Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004305564_013
C. Roby
Pain might be a powerful diagnostic tool, but it is at the same time an intensely private and subjective experience that represents a formidable problem in the communication between physician and patient. Galen addresses (principally in De locis affectis) the problem of constructing a consistent and univocal terminology for different pain sensations, rejecting the system proposed earlier by Archigenes on the grounds that he relies on metaphorical descriptors which indiscriminately incorporate terms belonging to information generated by all the senses, fails to conform to patient testimony, and refers to ambiguous concepts. Galen sets himself the task of developing a system of proper or literal (kyrios) terms for pain sensations, even despite the apparent ineffability of certain sensations and laymen's imprecise self-analysis and description of their suffering. His pain vocabulary, developed through a combination of consensus between patients and physicians' expert descriptions of their own pain, promises to link terminology univocally to sensation, turning patients' testimony about their subjective experience of pain into universally applicable diagnostic guidance.
{"title":"Galen on the Patient's Role in Pain Diagnosis: Sensation, Consensus, and Metaphor.","authors":"C. Roby","doi":"10.1163/9789004305564_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004305564_013","url":null,"abstract":"Pain might be a powerful diagnostic tool, but it is at the same time an intensely private and subjective experience that represents a formidable problem in the communication between physician and patient. Galen addresses (principally in De locis affectis) the problem of constructing a consistent and univocal terminology for different pain sensations, rejecting the system proposed earlier by Archigenes on the grounds that he relies on metaphorical descriptors which indiscriminately incorporate terms belonging to information generated by all the senses, fails to conform to patient testimony, and refers to ambiguous concepts. Galen sets himself the task of developing a system of proper or literal (kyrios) terms for pain sensations, even despite the apparent ineffability of certain sensations and laymen's imprecise self-analysis and description of their suffering. His pain vocabulary, developed through a combination of consensus between patients and physicians' expert descriptions of their own pain, promises to link terminology univocally to sensation, turning patients' testimony about their subjective experience of pain into universally applicable diagnostic guidance.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"304-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64525049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004305564_002
Georgia Petridou, Chiara Thumiger
{"title":"Introduction: Towards a History of the Ancient Patient's View.","authors":"Georgia Petridou, Chiara Thumiger","doi":"10.1163/9789004305564_002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004305564_002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64525065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004307407_014
M. Hulskamp
{"title":"On Regimen and the Question of Medical Dreams in the Hippocratic Corpus.","authors":"M. Hulskamp","doi":"10.1163/9789004307407_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307407_014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"258-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64526079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004307407_022
R. Hankinson
{"title":"Galen on Hippocratic Physics.","authors":"R. Hankinson","doi":"10.1163/9789004307407_022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307407_022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"421-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64526451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004305564_018
J. Wilkins
Ideally in Galen's model of preventive medicine, the patient does not become a patient at all but remains a healthy person able to maintain his or her health without need of either medicines or other therapies. This chapter is divided into four sections, Galen's ideal patient; less than ideal patients; patients in old age; and patients whose nature is inclined to a bad mixture of humours, and so in need of medication. In all four categories, even those where medical recommendations such as blood-letting are recommended, Galen offers an option based on hygieine, or the art of maintaining good health. Galen's aim in de sanitate tuenda is to ensure that a well-educated person can lead a healthy life by learning what does harm and what benefits him or her. The chapter explores the extent to which the patient can really be independent of the doctor, and the interesting balance between nature and urban life which constitutes good health in Galenic thought.
{"title":"Treatment of the Man: Galen's Preventive Medicine in the De Sanitate Tuenda.","authors":"J. Wilkins","doi":"10.1163/9789004305564_018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004305564_018","url":null,"abstract":"Ideally in Galen's model of preventive medicine, the patient does not become a patient at all but remains a healthy person able to maintain his or her health without need of either medicines or other therapies. This chapter is divided into four sections, Galen's ideal patient; less than ideal patients; patients in old age; and patients whose nature is inclined to a bad mixture of humours, and so in need of medication. In all four categories, even those where medical recommendations such as blood-letting are recommended, Galen offers an option based on hygieine, or the art of maintaining good health. Galen's aim in de sanitate tuenda is to ensure that a well-educated person can lead a healthy life by learning what does harm and what benefits him or her. The chapter explores the extent to which the patient can really be independent of the doctor, and the interesting balance between nature and urban life which constitutes good health in Galenic thought.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"413-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64524794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004305564_015
Orly Lewis
This paper examines the effects of the emergence of pulse measurement as an essential diagnosis and prognosis method used on Graeco-Roman patients. It argues that the introduction of this diagnostic tool brought about changes to the encounter between patients and their doctors and may have also increased intimacy and patients' forthcomingness during these encounters. The paper demonstrates that the popularity and conspicuity of the practical and theoretical engagement with the pulse afforded many opportunities for the transmission of professional knowledge from doctors to patients. It argues that this transmission of knowledge was often actively encouraged by doctors for the sake of self-promotion and promotion of the medical profession as a whole. At the same time, doctors also attempted to restrict this transmission of knowledge in order to use their exclusive competence in the pulse as means for establishing their authority and superiority over patients.
