Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2002.9960320
Eleanor Hannon Judah
FOR GOODNESS SAKE: WHY SO MANY WANT RELIGION TO PLAY A GREATER ROLE IN AMERICAN LIFE. By Steve Farkas, Jean Johnson, and Tony Foleno with Ann Duffett and Patrick Foley. New York: Public Agenda, 2001.58 pp. $10.00 (Paper). TEACHING RACIAL, ETHNIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK: A COLLECTION OF MODEL COURSE OUTLINES. Compiled by Carrie Jefferson Smith, Jeffrey Gabriel, Bill Cott, and Miejo Hirando. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.145 pp. $14.00 (Paper). TEACHING FORENSIC SOCIAL WORK: COURSE OUTLINES ON CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE JUSTICE AND VICTIMOLOGY. Compiled by Katherine van Wormer and Albert R. Roberts. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.123 pp. $14.00 (Paper). TEACHING SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK: MODEL COURSE OUTLINES AND RESOURCES. Compiled by Santos Torres, Jr. and Rodrick Patton. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.126 pp. $14.00 (Paper). SPIRITUAL QUESTIONS FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF JOAN D. CHITTISTER. Mary Hambrow Snyder, Ed. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2001.192 pp. $18.00 (Paper). THE PROBLEM OF RACE IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY. By Thomas C. Holt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 146 pp. $22.95 (Hard).
看在上帝的份上:为什么那么多人希望宗教在美国人的生活中发挥更大的作用?作者:史蒂夫·法卡斯、琼·约翰逊、托尼·弗莱诺、安·达菲和帕特里克·弗莱。纽约:公共议程，2001.58页，$10.00(论文)。在社会工作中教授种族、民族和文化多样性:一套模范课程大纲。由Carrie Jefferson Smith, Jeffrey Gabriel, Bill Cott和Miejo Hirando编译。亚历山大，弗吉尼亚州:社会工作教育委员会，2000.145页，$14.00(论文)。法医社会工作教学:刑事与少年司法与受害者学课程大纲。由Katherine van Wormer和Albert R. Roberts编译。亚历山大，弗吉尼亚州:社会工作教育委员会，2000.123页，$14.00(论文)。学校社会工作教学:示范课程大纲与资源。由Santos Torres, Jr.和Rodrick Patton编译。亚历山大，弗吉尼亚州:社会工作教育委员会，2000.126页，$14.00(论文)。21世纪的精神问题:纪念琼·d·奇蒂斯特的论文。玛丽·汉布罗·斯奈德主编，玛丽诺，纽约州:奥比斯图书，2001.192页，18.00美元(纸质版)。21世纪的种族问题。托马斯·c·霍尔特著。剑桥，马萨诸塞州:哈佛大学出版社，2000。146页，22.95美元(硬版)。
{"title":"Brief reviews","authors":"Eleanor Hannon Judah","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2002.9960320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2002.9960320","url":null,"abstract":"FOR GOODNESS SAKE: WHY SO MANY WANT RELIGION TO PLAY A GREATER ROLE IN AMERICAN LIFE. By Steve Farkas, Jean Johnson, and Tony Foleno with Ann Duffett and Patrick Foley. New York: Public Agenda, 2001.58 pp. $10.00 (Paper). TEACHING RACIAL, ETHNIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL WORK: A COLLECTION OF MODEL COURSE OUTLINES. Compiled by Carrie Jefferson Smith, Jeffrey Gabriel, Bill Cott, and Miejo Hirando. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.145 pp. $14.00 (Paper). TEACHING FORENSIC SOCIAL WORK: COURSE OUTLINES ON CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE JUSTICE AND VICTIMOLOGY. Compiled by Katherine van Wormer and Albert R. Roberts. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.123 pp. $14.00 (Paper). TEACHING SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK: MODEL COURSE OUTLINES AND RESOURCES. Compiled by Santos Torres, Jr. and Rodrick Patton. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education, 2000.126 pp. $14.00 (Paper). SPIRITUAL QUESTIONS FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF JOAN D. CHITTISTER. Mary Hambrow Snyder, Ed. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2001.192 pp. $18.00 (Paper). THE PROBLEM OF RACE IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY. By Thomas C. Holt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 146 pp. $22.95 (Hard).","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"21 1","pages":"107 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2002.9960320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59931979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2002.9960313
J. Matsuoka, E. Mulroy, Karen N. Umemoto
Abstract This paper is based on a case study that reflects a collaborative effort between a university and a non‐government organization that serves the Native Hawaiian community. The organization, which was undergoing a paradigm shift, sought support from university faculty. The shift in orientation was played out at the community level as a team of professionals worked with community leaders to create a vision and a community development strategy based on resident input. The novel qualities of this collaborative contributed to numerous lessons learned on all sides and will be used in future endeavors involving multiple partners.
