Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030443
Gebby Agnessya Esa Oktavia, S. Nurfadilah, N. D. Yulia, Ema Hendriyani
Orchid roots have vital functions for water absorption, nutrient uptake, a place of symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi, adaptation, and survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate root traits in terms of root morphological, anatomical, and mycorrhizal features of a terrestrial orchid, Peristylus goodyeroides in relation to an ecological significance of root traits in survival of seedlings, juveniles, and adults of the orchid. Results showed that some morphological characters (root length and depth), anatomical features (cortical cell size, xylem number and diameter), and mycorrhizal features (peloton size and number) were significantly different between seedlings, juveniles, and adults. In relation to root functional traits, lowest root length, depth, xylem number and diameter, peloton size and number in seedlings can be associated with low capacity in water and nutrient acquisition that might explain low survival of seedlings relative to juveniles and adults. Present study has implication for orchid conservation suggesting high attention in low survival rate of seedlings related to specificity in some of their morphological, anatomical, and mycorrhizal features which can be associated with low capacity in water and nutrient acquisition. It is vital to ensure water availability for seedlings, particularly, during dry seasons to decrease high mortality of seedlings as such high mortality can have adverse impacts on long-term survival of the orchid population.
{"title":"Root Morphology, Anatomy, and Mycorrhiza of Peristylus goodyeroides (D.Don) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Different Life Stages: Ecological Significance and Implication for Conservation","authors":"Gebby Agnessya Esa Oktavia, S. Nurfadilah, N. D. Yulia, Ema Hendriyani","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030443","url":null,"abstract":"Orchid roots have vital functions for water absorption, nutrient uptake, a place of symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi, adaptation, and survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate root traits in terms of root morphological, anatomical, and mycorrhizal features of a terrestrial orchid, Peristylus goodyeroides in relation to an ecological significance of root traits in survival of seedlings, juveniles, and adults of the orchid. Results showed that some morphological characters (root length and depth), anatomical features (cortical cell size, xylem number and diameter), and mycorrhizal features (peloton size and number) were significantly different between seedlings, juveniles, and adults. In relation to root functional traits, lowest root length, depth, xylem number and diameter, peloton size and number in seedlings can be associated with low capacity in water and nutrient acquisition that might explain low survival of seedlings relative to juveniles and adults. Present study has implication for orchid conservation suggesting high attention in low survival rate of seedlings related to specificity in some of their morphological, anatomical, and mycorrhizal features which can be associated with low capacity in water and nutrient acquisition. It is vital to ensure water availability for seedlings, particularly, during dry seasons to decrease high mortality of seedlings as such high mortality can have adverse impacts on long-term survival of the orchid population.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77863128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1130444
Ammar Abualnoor, D. H. Kwon
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major causative agent of the hospital- and community-acquired infections. These infections are often antibiotic resistant and difficult to treat. Several intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to antibiotics have reported in P. aeruginosa. Recently, oxidative- stress-scavenging-systems have suggested as a possible intrinsic resistance mechanism to antibiotics because oxidative stresses induced by bactericidal antibiotics contribute to bacterial killing effects. However, this remains controversial such that further clarification is required. Glutathione reductase is a key enzyme in the maintenance of the optimum level of intracellular glutathione-redox potential to ensure normal functioning of cellular processes including the detoxification of oxidative stress. In this study, the role of a glutathione-reductase-encoding gene (gor) in oxidative stress and antibiotic susceptibility was determined in P. aeruginosa. Results showed that a gor-mutant strain was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide (but not superoxide) than the parental strain and 100% of cells were killed with 0.01% hydrogen peroxide while the parental strain survived at the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The gor-mutant strain was also more susceptible to carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline than the parental strain, which was confirmed by bacterial killing-kinetics. These results suggest that the gor gene is associated with oxidative stress and susceptibility to bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic antibiotics and that the oxidative-stress-scavenging-systems may be a possible drug-target for multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa.