{"title":"The Practical Application of Ancient Pulse-Lore and its Influence on the Patient-Doctor Interaction.","authors":"Orly Lewis","doi":"10.1163/9789004305564_015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004305564_015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effects of the emergence of pulse measurement as an essential diagnosis and prognosis method used on Graeco-Roman patients. It argues that the introduction of this diagnostic tool brought about changes to the encounter between patients and their doctors and may have also increased intimacy and patients' forthcomingness during these encounters. The paper demonstrates that the popularity and conspicuity of the practical and theoretical engagement with the pulse afforded many opportunities for the transmission of professional knowledge from doctors to patients. It argues that this transmission of knowledge was often actively encouraged by doctors for the sake of self-promotion and promotion of the medical profession as a whole. At the same time, doctors also attempted to restrict this transmission of knowledge in order to use their exclusive competence in the pulse as means for establishing their authority and superiority over patients.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"345-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64525131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004307407_021
T. Curtis
In a culture where philosophical and medical commentators turned to the corpora of their progenitors to uncover and demonstrate the principles of their professions, Galen thought it was extremely important that De natura hominis (Nat. Hom.) be perceived as having been written by Hippocrates.1 He argued that Nat. Hom. was the only text in which Hippocrates methodically investigated the primary substances of the human body, its φύσις, and therefore, it contained the ‘foundation’ (κρηπίς) of the whole art of Hippocrates.2 As will be seen in this chapter, Galen’s understanding of Nat. Hom. was derived from his perception that the venerable Hippocrates held similar theoretical views on the four elements and humors as Galen did.3
{"title":"Author, Argument and Exegesis: A Rhetorical Analysis of Galen's In Hippocratis de natura hominis commentaria tria.","authors":"T. Curtis","doi":"10.1163/9789004307407_021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307407_021","url":null,"abstract":"In a culture where philosophical and medical commentators turned to the corpora of their progenitors to uncover and demonstrate the principles of their professions, Galen thought it was extremely important that De natura hominis (Nat. Hom.) be perceived as having been written by Hippocrates.1 He argued that Nat. Hom. was the only text in which Hippocrates methodically investigated the primary substances of the human body, its φύσις, and therefore, it contained the ‘foundation’ (κρηπίς) of the whole art of Hippocrates.2 As will be seen in this chapter, Galen’s understanding of Nat. Hom. was derived from his perception that the venerable Hippocrates held similar theoretical views on the four elements and humors as Galen did.3","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"399-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64526349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004305564_003
L. Graumann, M. Horstmanshoff
Herewith we present an interdisciplinary study of the metrical funerary inscription from the third century CE (CIG 3272; Peek GV 1166). This emotional Greek epitaph reports the short life (from birth to death) of the 4 year old Lucius Minicius Anthimianus. This is the first detailed study since the dissertation by Klitsch (1976). The inscription presents an ideal case for a truly interdisciplinary study of the patient-history, in that its interpretation involves the study of Greek literature and linguistics, epigraphy, social and religious history, and ancient medicine. It also offers ample opportunity to show the contradictions inherent in proposing retrospective diagnosis, without neglecting the relevant information modern medicine has to offer for the interpretation of this case history. We argue that Lucius' father was most probably a physician, that the text of the inscription stems from expert knowledge of ancient medicine and that the traditional retrospective diagnosis of this case, tuberculosis, is an untenable hypothesis.