{"title":"Conflicting cultures: Linking agency, community, and university in a community building endeavor","authors":"J. Matsuoka, E. Mulroy, Karen N. Umemoto","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2002.9960313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2002.9960313","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is based on a case study that reflects a collaborative effort between a university and a non‐government organization that serves the Native Hawaiian community. The organization, which was undergoing a paradigm shift, sought support from university faculty. The shift in orientation was played out at the community level as a team of professionals worked with community leaders to create a vision and a community development strategy based on resident input. The novel qualities of this collaborative contributed to numerous lessons learned on all sides and will be used in future endeavors involving multiple partners.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"21 1","pages":"15 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2002.9960313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960293
M. C. Hokenstad, L. Johansson
Summary Population aging and the changing nature of work are reshaping thinking about retirement in post‐industrial society. The future will see less demarcation between the work and retirement phases of life. This will include a growing trend towards partial retirement and flexible retirement. Changes in pension policy will contribute to changing patterns of retirement. Recent U. S. legislation has uncoupled retirement from Social Security. New policy in Sweden provides partial pensions for partial retirement. Other pension policy changes in the European Union also are contributing to the redefinition of retirement in the 21st century.
{"title":"Retirement patterns and pension policy: An international perspective","authors":"M. C. Hokenstad, L. Johansson","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960293","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Population aging and the changing nature of work are reshaping thinking about retirement in post‐industrial society. The future will see less demarcation between the work and retirement phases of life. This will include a growing trend towards partial retirement and flexible retirement. Changes in pension policy will contribute to changing patterns of retirement. Recent U. S. legislation has uncoupled retirement from Social Security. New policy in Sweden provides partial pensions for partial retirement. Other pension policy changes in the European Union also are contributing to the redefinition of retirement in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960295
Grace C. Clark
Summary Pakistan's national zakat system is a simple welfare system based on traditional Islamic law. It provides minimal benefits to the very poorest of Pakistan's poor, especially the elderly. Although the system was launched with the highest religious ideals, utilizing creative approaches to collecting and disbursing zakat, over time this system has experienced deficiencies due to corruption, favoritism, and government greed. While zakat has not met the original goals of eliminating poverty or eliminating beggary, and while it has met the goals of providing rehabilitation and redistributing income in only the most modest sense, Pakistan has still demonstrated the potential for a zakat system to provide some cash income to the very poorest old in a very poor country who would otherwise have no cash income at all.
{"title":"Pakistan's Zakat system: A policy model for developing countries as a means of redistributing income to the elderly poor","authors":"Grace C. Clark","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960295","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Pakistan's national zakat system is a simple welfare system based on traditional Islamic law. It provides minimal benefits to the very poorest of Pakistan's poor, especially the elderly. Although the system was launched with the highest religious ideals, utilizing creative approaches to collecting and disbursing zakat, over time this system has experienced deficiencies due to corruption, favoritism, and government greed. While zakat has not met the original goals of eliminating poverty or eliminating beggary, and while it has met the goals of providing rehabilitation and redistributing income in only the most modest sense, Pakistan has still demonstrated the potential for a zakat system to provide some cash income to the very poorest old in a very poor country who would otherwise have no cash income at all.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"47 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960298
D. Guttmann
Summary This article introduces logotherapy as a meaning centered psychotherapy and its relevance to social work with the aged. According to this theory, human beings are motivated first and foremost to finding meaning in life. Ways of discovering meaning are discussed along with Frankl's “tragic triad,” consisting of guilt, suffering, and death. Each of these unavoidable factors in life offer opportunities for discovering meaning. The importance of spirituality in old age is stressed, and Cicero's Cato “the elder” is presented as a model for meaningful old age.
