Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473188
M. Olyphant, R. Johnson
It is largely within the last five years that treeing has been recognized as a possible mechanism in long time insulation breakdown. The term treeing is used here to indicate the growth of branching breakdown channels within insulation. Treeing differs from uniform field breakdown particularly in that the electric strength of the insulation is exceeded only locally at a concentration of electric stress. Treeing certainly involves time dependent processes and therefore proceeds at a finite rate which may be very slow. One aspect of treeing which adds to its interest is its common occurrence as the final phase of breakdown from corona erosion1,2.
{"title":"Some aspects of tree initiation in solid insulation","authors":"M. Olyphant, R. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473188","url":null,"abstract":"It is largely within the last five years that treeing has been recognized as a possible mechanism in long time insulation breakdown. The term treeing is used here to indicate the growth of branching breakdown channels within insulation. Treeing differs from uniform field breakdown particularly in that the electric strength of the insulation is exceeded only locally at a concentration of electric stress. Treeing certainly involves time dependent processes and therefore proceeds at a finite rate which may be very slow. One aspect of treeing which adds to its interest is its common occurrence as the final phase of breakdown from corona erosion1,2.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"8 1","pages":"99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87873442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473192
G. Glowacki
The major developments in ceramic insulating materials have been made since World War I. These developments parallel the growth of the electrical and electronic industries. The pattern of these developments has been to tailor the properties of the ceramic insulators to specific requirements.
{"title":"Ceramic insulators for electrical and electronic applications","authors":"G. Glowacki","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473192","url":null,"abstract":"The major developments in ceramic insulating materials have been made since World War I. These developments parallel the growth of the electrical and electronic industries. The pattern of these developments has been to tailor the properties of the ceramic insulators to specific requirements.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"60 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91257128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473193
E. Potocki
The use of adhesives and sealants in the electronic industry is growing more important every day. This is especially true in the manufacture of environmental type connectors.
胶粘剂和密封剂在电子工业中的使用日益重要。在制造环保型连接器时尤其如此。
{"title":"The application of adhesives and sealaots in the manufacture of electronic components","authors":"E. Potocki","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473193","url":null,"abstract":"The use of adhesives and sealants in the electronic industry is growing more important every day. This is especially true in the manufacture of environmental type connectors.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"30 1","pages":"131-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83359334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473176
L. Mandelcorn, T. Dakin
Tracking across the wet surface of insulators usually occurs by the advance of a tree-like conducting track growth, extending from one electrode (conductor) to another. These track growths occur by a succession of short tracks extending one after another in a random manner. Each track segment is added by the effect of short discharges occurring between the metal electrode or the tip of an extended carbon track and the edge of a receding surface water film. This film of water serves as a current limiting resistor and, therefore, the magnitude of its resistance, controls the discharge power intensity. These considerations apply to surface tracking as well as to internal tracking; with the exception that in the case of the latter the high conductivity region is located below the surface and tracks may be generated by localized heating effects. In general, internal tracking effects, analogous to surface tracking, follow the penetration of moisture into interlaminar spaces or along individual fibers or fiber bundles which are not bonded to the surrounding resin.
{"title":"Metal-to-water discharges on insulation surfaces — A differential wet tracking test","authors":"L. Mandelcorn, T. Dakin","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473176","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking across the wet surface of insulators usually occurs by the advance of a tree-like conducting track growth, extending from one electrode (conductor) to another. These track growths occur by a succession of short tracks extending one after another in a random manner. Each track segment is added by the effect of short discharges occurring between the metal electrode or the tip of an extended carbon track and the edge of a receding surface water film. This film of water serves as a current limiting resistor and, therefore, the magnitude of its resistance, controls the discharge power intensity. These considerations apply to surface tracking as well as to internal tracking; with the exception that in the case of the latter the high conductivity region is located below the surface and tracks may be generated by localized heating effects. In general, internal tracking effects, analogous to surface tracking, follow the penetration of moisture into interlaminar spaces or along individual fibers or fiber bundles which are not bonded to the surrounding resin.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"44 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90222490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473181
A. J. Curtis
This investigation is part of a larger program designed to clarify the molecular motions responsible for dielectric relaxation in polymers. It has been repeatedly observed that, in polar polymers, at least one and in general two or more relaxation processes are observed. In general a relaxation process is observed above the glass transformation temperature which is undoubtedly associated with the molecular motions which are "frozen" below this transformation. These motions are of the type associated with diffusion, i.e. motions of large segments or whole molecules involving translation and rotation.
{"title":"Multiple dielectric relaxation in non-crystalline polymers","authors":"A. J. Curtis","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473181","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation is part of a larger program designed to clarify the molecular motions responsible for dielectric relaxation in polymers. It has been repeatedly observed that, in polar polymers, at least one and in general two or more relaxation processes are observed. In general a relaxation process is observed above the glass transformation temperature which is undoubtedly associated with the molecular motions which are \"frozen\" below this transformation. These motions are of the type associated with diffusion, i.e. motions of large segments or whole molecules involving translation and rotation.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"10 1","pages":"71-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88898230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473183
E. Dicarlo, C. P. Smyth
This study was undertaken because many careful dielectric constant measurements at radio frequencies have indicated the possession of small but appreciable dipole moments for supposedly symmetrical molecules1,2.