{"title":"\"This I Suffered in the Short Space of my Life\". The Epitaph for Lucius Minicius Anthimianus (CIG 3272; Peek GVn 1166).","authors":"L. Graumann, M. Horstmanshoff","doi":"10.1163/9789004305564_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004305564_003","url":null,"abstract":"Herewith we present an interdisciplinary study of the metrical funerary inscription from the third century CE (CIG 3272; Peek GV 1166). This emotional Greek epitaph reports the short life (from birth to death) of the 4 year old Lucius Minicius Anthimianus. This is the first detailed study since the dissertation by Klitsch (1976). The inscription presents an ideal case for a truly interdisciplinary study of the patient-history, in that its interpretation involves the study of Greek literature and linguistics, epigraphy, social and religious history, and ancient medicine. It also offers ample opportunity to show the contradictions inherent in proposing retrospective diagnosis, without neglecting the relevant information modern medicine has to offer for the interpretation of this case history. We argue that Lucius' father was most probably a physician, that the text of the inscription stems from expert knowledge of ancient medicine and that the traditional retrospective diagnosis of this case, tuberculosis, is an untenable hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"23-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64525077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004307407_013
R. Rosen
The Hippocratic On Ancient Medicine (VM) is one of the earliest treatises in the corpus and, as such, offers a valuable glimpse at an otherwise poorly documented period of intellectual history. What makes this text so intriguing is that, on the one hand, it sits comfortably within the familiar philosophical and scientific debates of late fifth-century Greece, but, on the other, offers what seem to be idiosyncratic approaches to them. At its most fundamental level, On Ancient Medicine offers a polemic against speculative philosophy that relies on ‘newfangled hypothesis’1 (καινὴ ὑπόθεσις at 1.3) to account for disease and formulate treatment, and argues for a method that instead combines empirical research and analogical reasoning. What is distinct about the work, however, is the author’s focus on food and dietary regimen as the foundation of medical τέχνη and the steps in his thinking that lead him to this position. To reach this conclusion, the author deploys in a famous section of the work (ch. 3) his own form of hypothesizing about the condition of the human species in an imagined prehistorical state of primitivity. That chapter is, in part, a self-promotional argument for the antiquity and validity of medicine as a τέχνη, but it also deserves a place, as many have observed, alongside other works of the period that took an interest in what we would call cultural anthropology. It would serve the theme of this volume well if I could argue that On Ancient Medicine’s particular foray into cultural anthropology was distinctly ‘Hippocratic’, and that any ancient doctor aligning himself with Hippocratic medicine would have been familiar with, and sympathetic to, On Ancient Medicine’s anthropological explanation of the origins of medicine. In fact, however, the available evidence does not allow us to say much
希波克拉底论古代医学(VM)是语料库中最早的论文之一，因此，提供了一个有价值的一瞥，否则文献贫乏的思想史时期。这篇文章之所以如此吸引人，一方面是因为它与人们熟悉的5世纪晚期希腊的哲学和科学辩论相契合，但另一方面，它又提供了一种似乎与众不同的方法来解决这些问题。在最基本的层面上，《古代医学论》对依靠“新奇假设”(καιν ν ν ς π ο θεσις At 1.3)解释疾病和制定治疗方案的思辨哲学进行了辩论，并主张采用一种结合实证研究和类比推理的方法。然而，这本书的独特之处在于，作者把重点放在食物和饮食方案上，将其作为医学 χνη的基础，以及他的思想中导致他得出这一观点的步骤。为了得出这个结论，作者在著作的一个著名部分(第3章)运用了他自己的假设形式，假设人类物种处于一种想象的史前原始状态。在某种程度上，这一章是对医学作为一种 χνη的古老和有效性的自我宣传，但正如许多人所观察到的那样，它也应该与那个时期的其他对我们所谓的文化人类学感兴趣的作品一起占有一席之地。如果我能说《古代医学论》对文化人类学的特别尝试是明显的“希波克拉底式”，并且任何与希波克拉底医学保持一致的古代医生都会熟悉并同情《古代医学论》对医学起源的人类学解释，这将很好地服务于本卷的主题。然而，事实上，现有的证据不允许我们说太多
{"title":"Towards a Hippocratic Anthropology: On Ancient Medicine and the Origins of Humans.","authors":"R. Rosen","doi":"10.1163/9789004307407_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307407_013","url":null,"abstract":"The Hippocratic On Ancient Medicine (VM) is one of the earliest treatises in the corpus and, as such, offers a valuable glimpse at an otherwise poorly documented period of intellectual history. What makes this text so intriguing is that, on the one hand, it sits comfortably within the familiar philosophical and scientific debates of late fifth-century Greece, but, on the other, offers what seem to be idiosyncratic approaches to them. At its most fundamental level, On Ancient Medicine offers a polemic against speculative philosophy that relies on ‘newfangled hypothesis’1 (καινὴ ὑπόθεσις at 1.3) to account for disease and formulate treatment, and argues for a method that instead combines empirical research and analogical reasoning. What is distinct about the work, however, is the author’s focus on food and dietary regimen as the foundation of medical τέχνη and the steps in his thinking that lead him to this position. To reach this conclusion, the author deploys in a famous section of the work (ch. 3) his own form of hypothesizing about the condition of the human species in an imagined prehistorical state of primitivity. That chapter is, in part, a self-promotional argument for the antiquity and validity of medicine as a τέχνη, but it also deserves a place, as many have observed, alongside other works of the period that took an interest in what we would call cultural anthropology. It would serve the theme of this volume well if I could argue that On Ancient Medicine’s particular foray into cultural anthropology was distinctly ‘Hippocratic’, and that any ancient doctor aligning himself with Hippocratic medicine would have been familiar with, and sympathetic to, On Ancient Medicine’s anthropological explanation of the origins of medicine. In fact, however, the available evidence does not allow us to say much","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"242-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64525952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004307407_019
R. Alessi
{"title":"Bodily Features in the Corpus Hippocraticum: On the Classification of Individuals into Groups.","authors":"R. Alessi","doi":"10.1163/9789004307407_019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307407_019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"345-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64526233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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