Some linguists explain the etymology of the botanical name euphorbion as deriving from the Greek verb phiepsilonrhobetaomega ("nourish, feed"). But according to Pliny this plant was discovered in the Atlas Mountains by Juba II, King of Mauretania, and named after his personal physician, Euphorbos. This paper aims to give credence to Pliny's version. Indeed, Juba described the plant, its latex and its therapeutical applications in a now lost treatise On Euphorbion (piepsilonrhoí epsilonvphiorhobetaioupsilon), which can be reconstructed through Greek and Latin testimonies. This treatise was the beginning of a long standing success. Juba and Euphorbos were living at the time when Greek medicine invaded the Roman world, and they are both representative of this cultural change.
{"title":"The pharmacological treatise (piepsilonrhoí epsilonvphiorhoíov) of Juba II, King of Mauretania.","authors":"Antoine Pietrobelli","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some linguists explain the etymology of the botanical name euphorbion as deriving from the Greek verb phiepsilonrhobetaomega (\"nourish, feed\"). But according to Pliny this plant was discovered in the Atlas Mountains by Juba II, King of Mauretania, and named after his personal physician, Euphorbos. This paper aims to give credence to Pliny's version. Indeed, Juba described the plant, its latex and its therapeutical applications in a now lost treatise On Euphorbion (piepsilonrhoí epsilonvphiorhobetaioupsilon), which can be reconstructed through Greek and Latin testimonies. This treatise was the beginning of a long standing success. Juba and Euphorbos were living at the time when Greek medicine invaded the Roman world, and they are both representative of this cultural change.</p>","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 ","pages":"157-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32646113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_010
Aurélien Gautherie
This chapter focuses on the place of physical pain in Celsus' On Medicine , before tackling the issue of pain evaluation and questioning the role of pain in the friendly medicine promoted by Celsus in his Preface . In the context of diagnoses, pain is a sign of an imminent illness to be cured three times out of four. The first step towards potential recovery is to locate physical pain. In On Medicine , almost every part of the body is concerned with pain, from the skull to the feet. The majority of the analgesic process found in On Medicine already existed in the Hippocratic Corpus , so that it is hard to outline any Roman specificity in Celsus' work. In Celsus' work, the universal dimension of pain is most of all linked with the different times of life and to climatological or seasonal criteria. Keywords: Celsus' On Medicine ; Hippocratic Corpus ; physical pain; Roman world
{"title":"8 Physical Pain in Celsus’ On Medicine","authors":"Aurélien Gautherie","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the place of physical pain in Celsus' On Medicine , before tackling the issue of pain evaluation and questioning the role of pain in the friendly medicine promoted by Celsus in his Preface . In the context of diagnoses, pain is a sign of an imminent illness to be cured three times out of four. The first step towards potential recovery is to locate physical pain. In On Medicine , almost every part of the body is concerned with pain, from the skull to the feet. The majority of the analgesic process found in On Medicine already existed in the Hippocratic Corpus , so that it is hard to outline any Roman specificity in Celsus' work. In Celsus' work, the universal dimension of pain is most of all linked with the different times of life and to climatological or seasonal criteria. Keywords: Celsus' On Medicine ; Hippocratic Corpus ; physical pain; Roman world","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"137-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64516963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_012
Svetlana Hautala
Once written down, every pharmacological text becomes open to all kinds of distortion of its content. It may have been inaccurately copied, for example, or its dosages may have been intentionally altered. The transcription in verse of pharmacological preparations was supposed to protect the text against any distortion, for metrical demands of verse do not easily allow for the substitution of the specified quantities of a remedy's ingredients. Furthermore, rhythmical poetry can facilitate memorization of the prescriptions. Beside its very practical functions, this production was not alien to inspiration from the Muses, and physicians shared with poets the right to invoke the gods' favour for their lines. The present paper focuses on the addresses to the readers in Greek and Latin pharmacological poetry; it shows how the practical function of preserving and transmitting information was interwoven with the author's own literary ambitions.
{"title":"\"As a matter of fact, this is not difficult to understand!\": the addresses to the reader in Greek and Latin pharmacological poetry.","authors":"Svetlana Hautala","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_012","url":null,"abstract":"Once written down, every pharmacological text becomes open to all kinds of distortion of its content. It may have been inaccurately copied, for example, or its dosages may have been intentionally altered. The transcription in verse of pharmacological preparations was supposed to protect the text against any distortion, for metrical demands of verse do not easily allow for the substitution of the specified quantities of a remedy's ingredients. Furthermore, rhythmical poetry can facilitate memorization of the prescriptions. Beside its very practical functions, this production was not alien to inspiration from the Muses, and physicians shared with poets the right to invoke the gods' favour for their lines. The present paper focuses on the addresses to the readers in Greek and Latin pharmacological poetry; it shows how the practical function of preserving and transmitting information was interwoven with the author's own literary ambitions.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"183-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64516995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_003
Véronique Boudon-Millot
Born in Pergamum in 129 A.D., Galen received his first medical training in his native city and then continued his studies in Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria. He began his medical career in Asia Minor, treating peasants and performing surgery on the gladiatorial troupe that worked as slaves under the high priest upon his return to Pergamum in 157. Subsequently, he settled in Rome, where he lived most of his life and treated many prominent patients. The aim of this paper is to explore how Galen viewed his Asian and Roman patients and how he adapted his practice and medical procedures based not only on each patient's social and economic status, but on his or her intellectual acumen and customs as well, through proposing an intelligent and original synthesis of Asian and Roman lifestyles.
