Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.33696/gastroenterology.2.029
O. Kaltsogianni, T. Dassios, A. Greenough
Ourania Kaltsogianni1, Theodore Dassios1,2, Anne Greenough2,3,4* 1Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 2Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom 3Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom 4NIHR Biomedical Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Ourania Kaltsogianni1, Theodore dassios1,2, Anne greenough2,3,4 * 1英国伦敦国王学院医院NHS基金会信托新生儿重症监护中心2英国伦敦国王学院生命科学与医学院生命过程科学学院妇女与儿童健康学系3英国伦敦国王学院哮喘过敏机制研究中心，伦敦英国4NIHR生物医学中心，位于盖伊和圣托马斯NHS基金会信托基金和伦敦国王学院，英国伦敦
{"title":"Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: An Update on Management Strategies and Outcomes","authors":"O. Kaltsogianni, T. Dassios, A. Greenough","doi":"10.33696/gastroenterology.2.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/gastroenterology.2.029","url":null,"abstract":"Ourania Kaltsogianni1, Theodore Dassios1,2, Anne Greenough2,3,4* 1Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK 2Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom 3Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom 4NIHR Biomedical Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"371 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80463566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696//GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.013
Allyson Shrikhande
Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent, inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and it is associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility [1,2]. Worldwide, approximately 176 million women between the ages of 15 and 49 are affected by endometriosis [3]. Endometriosis is a complex disease that induces a chronic inflammatory process and can be challenging to treat [4]. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is defined as pelvic pain lasting greater than three to six months that is not solely related to menstruation, sexual activity or bowel movements [5]. The symptoms of CPPS include abdominal, lumbosacral, buttock, vulvovaginal, perineal and rectal pain, urinary and bowel symptoms, and pain associated with intercourse. Patients with endometriosis often suffer for many years and see multiple physicians and medical providers before receiving a diagnosis. In patients aged 1845, the average delay in diagnosis is 6.7 years [6]. This may be secondary to the fact that endometriosis is a diagnosis of exclusion. The gold standard for the diagnosis of endometriosis has been visual inspection by laparoscopy, preferably with histological confirmation [7]. Because there is lack of a noninvasive test for endometriosis, there is often a significant delay in diagnosis of this disease. One caveat is transvaginal ultrasonography, transrectal ultrasound, and MRI, have the potential to facilitate the diagnosis of certain types of endometriosis, particularly an endometrioma or deep infiltrating endometriosis [8]. No serum marker has been found to diagnose endometriosis with adequate sensitivity and specificity [9]. Compounding the complexity of diagnosis, patients can often have recurrence of the disease even after a surgical excision of endometriosis. The overall recurrence rates range between 6% to 67% [4]. Summary
{"title":"The Consideration of Endometriosis in Women with Persistent Gastrointestinal Symptoms and a Novel Neuromusculoskeletal Treatment Approach","authors":"Allyson Shrikhande","doi":"10.33696//GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696//GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.013","url":null,"abstract":"Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent, inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and it is associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility [1,2]. Worldwide, approximately 176 million women between the ages of 15 and 49 are affected by endometriosis [3]. Endometriosis is a complex disease that induces a chronic inflammatory process and can be challenging to treat [4]. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is defined as pelvic pain lasting greater than three to six months that is not solely related to menstruation, sexual activity or bowel movements [5]. The symptoms of CPPS include abdominal, lumbosacral, buttock, vulvovaginal, perineal and rectal pain, urinary and bowel symptoms, and pain associated with intercourse. Patients with endometriosis often suffer for many years and see multiple physicians and medical providers before receiving a diagnosis. In patients aged 1845, the average delay in diagnosis is 6.7 years [6]. This may be secondary to the fact that endometriosis is a diagnosis of exclusion. The gold standard for the diagnosis of endometriosis has been visual inspection by laparoscopy, preferably with histological confirmation [7]. Because there is lack of a noninvasive test for endometriosis, there is often a significant delay in diagnosis of this disease. One caveat is transvaginal ultrasonography, transrectal ultrasound, and MRI, have the potential to facilitate the diagnosis of certain types of endometriosis, particularly an endometrioma or deep infiltrating endometriosis [8]. No serum marker has been found to diagnose endometriosis with adequate sensitivity and specificity [9]. Compounding the complexity of diagnosis, patients can often have recurrence of the disease even after a surgical excision of endometriosis. The overall recurrence rates range between 6% to 67% [4]. Summary","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79016612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.017
S. Simpson
The pathophysiology of typical gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms and reflux oesophagitis is associated with excess acid reflux, but both refractory GORD and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have strong links with functional gut disorders [1-3]. Oesophageal pH impedance monitoring, our accepted gold standard for diagnosing GORD, has significant shortcomings when assessing proximal oesophageal and in particular pharyngeal reflux [4]. In addition, identifying potential contamination of other parts of the respiratory tract such as lungs or sinuses is not possible. The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and both refractory GORD and LPR suggests a common pathogenesis. IBS subjects are known to have increased sensitivity to colonic distension causing pain and increased contractility [5], but colonic distension has also been found to affect upper gut motility [6-9] and increase reflux events in physiological studies [10]. Treating GORD and LPR symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy remains challenging, but the effect of downstream colonic distension or occult constipation on treating GORD and LPR to date has been largely ignored. Hence in our study, we hypothesised that reducing colonic distension mainly with simple osmotic laxative therapy would not only improve colonic symptoms but also LPR, refractory GORD and functional upper gut symptoms.