{"title":"Glutathione Reductase Encoding Gene (gor) is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Ammar Abualnoor, D. H. Kwon","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1130444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1130444","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major causative agent of the hospital- and community-acquired infections. These infections are often antibiotic resistant and difficult to treat. Several intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to antibiotics have reported in P. aeruginosa. Recently, oxidative- stress-scavenging-systems have suggested as a possible intrinsic resistance mechanism to antibiotics because oxidative stresses induced by bactericidal antibiotics contribute to bacterial killing effects. However, this remains controversial such that further clarification is required. Glutathione reductase is a key enzyme in the maintenance of the optimum level of intracellular glutathione-redox potential to ensure normal functioning of cellular processes including the detoxification of oxidative stress. In this study, the role of a glutathione-reductase-encoding gene (gor) in oxidative stress and antibiotic susceptibility was determined in P. aeruginosa. Results showed that a gor-mutant strain was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide (but not superoxide) than the parental strain and 100% of cells were killed with 0.01% hydrogen peroxide while the parental strain survived at the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The gor-mutant strain was also more susceptible to carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline than the parental strain, which was confirmed by bacterial killing-kinetics. These results suggest that the gor gene is associated with oxidative stress and susceptibility to bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic antibiotics and that the oxidative-stress-scavenging-systems may be a possible drug-target for multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90093882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030442
O. Adekoyeni, Jafiya Lami, Feyisola Fisayo Ajayi
Aims: Aim: Protein in breast milk has diverse functions which gives short and long term benefits. This means human milk must adequately supply the nutritional needs of infants especially during the period of exclusive breast feeding as mandated for lactating mothers. The study assessed quantity of proteins in lactating stages of mother’s breast milk and the factors that influence its availability in Yobe State, Nigeria. Study Design: Quantitative experimental and descriptive survey methods were adopted for the study. Quantitative experimental design was used for the analysis of breast milk samples collected while descriptive survey method was used to derive primary and secondary data to determine factors influencing protein in breast milk. Place and Duration of Study: The collection of the samples was done in three stages of lactation from October to December (2019) in Yobe State, Nigeria. Methodology: Primiparous women residing in Nguru (n= 49/town) were recruited base on agreement with the hospitals prior to their delivery. Breast milk samples were collected at three stages of lactation; colostrums (1-2 days), transition (12 day) and mature (30 day) for protein analysis. Descriptive survey through structured questionnaire was adopted to derive primary data which was used to determine nutrition during pregnancy and factors influencing breast milk composition. Results: The mean proteins are 3.88%, 1.79% and 1.23% for colostrum, transition and mature milk respectively. It showed that breast milk is a dynamic fluid with changes in its protein content over the course of lactation and varies within and between nutrition and between mothers. Those with low, normal and high BMI accounted for 6.1%, 81.6% and 12.2% respectively. Based on WHO standard, 82% of the women has normal BMI during pregnancy which translate good nutrition. Conclusion: The nutrition of the pregnant women influenced breast milk proteins. Age, ethnicity, religion and parity have no significant effect on protein quantity in breast milk. Increased education stratification and income levels contribute positively to proteins in lactation stages.
{"title":"Assessment and Factors Influencing Protein Content of Human Breast Milk at Various Stages of Lactation in Yobe State Nigeria","authors":"O. Adekoyeni, Jafiya Lami, Feyisola Fisayo Ajayi","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030442","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Aim: Protein in breast milk has diverse functions which gives short and long term benefits. This means human milk must adequately supply the nutritional needs of infants especially during the period of exclusive breast feeding as mandated for lactating mothers. The study assessed quantity of proteins in lactating stages of mother’s breast milk and the factors that influence its availability in Yobe State, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design: Quantitative experimental and descriptive survey methods were adopted for the study. Quantitative experimental design was used for the analysis of breast milk samples collected while descriptive survey method was used to derive primary and secondary data to determine factors influencing protein in breast milk. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The collection of the samples was done in three stages of lactation from October to December (2019) in Yobe State, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Primiparous women residing in Nguru (n= 49/town) were recruited base on agreement with the hospitals prior to their delivery. Breast milk samples were collected at three stages of lactation; colostrums (1-2 days), transition (12 day) and mature (30 day) for protein analysis. Descriptive survey through structured questionnaire was adopted to derive primary data which was used to determine nutrition during pregnancy and factors influencing breast milk composition. \u0000Results: The mean proteins are 3.88%, 1.79% and 1.23% for colostrum, transition and mature milk respectively. It showed that breast milk is a dynamic fluid with changes in its protein content over the course of lactation and varies within and between nutrition and between mothers. Those with low, normal and high BMI accounted for 6.1%, 81.6% and 12.2% respectively. Based on WHO standard, 82% of the women has normal BMI during pregnancy which translate good nutrition. \u0000Conclusion: The nutrition of the pregnant women influenced breast milk proteins. Age, ethnicity, religion and parity have no significant effect on protein quantity in breast milk. Increased education stratification and income levels contribute positively to proteins in lactation stages.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77404816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030441
Mostafa Amjadian, M. Jahan, K. H. Ghalibaf
This study investigates the effect of nitrogen and moisture superabsorbent on yield, yield components, seed nitrogen and biological traits in the field of pumpkin during two cropping years (2018-2019) in Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) with three replications. The main plot factor was the application of moisture superabsorbent at various levels of 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 kg ha-1, respectively, and nitrogen fertilization at the levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 were considered as sub-factor. Results show that treatments significantly affected fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, fruit number per plant, grain weight, grain number per fruit, grain nitrogen percentage, except for fruit number per plant. In the most traits, there was an increasing trend when nitrogen levels increased, although N2 levels of 100 and 150 kg ha-1 were not significantly different. In addition, increasing the moisture superabsorbent enhanced the mentioned traits. As a result, the combination of nitrogen 100 and superabsorbent 120 is the best and most economical combination.
