The prevalence of anorexia nervosa has ranged from 27% in non-clinical samples to 85% in samples of adolescents with eating disorders, with twice the prevalence noted in females. Several correlates of anorexia are reported in the recent literature reviewed here including vegetarian diets, personality characteristics such as internalizing and perfectionism as well as behavior problems including impulsivity, dysregulation and being victimized. Comorbidities have included social anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. In most of these studies, it is not clear which is the primary disorder, as most of the samples are cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. Several of the correlates have also been identified as risk factors including gender, early attachment disturbances, excessive Internet use and negative effects of COVID-19. Potential underlying mechanisms have included involvement of the prefrontal area of the brain based on fMRI and evoked potential research. Fortunately, negative effects of anorexia including decreased body fat mass and bone density as well as lower cortical thickness and less grey matter have been reversed following weight gain. Other effective interventions have included cognitive behavior and dialectical behavior therapy. This narrative review involved entering the terms eating disorders and adolescents into PubMed and PsycINFO. The search yielded 251 papers for the last five years, but following exclusion criteria including case studies and non-English papers, this review is a summary of the research reported in 49 papers. The recent literature on eating disorders in adolescents is predominantly focused on correlates and risk factors for anorexia along with some studies on comorbidities and potential underlying mechanisms for anorexia. Although there are virtually no studies on the effects of anorexia except its effects on body mass and bone mineral density, several intervention studies appear in this literature. Related studies are focused on orthorexia. This narrative review is accordingly divided into sections on the prevalence of anorexia, comorbidities, correlates, risk factors, potential underlying mechanisms and interventions. In a separate section, the smaller literature on orthorexia and drunkorexia is briefly reviewed.
{"title":"Anorexia in Adolescents: A Narrative Review","authors":"Tiffany Field, Cybervictimization Marco, Comorbidities","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100220","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of anorexia nervosa has ranged from 27% in non-clinical samples to 85% in samples of adolescents with eating disorders, with twice the prevalence noted in females. Several correlates of anorexia are reported in the recent literature reviewed here including vegetarian diets, personality characteristics such as internalizing and perfectionism as well as behavior problems including impulsivity, dysregulation and being victimized. Comorbidities have included social anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. In most of these studies, it is not clear which is the primary disorder, as most of the samples are cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. Several of the correlates have also been identified as risk factors including gender, early attachment disturbances, excessive Internet use and negative effects of COVID-19. Potential underlying mechanisms have included involvement of the prefrontal area of the brain based on fMRI and evoked potential research. Fortunately, negative effects of anorexia including decreased body fat mass and bone density as well as lower cortical thickness and less grey matter have been reversed following weight gain. Other effective interventions have included cognitive behavior and dialectical behavior therapy. This narrative review involved entering the terms eating disorders and adolescents into PubMed and PsycINFO. The search yielded 251 papers for the last five years, but following exclusion criteria including case studies and non-English papers, this review is a summary of the research reported in 49 papers. The recent literature on eating disorders in adolescents is predominantly focused on correlates and risk factors for anorexia along with some studies on comorbidities and potential underlying mechanisms for anorexia. Although there are virtually no studies on the effects of anorexia except its effects on body mass and bone mineral density, several intervention studies appear in this literature. Related studies are focused on orthorexia. This narrative review is accordingly divided into sections on the prevalence of anorexia, comorbidities, correlates, risk factors, potential underlying mechanisms and interventions. In a separate section, the smaller literature on orthorexia and drunkorexia is briefly reviewed.","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76703255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100221
Tiffany Field
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning youth have experienced stigma in the form of stressors including rejection by parents and peers, discrimination, harassment and violence. The prevalence has ranged from 18% to 67% in different samples. The disparities they have experienced include sexual and mental health, substance use and suicide risk. Since they spend much of their time in school, gay straight alliances have been created and have helped reduce these problems. Despite the limitations of this recent literature, the research highlights the ongoing problems of LGBTQ youth and the need for continuing research and interventions. This narrative review involved entering the terms LGBTQ and youth into PubMed and PsycINFO. The search yielded 541 papers for the last five years. However, following exclusion criteria including case studies and non-English papers, this review is a summary of the research reported in 66 papers. The recent literature on LGBTQ and youth is predominantly focused on negative effects of belonging to a sexual or gender minority group along with some studies on comorbidities, buffers and interventions. This narrative review is accordingly divided into sections on prevalence, effects/ correlates, comorbidities, buffers and interventions.
