interest. In the great cities and in the capital, more than hundred hospitals worked in the East-Roman Empire. The Byzantine hospital rules guaranted patients private beds, required physicians to wash their hands after each examination and arranged the physical plant to keep all the sick warm. The Byzantine hospitals had separate sections (in modern terms: surgery-trauma surgery, internal medicine, ophthalmology, etc.) and at the beginning of the sixth century a separate institution for women. From the sixth century at least, bathing facilities normally adjoined Byzantine nosocomeia. By the twelfth century Byzantine hospitals also set aside a room or perhaps a separate building to treat outpatients. In addition to the main dormitories the surgery, baths and outpatient clinic, the large parts of hospitals also had separate rooms (or adjoining buildings) for library, for lecture hall, for administrative functions and record keeping for storage and for other services.

The professional publicity of medical society of the 19th century was assured partly by the medical press partly by different associations. At the end of the century the scientific thinking's accent was put on the prevention, and as a result of this, the physicians' activity focused on informing the public. Contemporary physicians still believed in strong connection between science and everyday life, so they were convinced, that every single individual of the society might and should be addressed. The message this time was mediated mostly by printed media. This program of the medical society attempted to involve the school as well. Anyway, despite some successes, till the end of 19th century health education in schools hasn't been introduced. The oeuvre of Doctor Dubay was an excellent example of this process, since he was also convinced, that media was the possible tool of reaching his professional objectives. His main aim was to raise the level of Hungarian public health. Present article describes Dubay's struggle for using media on behalf of wet nurses, mothers and of their children.

The aim of the study is to present Fyodor Mihailovich Dostoevsky's epilepsy through the results of the related historical and contemporary medical literature, further, to show how the illness is reflected in the writer's biographical data and in the famous patient characters displayed in his great romans. Nowadays it is well presumed that the writer could have had temporal lobe epilepsy with secondary generalized seizures, the symptoms of which he by no means was producing throughout his life. This can be tracked easily by his own descriptions of his seizures, from the memories of his wife and his contemporaries, as well as the symptoms of his epileptic characters in his novels. This theme has been widely dealt with by neurologists, epileptologists and literary experts all over the world. Author details the literature research, the related works and establishes her own concept concerning Dostoevsky's epilepsy.