本研究研究了2018-2019年两个种植年氮肥和吸湿剂对伊朗Kermanshah南瓜产量、产量组成、种子氮素和生物学性状的影响。试验采用随机完全区组设计(RBCD)，分为3个重复。小区因子主要为0(对照)、40、80、120 kg ha-1施用高吸湿剂，次因子为0、50、100、150 kg ha-1施氮量。结果表明:除对单株果数有显著影响外，各处理对果实鲜重、果实干重、叶片干重、茎干重、单株果数、粒重、单果粒数、籽粒氮率有显著影响;除100和150 kg hm -1的N2水平差异不显著外，其余性状均随氮水平的增加而增加。此外，增加吸湿剂对上述性状也有促进作用。结果表明，氮肥100与高吸水性剂120的组合是最佳和最经济的组合。
{"title":"The Effect of Nitrogen and Moisture Superabsorbent on the Yield, Biological Traits, and Nitrogen Percentage in the Pumpkin seeds","authors":"Mostafa Amjadian, M. Jahan, K. H. Ghalibaf","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030441","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of nitrogen and moisture superabsorbent on yield, yield components, seed nitrogen and biological traits in the field of pumpkin during two cropping years (2018-2019) in Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) with three replications. The main plot factor was the application of moisture superabsorbent at various levels of 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 kg ha-1, respectively, and nitrogen fertilization at the levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 were considered as sub-factor. Results show that treatments significantly affected fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, fruit number per plant, grain weight, grain number per fruit, grain nitrogen percentage, except for fruit number per plant. In the most traits, there was an increasing trend when nitrogen levels increased, although N2 levels of 100 and 150 kg ha-1 were not significantly different. In addition, increasing the moisture superabsorbent enhanced the mentioned traits. As a result, the combination of nitrogen 100 and superabsorbent 120 is the best and most economical combination.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85173402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030440
Kouakou N’guessan Kan Pulchérie, Moro Affia Perpétue, Diarrassouba Moussa, Lehi Irénée Malydie, Konan Djézou, Koffi Antoine, K. Hilaire, Obouayeba Samuel
In order to evaluate the improvement of rubber productivity of rubber trees by late upward tapping. A study was conducted at SCASO (Société Civile Agricole du Sud-Ouest) on the PB 260 clone of the active metabolic class. The experimental set-up is a Fisher block design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments compared were bled in reverse in the eleventh year of harvest, in quarter spiral every 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, with stimulation frequencies of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 times a year. The parameters measured were rubber production, isodiametric growth, sensitivity to dry notching of trees and physiological profile. The results show that the different latex harvesting technologies improve the rubber productivity of PB 260 (5469 kg.ha-1.yr-1) with a low dry-nut rate (1.2%) and satisfactory radial vegetative growth (3.9cm.yr-1). The physiological profile of the trees is balanced, but the treatments significantly influenced the different parameters except sucrose. Trees bled in S/4U d3 gave better results due to their high yield with an acceptable dry notch rate. Late reverse tapping is therefore a good latex harvesting technology for improving rubber productivity after down tapping.