{"title":"A logotherapeutic approach to the quest for meaningful old age","authors":"D. Guttmann","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960298","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This article introduces logotherapy as a meaning centered psychotherapy and its relevance to social work with the aged. According to this theory, human beings are motivated first and foremost to finding meaning in life. Ways of discovering meaning are discussed along with Frankl's “tragic triad,” consisting of guilt, suffering, and death. Each of these unavoidable factors in life offer opportunities for discovering meaning. The importance of spirituality in old age is stressed, and Cicero's Cato “the elder” is presented as a model for meaningful old age.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"117 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960282
A. Cowley
Summary Historically the relationship between spirituality and mental health has been characterized by confusion in terms of what constitutes healthy spirituality (path) as opposed to psychotic states (pathology). Finding criteria to help differentiate pre‐rational structures from trans‐rational structures (since they are both non‐rational) has been an elusive goal. Ken Wilber's Full Spectrum of Consciousness Model, presented in 1986, is the only transpersonal theory that offers descriptors for three general levels of consciousness (prepersonal, personal, and transpersonal), the pathologies likely to develop at each level of development, as well as preferred interventions for developmental problems at each level of consciousness. This chapter applies Wilber's model and related ideas from other transpersonal theorists in order to provide differential assessment guidelines for therapists working with the spiritual dimension of clients’ experience.
从历史上看，精神和心理健康之间的关系一直以混淆为特征，即什么是健康的精神(道路)，而不是精神状态(病理)。寻找有助于区分前理性结构和反理性结构(因为它们都是非理性的)的标准一直是一个难以捉摸的目标。Ken Wilber在1986年提出的意识全谱模型(Full Spectrum of Consciousness Model)是唯一的超个人理论，它描述了三个一般的意识水平(前个人、个人和超个人)，在每个发展水平上可能发展的病理，以及在每个意识水平上对发展问题的首选干预措施。本章应用了威尔伯的模型和其他超个人理论家的相关观点，以便为处理客户体验的精神维度的治疗师提供差异评估指南。
{"title":"Cosmic consciousness: Path or pathology?","authors":"A. Cowley","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960282","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Historically the relationship between spirituality and mental health has been characterized by confusion in terms of what constitutes healthy spirituality (path) as opposed to psychotic states (pathology). Finding criteria to help differentiate pre‐rational structures from trans‐rational structures (since they are both non‐rational) has been an elusive goal. Ken Wilber's Full Spectrum of Consciousness Model, presented in 1986, is the only transpersonal theory that offers descriptors for three general levels of consciousness (prepersonal, personal, and transpersonal), the pathologies likely to develop at each level of development, as well as preferred interventions for developmental problems at each level of consciousness. This chapter applies Wilber's model and related ideas from other transpersonal theorists in order to provide differential assessment guidelines for therapists working with the spiritual dimension of clients’ experience.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"77 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59931677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960285
D. Reese
Summary Despite evidence of the importance of spirituality to terminally ill patients, the social work profession has developed few curriculum materials, practice models, or research on this topic. This chapter presents theoretical and empirical support for the proposition that transition to the transegoic stage of consciousness can promote a comfortable death for hospice patients and that hospice social workers should address spiritual issues in order to assist terminally ill patients and their families in making this transition. It also presents the results of a national survey describing and testing the effectiveness of some current social work approaches to addressing spirituality in hospice. Implications for practice and social work education are explored.