{"title":"The dipole moments of some supposedly symmetrical molecules","authors":"E. Dicarlo, C. P. Smyth","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473183","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken because many careful dielectric constant measurements at radio frequencies have indicated the possession of small but appreciable dipole moments for supposedly symmetrical molecules1,2.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"94 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82704411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TCP.1962.1136748
W. Post
Ever since the introduction of solid tantalum electrolytic capacitors, attempts have been made to replace the relatively expensive tantalum with other materials. Several patent applications indicate that aluminum, in the form of wire or sintered slugs, has been investigated in this connection. Attempts with aluminum foil are scarcely known, but a British patent, No. 845 698 (patent holder: U. S. Secretary of the Army), indicates that some preliminary work has been done in this line. In the meantime etched aluminum foils of high purity and surface gain have become commercially available, and forming methods resulting in highly stable aluminum oxide layers are now known, so that the successful construction of solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors seemed feasible. A series of experiments were therefore carried on in the laboratories of the Aluminium-Walzwerke Singen, to determine the usefulness of etched aluminum foils in solid aluminum capacitors. Preliminary results indicate that such capacitors can definitely be made with etched aluminum foils.
{"title":"Solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors with etched aluminum foil","authors":"W. Post","doi":"10.1109/TCP.1962.1136748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCP.1962.1136748","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the introduction of solid tantalum electrolytic capacitors, attempts have been made to replace the relatively expensive tantalum with other materials. Several patent applications indicate that aluminum, in the form of wire or sintered slugs, has been investigated in this connection. Attempts with aluminum foil are scarcely known, but a British patent, No. 845 698 (patent holder: U. S. Secretary of the Army), indicates that some preliminary work has been done in this line. In the meantime etched aluminum foils of high purity and surface gain have become commercially available, and forming methods resulting in highly stable aluminum oxide layers are now known, so that the successful construction of solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors seemed feasible. A series of experiments were therefore carried on in the laboratories of the Aluminium-Walzwerke Singen, to determine the usefulness of etched aluminum foils in solid aluminum capacitors. Preliminary results indicate that such capacitors can definitely be made with etched aluminum foils.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"20 1","pages":"143-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85286451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473173
R. Blodgett
Early in 1961, four oil-impregnated paper cables were energized at the Cornell High-Voltage Cable Testing Facility for operation at 345 kv. Each cable is capable of transmitting more than 500 MVA. As part of the research effort connected with the development of low loss insulation for one of the four cables, it seemed desirable to obtain quantitative estimates for the effect of absorbed water on dielectric loss of high voltage paper cables even though there were several estimates already available in the literature. However, these estimates seemed inadequate for several reasons. Either the studies had not been made on modern low-loss materials suitable for Extra High Voltage Cables, or were based on indirect estimates of water content, or appeared to lack internal consistency, or included only a narrow range of water contents. Furthermore, the agreement among the various estimates was not close.
{"title":"Influence of absorbed water and temperature on dielectric loss of oil-impregnated paper insulation","authors":"R. Blodgett","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473173","url":null,"abstract":"Early in 1961, four oil-impregnated paper cables were energized at the Cornell High-Voltage Cable Testing Facility for operation at 345 kv. Each cable is capable of transmitting more than 500 MVA. As part of the research effort connected with the development of low loss insulation for one of the four cables, it seemed desirable to obtain quantitative estimates for the effect of absorbed water on dielectric loss of high voltage paper cables even though there were several estimates already available in the literature. However, these estimates seemed inadequate for several reasons. Either the studies had not been made on modern low-loss materials suitable for Extra High Voltage Cables, or were based on indirect estimates of water content, or appeared to lack internal consistency, or included only a narrow range of water contents. Furthermore, the agreement among the various estimates was not close.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"45 1","pages":"35-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73766078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473171
V. Culler, H. E. Rexford
The effect of gamma-radiation on the electrical conductivity of glasses is of interest because of the practical uses of these insulators and because the mechanism of induced conductivity is not expected to be masked by chemical deterioration caused by the irradiation as in the case of organic insulators.
{"title":"Gamma-radiation induced conductivity in glass","authors":"V. Culler, H. E. Rexford","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473171","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of gamma-radiation on the electrical conductivity of glasses is of interest because of the practical uses of these insulators and because the mechanism of induced conductivity is not expected to be masked by chemical deterioration caused by the irradiation as in the case of organic insulators.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"15 1","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79235435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-10-01DOI: 10.1109/CEI.1961.7473186
P. Watson, A. Sharbaugh
The breakdown strength of gases at low pressures increases regularly with density; using this fact, one can extrapolate the strength of a vapor to densities corresponding to the liquid state. An extrapolation of this type is shown in figure 1 for hexane1,2, for comparison, point X shows a typical observed value of the strength of the liquid3. As may be seen, the liquid strength is appreciably lower than the extrapolated value. One of the aims of this investigation has been to bridge the gap between these two extremes in density, and to determine whether breakdown strength is a continuous function of density or whether there is a singularity corresponding to the change of phase.
{"title":"A comparison of the electric strengths of hexane vapor and liquid in the critical region","authors":"P. Watson, A. Sharbaugh","doi":"10.1109/CEI.1961.7473186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEI.1961.7473186","url":null,"abstract":"The breakdown strength of gases at low pressures increases regularly with density; using this fact, one can extrapolate the strength of a vapor to densities corresponding to the liquid state. An extrapolation of this type is shown in figure 1 for hexane1,2, for comparison, point X shows a typical observed value of the strength of the liquid3. As may be seen, the liquid strength is appreciably lower than the extrapolated value. One of the aims of this investigation has been to bridge the gap between these two extremes in density, and to determine whether breakdown strength is a continuous function of density or whether there is a singularity corresponding to the change of phase.","PeriodicalId":8239,"journal":{"name":"Annual Report 1961 Conference on Electrical Insulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"95-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81457460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}