{"title":"Effect of Late Upward Tapping on the Productivity of the Metabolically Active Hevea brasiliensis Clone PB 260 in Southwestern Cote d'Ivoire","authors":"Kouakou N’guessan Kan Pulchérie, Moro Affia Perpétue, Diarrassouba Moussa, Lehi Irénée Malydie, Konan Djézou, Koffi Antoine, K. Hilaire, Obouayeba Samuel","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030440","url":null,"abstract":"In order to evaluate the improvement of rubber productivity of rubber trees by late upward tapping. A study was conducted at SCASO (Société Civile Agricole du Sud-Ouest) on the PB 260 clone of the active metabolic class. The experimental set-up is a Fisher block design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments compared were bled in reverse in the eleventh year of harvest, in quarter spiral every 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, with stimulation frequencies of 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 times a year. The parameters measured were rubber production, isodiametric growth, sensitivity to dry notching of trees and physiological profile. The results show that the different latex harvesting technologies improve the rubber productivity of PB 260 (5469 kg.ha-1.yr-1) with a low dry-nut rate (1.2%) and satisfactory radial vegetative growth (3.9cm.yr-1). The physiological profile of the trees is balanced, but the treatments significantly influenced the different parameters except sucrose. Trees bled in S/4U d3 gave better results due to their high yield with an acceptable dry notch rate. Late reverse tapping is therefore a good latex harvesting technology for improving rubber productivity after down tapping.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73172588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-22DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030439
J. Béguinot
As shown, in particular, by the late S.J. Gould, the involvement of a regulation process, aiming at limiting the range of intraspecific variations in adult shell size, in those land snail species with determinate growth, can be indirectly, but conveniently, diagnosed by highlighting a negative covariance between the whorls growth-rate and the whorls number reached at adulthood. However, up to now, such kind of regulation had only been demonstrated in very few cases among land snails and shelled Gastropods in general. Accordingly, quite more extensive checking is required, across both the taxonomic spectrum and the geometrical range of shell profiles. The present report is a very preliminary contribution addressing these issues, which have been neglected for too long. Considering a still limited number of eight species, yet largely encompassing both taxonomic range and shell profiles, it is shown that strong negative covariances between whorls growth-rate and whorls number are systematically highlighted, thereby supporting the involvement of an efficient regulation process of adult shell size and shape in each eight species. Moreover, the degree of regulation of the adult shell size has been quantified and this regulation proves being remarkably effective as a whole, while yet remaining highly species-specific, with very significant disparities among species – and this, somewhat surprisingly, being quite irrespective of the type of geometrical profiles of shells, among the studied species.
{"title":"Adult Shell-size Regulation in Conispirally-coiled Shells: Evidence for a Widespread Negative Covariance between Whorls Growth-rate and the Final Number of Whorls in Land Snails","authors":"J. Béguinot","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030439","url":null,"abstract":"As shown, in particular, by the late S.J. Gould, the involvement of a regulation process, aiming at limiting the range of intraspecific variations in adult shell size, in those land snail species with determinate growth, can be indirectly, but conveniently, diagnosed by highlighting a negative covariance between the whorls growth-rate and the whorls number reached at adulthood. However, up to now, such kind of regulation had only been demonstrated in very few cases among land snails and shelled Gastropods in general. Accordingly, quite more extensive checking is required, across both the taxonomic spectrum and the geometrical range of shell profiles. The present report is a very preliminary contribution addressing these issues, which have been neglected for too long. Considering a still limited number of eight species, yet largely encompassing both taxonomic range and shell profiles, it is shown that strong negative covariances between whorls growth-rate and whorls number are systematically highlighted, thereby supporting the involvement of an efficient regulation process of adult shell size and shape in each eight species. Moreover, the degree of regulation of the adult shell size has been quantified and this regulation proves being remarkably effective as a whole, while yet remaining highly species-specific, with very significant disparities among species – and this, somewhat surprisingly, being quite irrespective of the type of geometrical profiles of shells, among the studied species.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89563879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-18DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030438