{"title":"Addressing spirituality in hospice: Current practices and a proposed role for transpersonal social work","authors":"D. Reese","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960285","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Despite evidence of the importance of spirituality to terminally ill patients, the social work profession has developed few curriculum materials, practice models, or research on this topic. This chapter presents theoretical and empirical support for the proposition that transition to the transegoic stage of consciousness can promote a comfortable death for hospice patients and that hospice social workers should address spiritual issues in order to assist terminally ill patients and their families in making this transition. It also presents the results of a national survey describing and testing the effectiveness of some current social work approaches to addressing spirituality in hospice. Implications for practice and social work education are explored.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"135 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59931794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960294
C. Cox
Summary One of the most pressing issues in our society is that of deciding who is responsible for the care of the dependent elderly and how this responsibility should be shared among individuals, families, and government. Both the United Kingdom and Israel have developed policies which focus on community care and that recognize and support the roles of families as caregivers. By examining their systems, valuable insights may be learned that may contribute to the development of policies in the United States.
{"title":"Who is responsible for the care of the elderly? A comparison of policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel","authors":"C. Cox","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960294","url":null,"abstract":"Summary One of the most pressing issues in our society is that of deciding who is responsible for the care of the dependent elderly and how this responsibility should be shared among individuals, families, and government. Both the United Kingdom and Israel have developed policies which focus on community care and that recognize and support the roles of families as caregivers. By examining their systems, valuable insights may be learned that may contribute to the development of policies in the United States.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"33 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960296
Sassy Sasson
Summary This study examines the association between religiosity, adjustment and satisfaction of nursing home residents in one long term care facility. A sample of convenience was used to conduct face‐to‐face interviews of 71 Jewish and 21 African American alert residents age 65 and older. Various scales were utilized to measure resident adjustment and satisfaction, religious identity and level of involvement in religious activities. Additional information was compiled that provided a profile of the physical, mental and social functions of each resident. The findings revealed that residents who exhibit higher levels of religiosity were likely to show higher levels of adjustment and satisfaction with nursing home living. However, the results lost their significance after controlling for a variety of other characteristics. The results suggest that the continuation of previous religious roles, activities and behavior of nursing home residents may prompt increased satisfaction and a more successful adjustment to the long term care setting. The implications of these findings for practice, program development and future research will be discussed.
{"title":"Religiosity as a factor affecting adjustment of minority elderly to a nursing home","authors":"Sassy Sasson","doi":"10.1080/15426432.2001.9960296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960296","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This study examines the association between religiosity, adjustment and satisfaction of nursing home residents in one long term care facility. A sample of convenience was used to conduct face‐to‐face interviews of 71 Jewish and 21 African American alert residents age 65 and older. Various scales were utilized to measure resident adjustment and satisfaction, religious identity and level of involvement in religious activities. Additional information was compiled that provided a profile of the physical, mental and social functions of each resident. The findings revealed that residents who exhibit higher levels of religiosity were likely to show higher levels of adjustment and satisfaction with nursing home living. However, the results lost their significance after controlling for a variety of other characteristics. The results suggest that the continuation of previous religious roles, activities and behavior of nursing home residents may prompt increased satisfaction and a more successful adjustment to the long term care setting. The implications of these findings for practice, program development and future research will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":82727,"journal":{"name":"Social thought","volume":"20 1","pages":"77 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59932170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2001.9960280
Elizabeth d. Smith
Summary Confronting one's mortality is at the heart of much human suffering. Building upon her previous development and testing of an exploratory model of psychospiritual distress, the author explores the confrontation of death in light of a transpersonal narrative with four new dimensions: (a) normalization of death, (b) divine intention, i.e., a belief in a supernatural force of higher power that provides a cosmic order, (c) surrender, i.e., the ability to let go of the outcome of events and to accept the unknown, and (d) transpersonal existence, i.e., a belief in a continued existence beyond the known mortal self. Through a constructivist perspective on this transpersonal narrative, one can understand how personal reality is constructed and how affect flows from core beliefs that mediate events. This offers an explanatory model of how annihilation vulnerability of personhood can be mediated, resulting in diminished suffering. It suggests implications for practice to alleviate the actual suffering a person experiences.
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