{"title":"Greek and Roman patients under Galen's gaze: a doctor at the crossroads of two cultures.","authors":"Véronique Boudon-Millot","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_003","url":null,"abstract":"Born in Pergamum in 129 A.D., Galen received his first medical training in his native city and then continued his studies in Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria. He began his medical career in Asia Minor, treating peasants and performing surgery on the gladiatorial troupe that worked as slaves under the high priest upon his return to Pergamum in 157. Subsequently, he settled in Rome, where he lived most of his life and treated many prominent patients. The aim of this paper is to explore how Galen viewed his Asian and Roman patients and how he adapted his practice and medical procedures based not only on each patient's social and economic status, but on his or her intellectual acumen and customs as well, through proposing an intelligent and original synthesis of Asian and Roman lifestyles.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"7-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64517149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_013
Patricia Gaillard-Seux
Pliny the Elder was the first Latin medical author to mention magical formulas. His writings refer to twenty-seven in all, thirteen being of the simplest type. The origin is discernible for two-thirds of them. A Latin origin is noted for only two of them, and two are given in Greek The Greek influence seems decisive, with an important role played by the sympathies-antipathies and Pseudo-Democritus trend. Nine magical formulas are attributed to magi and one is also found in the Cyranides (Kupsilonrhoalphavídeltaepsilonzeta) and the Geoponica (gammaepsilonomegapiovichialpha). An author is named for only one incantation: King Attalus III of Pergamum. One carmen probably dates back to a model existing in Classical Greece, which is likely to be true even for one of the incantations in Greek. The text of the latter needs to be better understood in order for one to grasp its principle of action and perhaps its origin.
{"title":"Magical formulas in Pliny's natural history: origins, sources, parallels.","authors":"Patricia Gaillard-Seux","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_013","url":null,"abstract":"Pliny the Elder was the first Latin medical author to mention magical formulas. His writings refer to twenty-seven in all, thirteen being of the simplest type. The origin is discernible for two-thirds of them. A Latin origin is noted for only two of them, and two are given in Greek The Greek influence seems decisive, with an important role played by the sympathies-antipathies and Pseudo-Democritus trend. Nine magical formulas are attributed to magi and one is also found in the Cyranides (Kupsilonrhoalphavídeltaepsilonzeta) and the Geoponica (gammaepsilonomegapiovichialpha). An author is named for only one incantation: King Attalus III of Pergamum. One carmen probably dates back to a model existing in Classical Greece, which is likely to be true even for one of the incantations in Greek. The text of the latter needs to be better understood in order for one to grasp its principle of action and perhaps its origin.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"201-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64517541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_008
M. Marganne, Magali de Haro Sanchez
1. Far fewer Latin medical papyri, whether paraliterary, documentary or magical, have survived compared to Greek medical papyri, but they nonetheless provide interesting information about medical practices in the Graeco-Roman world, the relationship between Greek and Latin medical languages, and the choices made to use one rather than the other, a subject that has never been exhaustively studied. As part of the update undertaken by CEDOPAL since 2008 of the Corpus papyrorum Latinarum, published fifty years ago by the late Robert Cavenaile, we have inventoried Latin papyri containing medical references, classifying them by type or nature of content, provenance, form, layout, and writing. We finally analyse their content and what it reveals about the reception of Greek medicine by Latin or Latin-speaking writers. 2. The second section presents the only iatromagical papyrus in Latin known at the present time, P. Held. inv. lat. 5 (Suppl. Mag. 1.36, ca. fifth/sixth centuries, Fustat [?]), and compares its content with that of the Greek iatromagical papyri (dating from the first century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.) on one hand, and on the other hand with iatromagical formulae in Latin that have been preserved on metal leaves coming from Italy, Hungary, France, and England.