Agida, Christopher Agboje, Essien Ekpenyong Nsa, Uduakobong Essien John, Constance Ihuoma Adje, A. N. Chukwuemela, Blessing Adanma Ukonu, A. Mbanefo
The experiment was conducted with the objective of providing more information on the physiology and rumen microbial ecology of goats fed municipal organic solid waste treated with Diastic microbes of snails (Achatina achatina). The study was on the treated and untreated municipal organic solid waste as components of experimental diet. Balanced rations containing diets; A = 45% untreated municipal organic waste (UMOW), B = 45% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), and C = 70% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), with wheat offal, palm kernel cake, and molasses used to balance the diets. Where grass/legume ratio of 3 parts of Panicum maximum and 1 part of Centrocema were fed across treatments at the same proportion. The three rations were fed to 18 unsex Red Sokoto goats aged between 6 to 7 months, with an average weight of 8.01±2.50kg. They were housed in pens, on a floor space of 0.5 to 0.75m2 in a completely randomized designed experiment replicated six times and fed for a period of 52 days. The results were separated according to the parameters of rumen physiology (pH, total volatile fatty acids, acetic, propionic, butyric acids and ethanol, and rumen ecology (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which are mainly anaerobic microbes). The investigations revealed that microbial (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) load counts were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. While the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic, butyric and propionic increased (p<0.05) except for the TVFA and the propionic acid that showed numerical (p>0.05) increased levels of (TMOW). The pH levels improved (p>0.05) between 6.7 to 6.8 where the rumen electrolytes (Ca, Na and K) increased (p<0.01) with increased levels of TMOW. Rumen moisture, dry matter and fat content were (p<0.01) influenced by TMOW diets while ash content was (p<0.01) influenced by the TMOW. Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and carbohydrate were not affected (p<0.01; p<0.05) affected. It is good to note that, the microbial community of snail used in the pre-feeding fermentation of municipal organic waste had influence in the physiology and rumen microbial ecology at interface with the goat, enhanced improved the organic matter degradation and feed quality, of the highly fibrous municipal organic solid waste.
本试验旨在进一步了解用钉螺(Achatina Achatina)双弹性微生物处理城市有机固体废物后山羊的生理和瘤胃微生物生态。本试验以处理过的和未处理过的城市有机固体废物作为试验饲粮的组成部分。含膳食的均衡口粮;A = 45%未经处理的城市有机废物(UMOW)， B = 45%处理过的城市有机废物(TMOW)， C = 70%处理过的城市有机废物(TMOW)，用小麦内脏、棕榈仁饼和糖蜜平衡饲粮。其中，草/豆比分别为3份大头草和1份白头草，各处理按相同比例饲喂。3种口粮分别饲喂18只6 ~ 7月龄、平均体重8.01±2.50kg的无性红索科托山羊。在一个完全随机设计的实验中，他们被关在0.5至0.75平方米的围栏里，重复6次，喂食52天。根据瘤胃生理参数(pH、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和乙醇)和瘤胃生态参数(细菌、原生动物和真菌，其中以厌氧微生物为主)对结果进行分离。微生物(细菌、原生动物和真菌)负荷计数显著(p0.05)提高。pH值在6.7 ~ 6.8之间提高(p>0.05)，瘤胃电解质(Ca、Na和K)随TMOW水平的升高而升高(p<0.01)。瘤胃水分、干物质和脂肪含量受TMOW日粮影响极显著(p<0.01)，灰分含量受TMOW日粮影响极显著(p<0.01)。粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维和碳水化合物不受影响(p<0.01);p < 0.05)的影响。值得注意的是，在城市有机废物预饲发酵中添加蜗牛菌群对山羊的生理和瘤胃微生物生态产生了影响，促进了高纤维性城市有机固体废物的有机物降解，提高了饲料质量。
{"title":"Physiology and Rumen Microbial Ecology of Goats Fed Municipal Organic Solid Wastes Treated with Diastic Microbes from Snail (Achatina achatina)","authors":"Agida, Christopher Agboje, Essien Ekpenyong Nsa, Uduakobong Essien John, Constance Ihuoma Adje, A. N. Chukwuemela, Blessing Adanma Ukonu, A. Mbanefo","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030438","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted with the objective of providing more information on the physiology and rumen microbial ecology of goats fed municipal organic solid waste treated with Diastic microbes of snails (Achatina achatina). The study was on the treated and untreated municipal organic solid waste as components of experimental diet. Balanced rations containing diets; A = 45% untreated municipal organic waste (UMOW), B = 45% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), and C = 70% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), with wheat offal, palm kernel cake, and molasses used to balance the diets. Where grass/legume ratio of 3 parts of Panicum maximum and 1 part of Centrocema were fed across treatments at the same proportion. The three rations were fed to 18 unsex Red Sokoto goats aged between 6 to 7 months, with an average weight of 8.01±2.50kg. They were housed in pens, on a floor space of 0.5 to 0.75m2 in a completely randomized designed experiment replicated six times and fed for a period of 52 days. The results were separated according to the parameters of rumen physiology (pH, total volatile fatty acids, acetic, propionic, butyric acids and ethanol, and rumen ecology (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which are mainly anaerobic microbes). The investigations revealed that microbial (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) load counts were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. While the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic, butyric and propionic increased (p<0.05) except for the TVFA and the propionic acid that showed numerical (p>0.05) increased levels of (TMOW). The pH levels improved (p>0.05) between 6.7 to 6.8 where the rumen electrolytes (Ca, Na and K) increased (p<0.01) with increased levels of TMOW. Rumen moisture, dry matter and fat content were (p<0.01) influenced by TMOW diets while ash content was (p<0.01) influenced by the TMOW. Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and carbohydrate were not affected (p<0.01; p<0.05) affected. It is good to note that, the microbial community of snail used in the pre-feeding fermentation of municipal organic waste had influence in the physiology and rumen microbial ecology at interface with the goat, enhanced improved the organic matter degradation and feed quality, of the highly fibrous municipal organic solid waste.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73117810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-18DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030437
S. Selvaraj, P. Chidambaram, V. Ezhilarasi, P. Kumar, T. L. S. Samuel Moses, Cheryl Antony, B. Ahilan
Globally, fish production in the wild is decreasing, and different aquaculture systems are presently being used for broodstock development in the captivity. Seasonally, broodstock raised in captivity exhibit different form of reproductive dysfunction at the level of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. Primarily, vitellogenic completion and final oocyte maturation are inhibited in females, and males fail to spermiate spontaneously in the captivity. Reproductive dysfunctions are also observed during sexual differentiation, pubertal onset and sex conversion periods in teleosts. To overcome these problems, different hormonal preparations, primarily gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) are used. In recent years, kisspeptins have been shown to be potent in inducing gonadal growth and maturation in teleost fish. Understanding the form of reproductive dysfunction is important in formulating suitable hormonal preparations for inducing gametogenesis. The paper reviews the problem of reproductive dysfunction and their possible reason for formulating different hormonal preparations.
{"title":"A Review on the Reproductive Dysfunction in Farmed Finfish","authors":"S. Selvaraj, P. Chidambaram, V. Ezhilarasi, P. Kumar, T. L. S. Samuel Moses, Cheryl Antony, B. Ahilan","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030437","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, fish production in the wild is decreasing, and different aquaculture systems are presently being used for broodstock development in the captivity. Seasonally, broodstock raised in captivity exhibit different form of reproductive dysfunction at the level of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. Primarily, vitellogenic completion and final oocyte maturation are inhibited in females, and males fail to spermiate spontaneously in the captivity. Reproductive dysfunctions are also observed during sexual differentiation, pubertal onset and sex conversion periods in teleosts. To overcome these problems, different hormonal preparations, primarily gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) are used. In recent years, kisspeptins have been shown to be potent in inducing gonadal growth and maturation in teleost fish. Understanding the form of reproductive dysfunction is important in formulating suitable hormonal preparations for inducing gametogenesis. The paper reviews the problem of reproductive dysfunction and their possible reason for formulating different hormonal preparations.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85315985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-18DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030436
Bernard Téhi Sea, Armand Kouassi Kanga, Djary Michel Koffi, Lucien Patrice Kouamé
Polygalacturonases are extensively used in food industries for pectic substances degradation. In this paper, we investigate on thermal stability parameters of two Polygalacturonases previously isolated from digestive juice of the snail Limicolaria flammea for several industrial applications such as fruit juice clarification. Thermal inactivation was carried out in the temperature range of 55°C to 80°C from 15 to 120 min. All results were statistically analysed. The results shown that thermal inactivation of studied acid phosphatases follows first order kinetics. At their optimum temperatures, these enzymes showed high half-lives ranging from 462.06 to 630.10 min and D values from 1535.00 to 2093.64 min suggesting that these two enzymes had a large thermal stability. The high values of ΔG# (93.96 to 94.97 kJ/mol) reveal a better resistance to denaturation. The relatively high activation energies (from 120.35 to 129.13 kJ/mol) and average enthalpy values (from 117.67 to 126.44 kJ.mol−1) could corroborate the good stability of these biocatalyst. All these results suggest that Polygalacturonases from digestive juice of the snail Limicolaria flammea may be profitably exploited in future food industrial applications.