{"title":"Refractory Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux - Use the Bottom up Approach","authors":"S. Simpson","doi":"10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.017","url":null,"abstract":"The pathophysiology of typical gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms and reflux oesophagitis is associated with excess acid reflux, but both refractory GORD and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have strong links with functional gut disorders [1-3]. Oesophageal pH impedance monitoring, our accepted gold standard for diagnosing GORD, has significant shortcomings when assessing proximal oesophageal and in particular pharyngeal reflux [4]. In addition, identifying potential contamination of other parts of the respiratory tract such as lungs or sinuses is not possible. The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and both refractory GORD and LPR suggests a common pathogenesis. IBS subjects are known to have increased sensitivity to colonic distension causing pain and increased contractility [5], but colonic distension has also been found to affect upper gut motility [6-9] and increase reflux events in physiological studies [10]. Treating GORD and LPR symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy remains challenging, but the effect of downstream colonic distension or occult constipation on treating GORD and LPR to date has been largely ignored. Hence in our study, we hypothesised that reducing colonic distension mainly with simple osmotic laxative therapy would not only improve colonic symptoms but also LPR, refractory GORD and functional upper gut symptoms.","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74362371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.015
M. Kashyap, S. Ganji, V. Kamanna
In pharmacologic doses niacin (nicotinic acid) has been used clinically for over six decades for atherogenic dyslipidemia and reduction of cardiovascular event risk [1]. In combination with statin therapy, it effects regression of coronary atherosclerosis [2,3]. Emerging evidence indicates a new potential use for niacin for the treatment of NAFLD and its complications [4]. Despite this enormous amount of data on niacin, there is confusion and misconceptions about its use of a drug rather than as a vitamin, its formulations, and how it can be used in clinical practice. The purpose of this invited brief communication is to update and summarize this emerging evidence. We comment on how it may be valuable in the context of other drugs-in-development for NAFLD, especially for combination therapy for synergistic efficacy.
{"title":"Pharmacologic Therapy with Niacin for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Emerging Evidence","authors":"M. Kashyap, S. Ganji, V. Kamanna","doi":"10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.015","url":null,"abstract":"In pharmacologic doses niacin (nicotinic acid) has been used clinically for over six decades for atherogenic dyslipidemia and reduction of cardiovascular event risk [1]. In combination with statin therapy, it effects regression of coronary atherosclerosis [2,3]. Emerging evidence indicates a new potential use for niacin for the treatment of NAFLD and its complications [4]. Despite this enormous amount of data on niacin, there is confusion and misconceptions about its use of a drug rather than as a vitamin, its formulations, and how it can be used in clinical practice. The purpose of this invited brief communication is to update and summarize this emerging evidence. We comment on how it may be valuable in the context of other drugs-in-development for NAFLD, especially for combination therapy for synergistic efficacy.","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85528680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.018
Tina Boortalary, B. Shinn, R. Coben, M. Conn, Jorge Prieto, H. Kroop, A. Dimarino, H. Hann
Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al., great progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for about 50% of the HCC cases worldwide [1,2]. Because of geographic variations in HBV incidence, the burden of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) is highest in endemic areas such as Asian-Pacific and subSaharan Africa and lowest in the United States and the West [3]. The hepatitis B vaccines, developed in the 1980s, transformed the evolution of hepatitis B in the modern era. This was followed by high effective anti-viral that reduced HBV infections and HBV-HCC.