{"title":"At the crossroads of Greek and Roman medicine: the contribution of Latin papyri. 1. Medical texts; 2. Iatromagical papyri.","authors":"M. Marganne, Magali de Haro Sanchez","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_008","url":null,"abstract":"1. Far fewer Latin medical papyri, whether paraliterary, documentary or magical, have survived compared to Greek medical papyri, but they nonetheless provide interesting information about medical practices in the Graeco-Roman world, the relationship between Greek and Latin medical languages, and the choices made to use one rather than the other, a subject that has never been exhaustively studied. As part of the update undertaken by CEDOPAL since 2008 of the Corpus papyrorum Latinarum, published fifty years ago by the late Robert Cavenaile, we have inventoried Latin papyri containing medical references, classifying them by type or nature of content, provenance, form, layout, and writing. We finally analyse their content and what it reveals about the reception of Greek medicine by Latin or Latin-speaking writers. 2. The second section presents the only iatromagical papyrus in Latin known at the present time, P. Held. inv. lat. 5 (Suppl. Mag. 1.36, ca. fifth/sixth centuries, Fustat [?]), and compares its content with that of the Greek iatromagical papyri (dating from the first century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.) on one hand, and on the other hand with iatromagical formulae in Latin that have been preserved on metal leaves coming from Italy, Hungary, France, and England.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"92-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64516827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_005
P. Bader
More than a hundred epigraphic documents on different writing materials refer to medical staff in the Roman army. This paper focuses on the identity, legal status and origin of the Roman army medical staff--a topic which until now has hardly been studied. Various titles were conferred to a large number of medical staff in every unit of the Roman army; the doctors (medici) were the most numerous and had different ranks and status. The onomastic study of the inscriptions reveals a large proportion of Roman citizens in the military medical service. Most of them are ingenui with a Latin name, but freedmen with a Greek origin are frequently attested, though less so than among civilian doctors. These results dispel some misconceptions such as the Greek origin of most military doctors, which can be explained by the legal requirements of the recruitment into the Roman army.
{"title":"The identity, legal status and origin of the Roman army's medical staff in the imperial age.","authors":"P. Bader","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_005","url":null,"abstract":"More than a hundred epigraphic documents on different writing materials refer to medical staff in the Roman army. This paper focuses on the identity, legal status and origin of the Roman army medical staff--a topic which until now has hardly been studied. Various titles were conferred to a large number of medical staff in every unit of the Roman army; the doctors (medici) were the most numerous and had different ranks and status. The onomastic study of the inscriptions reveals a large proportion of Roman citizens in the military medical service. Most of them are ingenui with a Latin name, but freedmen with a Greek origin are frequently attested, though less so than among civilian doctors. These results dispel some misconceptions such as the Greek origin of most military doctors, which can be explained by the legal requirements of the recruitment into the Roman army.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64517237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My contribution focuses on discussing the knowledge Roman non-medical authors had of medical literature. My research suggests that the medical authors known and cited belong mainly to the classical and Hellenistic age. The occasions or reasons for an intellectual in antiquity to turn his attention to medical texts were mainly twofold: to bolster a philosophical or ethical claim, and to confirm medical theories.
{"title":"References to medical authors in non-medical Latin literature.","authors":"Innocenzo Mazzini","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>My contribution focuses on discussing the knowledge Roman non-medical authors had of medical literature. My research suggests that the medical authors known and cited belong mainly to the classical and Hellenistic age. The occasions or reasons for an intellectual in antiquity to turn his attention to medical texts were mainly twofold: to bolster a philosophical or ethical claim, and to confirm medical theories.</p>","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 ","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32646109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004273863_007
I. Mazzini
My contribution focuses on discussing the knowledge Roman non-medical authors had of medical literature. My research suggests that the medical authors known and cited belong mainly to the classical and Hellenistic age. The occasions or reasons for an intellectual in antiquity to turn his attention to medical texts were mainly twofold: to bolster a philosophical or ethical claim, and to confirm medical theories.
{"title":"References to medical authors in non-medical Latin literature.","authors":"I. Mazzini","doi":"10.1163/9789004273863_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004273863_007","url":null,"abstract":"My contribution focuses on discussing the knowledge Roman non-medical authors had of medical literature. My research suggests that the medical authors known and cited belong mainly to the classical and Hellenistic age. The occasions or reasons for an intellectual in antiquity to turn his attention to medical texts were mainly twofold: to bolster a philosophical or ethical claim, and to confirm medical theories.","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64516810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Court physicians enjoyed an outstanding prominence. They were able to perpetuate their memory with ease, an aim of the greatest importance to individuals in antiquity. This paper, using historical, literary, anthropological, and iconographic approaches, investigates the strategies used by those privileged physicians to perpetuate their memory. After focussing on key figures like Antonius Musa, Stertinius Xenophon, and the Statilii and on lesser known personalities like Philotas of Amphissa, Euphorbos, and Andromachus the Elder, it appears that those physicians felt they had to rely mainly on literary works to achieve this end, although uncertain transmission often rendered it inadequate for the purpose. Benefactory practices were of greater weight because their memory was more efficiently perpetuated by members of their family and their native cities as demonstrated by epigraphy and numismatics.
{"title":"\"Memorial\" strategies of court physicians in the imperial period.","authors":"Sébastien Barbara","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Court physicians enjoyed an outstanding prominence. They were able to perpetuate their memory with ease, an aim of the greatest importance to individuals in antiquity. This paper, using historical, literary, anthropological, and iconographic approaches, investigates the strategies used by those privileged physicians to perpetuate their memory. After focussing on key figures like Antonius Musa, Stertinius Xenophon, and the Statilii and on lesser known personalities like Philotas of Amphissa, Euphorbos, and Andromachus the Elder, it appears that those physicians felt they had to rely mainly on literary works to achieve this end, although uncertain transmission often rendered it inadequate for the purpose. Benefactory practices were of greater weight because their memory was more efficiently perpetuated by members of their family and their native cities as demonstrated by epigraphy and numismatics.</p>","PeriodicalId":82835,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ancient medicine","volume":"42 ","pages":"25-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32646106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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