{"title":"Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characterization of two Polygalacturonases Isolated from the Digestive Juice of the Snail Limicolaria flammea","authors":"Bernard Téhi Sea, Armand Kouassi Kanga, Djary Michel Koffi, Lucien Patrice Kouamé","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030436","url":null,"abstract":"Polygalacturonases are extensively used in food industries for pectic substances degradation. In this paper, we investigate on thermal stability parameters of two Polygalacturonases previously isolated from digestive juice of the snail Limicolaria flammea for several industrial applications such as fruit juice clarification. Thermal inactivation was carried out in the temperature range of 55°C to 80°C from 15 to 120 min. All results were statistically analysed. The results shown that thermal inactivation of studied acid phosphatases follows first order kinetics. At their optimum temperatures, these enzymes showed high half-lives ranging from 462.06 to 630.10 min and D values from 1535.00 to 2093.64 min suggesting that these two enzymes had a large thermal stability. The high values of ΔG# (93.96 to 94.97 kJ/mol) reveal a better resistance to denaturation. The relatively high activation energies (from 120.35 to 129.13 kJ/mol) and average enthalpy values (from 117.67 to 126.44 kJ.mol−1) could corroborate the good stability of these biocatalyst. All these results suggest that Polygalacturonases from digestive juice of the snail Limicolaria flammea may be profitably exploited in future food industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77182072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030434
Aline Mânica, Sarah Franco Vieira de Oliveira Maciel, Maiara Vanusa Guedes Ribeiro, A. Paiz, Matheus Ribeiro Bizuti, Margarete Dulce Bagatini, D. T. Resende e Silva
Background: despite limited long-term survival, kidney transplantation is the best form of renal replacement therapy for terminal disease patients. Components of extracellular purinergic signaling plays a fundamental role on inflammation and immune response related to organ transplantation. They could be alternative targets to avoid graft rejection. Materials and Methods: The hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP nucleotides was analyzed in both lymphocytes and platelets, as well as the quantification of ATP and ADA activity. A sample of 30 patients who underwent kidney transplants was obtained, of which 15 had a transplant time of less than one year (acute response) and 15 had a transplant time between one and three years (chronic response). Results: In the group with transplantation time between one and three years, it was possible to identify a significant decrease in the amount of ATP, increase in ATP hydrolysis in platelets, decrease in AMP hydrolysis and increase in ADA activity, also in platelets. In the lymphocyte sample, there was a significant reduction in ADA activity as well as a decrease in the amount of ATP. Conclusions: From the data obtained in the study, it can be inferred that adenosine can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, providing greater graft survival and reducing the intensity of graft-versus-host disease. ATP signaling exerts inflammatory effects and modulates the purinergic signaling cascade, offering new avenues for drug therapies to combat chronic graft rejection.
{"title":"Increased Graft Survival through Ectonucleotidases Modulation in Platelets and Lymphocytes of Kidney Transplanted Patients","authors":"Aline Mânica, Sarah Franco Vieira de Oliveira Maciel, Maiara Vanusa Guedes Ribeiro, A. Paiz, Matheus Ribeiro Bizuti, Margarete Dulce Bagatini, D. T. Resende e Silva","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1030434","url":null,"abstract":"Background: despite limited long-term survival, kidney transplantation is the best form of renal replacement therapy for terminal disease patients. Components of extracellular purinergic signaling plays a fundamental role on inflammation and immune response related to organ transplantation. They could be alternative targets to avoid graft rejection. \u0000Materials and Methods: The hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP nucleotides was analyzed in both lymphocytes and platelets, as well as the quantification of ATP and ADA activity. A sample of 30 patients who underwent kidney transplants was obtained, of which 15 had a transplant time of less than one year (acute response) and 15 had a transplant time between one and three years (chronic response). \u0000Results: In the group with transplantation time between one and three years, it was possible to identify a significant decrease in the amount of ATP, increase in ATP hydrolysis in platelets, decrease in AMP hydrolysis and increase in ADA activity, also in platelets. In the lymphocyte sample, there was a significant reduction in ADA activity as well as a decrease in the amount of ATP. \u0000Conclusions: From the data obtained in the study, it can be inferred that adenosine can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, providing greater graft survival and reducing the intensity of graft-versus-host disease. ATP signaling exerts inflammatory effects and modulates the purinergic signaling cascade, offering new avenues for drug therapies to combat chronic graft rejection.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79840010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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