{"title":"Are We Close to Achieving a HBV Cure? Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Persists Despite Long-term HBV Suppression: An Update on Our Experience","authors":"Tina Boortalary, B. Shinn, R. Coben, M. Conn, Jorge Prieto, H. Kroop, A. Dimarino, H. Hann","doi":"10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.018","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al., great progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for about 50% of the HCC cases worldwide [1,2]. Because of geographic variations in HBV incidence, the burden of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) is highest in endemic areas such as Asian-Pacific and subSaharan Africa and lowest in the United States and the West [3]. The hepatitis B vaccines, developed in the 1980s, transformed the evolution of hepatitis B in the modern era. This was followed by high effective anti-viral that reduced HBV infections and HBV-HCC.","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88197144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.012
Siddhartha Ghosh
61 High fat high cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced obesity remains one of the major causes for the development of metabolic syndrome and associated metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerosis (that leads to cardiovascular diseases including heart disease and stroke). In addition to changes in lipid metabolism and excessive lipid accumulation, recent studies have also described direct effects of WD on gut microbiome and attributed dysbiosis of gut flora to the observed metabolic effects. However, strong association between circulating gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as T2DM and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from WD-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products (e.g., LPS) into circulation as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases.
{"title":"Intestinal Barrier Function – a Novel Target to modulate Diet-induced Metabolic Diseases","authors":"Siddhartha Ghosh","doi":"10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.012","url":null,"abstract":"61 High fat high cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced obesity remains one of the major causes for the development of metabolic syndrome and associated metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerosis (that leads to cardiovascular diseases including heart disease and stroke). In addition to changes in lipid metabolism and excessive lipid accumulation, recent studies have also described direct effects of WD on gut microbiome and attributed dysbiosis of gut flora to the observed metabolic effects. However, strong association between circulating gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as T2DM and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from WD-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products (e.g., LPS) into circulation as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases.","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74239588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.016
S. Faure-Dupuy, J. Lucifora, D. Durantel
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent. Studies performed in chimpanzees or in animalversion of HBV (woodchuck HBV: WHBV) highlighted the lack of immune responses against the virus upon primary infection [1,2]. Thus, HBV has been described as a “stealth” virus (i.e. a virus that does not modify/induce immune response in the cell) [1]. However, a growing number of studies describe that HBV is able to rapidly and efficiently counteract the innate immune response in a large variety of cells (hepatocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer cell...) [3]. Hereby, we focus on the role of macrophages (Mφ) during HBV infection [4].
{"title":"The Dual Role of Macrophages during Hepatitis B Infection","authors":"S. Faure-Dupuy, J. Lucifora, D. Durantel","doi":"10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/GASTROENTEROLOGY.1.016","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent. Studies performed in chimpanzees or in animalversion of HBV (woodchuck HBV: WHBV) highlighted the lack of immune responses against the virus upon primary infection [1,2]. Thus, HBV has been described as a “stealth” virus (i.e. a virus that does not modify/induce immune response in the cell) [1]. However, a growing number of studies describe that HBV is able to rapidly and efficiently counteract the innate immune response in a large variety of cells (hepatocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer cell...) [3]. Hereby, we focus on the role of macrophages (Mφ) during HBV infection [4].","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76708233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.33696/gastroenterology.1.004
L. Ferrara
17 Ultrasounds are acoustic vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear as their frequency is greater than 20,000 Hz. They are artificially generated by the action of the electric current, whose polarity is periodically reversed, on a quartz crystal, subjecting it, by the action of the electromagnetic field created, to successive contractions and expansions. This alternation of movements generates vibrations, which, transmitted to cellular and intercellular structures, cause collisions and generate heat [1].
{"title":"Ultrasounds Importance in the Clinic and Medical Diagnostics","authors":"L. Ferrara","doi":"10.33696/gastroenterology.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/gastroenterology.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"17 Ultrasounds are acoustic vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear as their frequency is greater than 20,000 Hz. They are artificially generated by the action of the electric current, whose polarity is periodically reversed, on a quartz crystal, subjecting it, by the action of the electromagnetic field created, to successive contractions and expansions. This alternation of movements generates vibrations, which, transmitted to cellular and intercellular structures, cause collisions and generate heat [1].","PeriodicalId":8277,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Gastroenterology Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74940503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：