{"title":"LGBTQ in Youth: A Narrative Review","authors":"Tiffany Field","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100221","url":null,"abstract":"Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning youth have experienced stigma in the form of stressors including rejection by parents and peers, discrimination, harassment and violence. The prevalence has ranged from 18% to 67% in different samples. The disparities they have experienced include sexual and mental health, substance use and suicide risk. Since they spend much of their time in school, gay straight alliances have been created and have helped reduce these problems. Despite the limitations of this recent literature, the research highlights the ongoing problems of LGBTQ youth and the need for continuing research and interventions. This narrative review involved entering the terms LGBTQ and youth into PubMed and PsycINFO. The search yielded 541 papers for the last five years. However, following exclusion criteria including case studies and non-English papers, this review is a summary of the research reported in 66 papers. The recent literature on LGBTQ and youth is predominantly focused on negative effects of belonging to a sexual or gender minority group along with some studies on comorbidities, buffers and interventions. This narrative review is accordingly divided into sections on prevalence, effects/ correlates, comorbidities, buffers and interventions.","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79305075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100218
{"title":"Adherence to Growth Hormone-Determined by a Consensual, Center-Based Supply-Associates with Height Outcomes in Youth","authors":"","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86957564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100216
{"title":"Positional Head Deformities is not Associated with an Increase of the Psychomotor Development at 24 Months of Age","authors":"","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73182435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100213
{"title":"Forensic Aspects of Male Child Rape and How We Can Prove It","authors":"","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75462028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100212
{"title":"Cholestatic Jaundice with Hypoglycemia as a Manifestation of Congenital Endocrine Disorders: A Case Series","authors":"","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76037080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100210
Aisha Alkhaaldi, Pamela Evans, E. Phelan, Timothy, R. Leahy, K. Butler
gallinarum with Acute Abstract Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens with a unique pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility. VRE includes Enterococcus gallinarum has been implicated in different infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. Bone and joint infections with enterococcal species are very rare and typically associated with prosthetic joints. We report a case of multifocal recurrent septic arthritis and native bone osteomyelitis due to E. gallinarum in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).
{"title":"Recurrent Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis with Enterococcus gallinarum in a Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","authors":"Aisha Alkhaaldi, Pamela Evans, E. Phelan, Timothy, R. Leahy, K. Butler","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100210","url":null,"abstract":"gallinarum with Acute Abstract Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens with a unique pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility. VRE includes Enterococcus gallinarum has been implicated in different infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. Bone and joint infections with enterococcal species are very rare and typically associated with prosthetic joints. We report a case of multifocal recurrent septic arthritis and native bone osteomyelitis due to E. gallinarum in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77267430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100207
E. Reeson, Ryan M Nelson, Trevor Smith, G. Grimsby
Achieving adequate pain control during the post-operative period is imperative to the recovery of pediatric patients undergoing urologic surgery. While opioids are highly effective at post-operative pain management, their use comes at the cost of potential negative consequences including addiction, respiratory depression, and even death. Appropriate opioid stewardship is necessary to reduce the serious risks associated with pediatric opioid use. Option to reduce opioid use in ERAS protocols, directed provider education, use of non-opioid analgesics, regional anesthesia, and other supportive and system-based measures. Considering these alternatives can aid healthcare providers in delivering pain management that is both safe and effective.
{"title":"Are Opioids Really Needed After Pediatric Surgery? A Mini-Review","authors":"E. Reeson, Ryan M Nelson, Trevor Smith, G. Grimsby","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100207","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving adequate pain control during the post-operative period is imperative to the recovery of pediatric patients undergoing urologic surgery. While opioids are highly effective at post-operative pain management, their use comes at the cost of potential negative consequences including addiction, respiratory depression, and even death. Appropriate opioid stewardship is necessary to reduce the serious risks associated with pediatric opioid use. Option to reduce opioid use in ERAS protocols, directed provider education, use of non-opioid analgesics, regional anesthesia, and other supportive and system-based measures. Considering these alternatives can aid healthcare providers in delivering pain management that is both safe and effective.","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87492330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100205
I. Ali, Ashok Kumar, B. Shamim, Danial Khalid, Rida, Zainab, Abdul Ahad
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease. It is characterized by impaired metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, which is caused by deficiency of branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes complex. This leads to accumulation of branched chain amino acids includes leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The usual clinical presentation of patient is irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, poor growth, and developmental symptoms. MSUD is characterized by radiological imaging features of cytotoxic brain edema affecting the white matter, and involving the corticospinal tracts, thalami, globus palladi, midbrain, dorsal brain stem and cerebellum. Here we present MRI features of classic MSUD in neonate which was later confirmed on biochemical investigations. syrup urine disease, autosomal recessive inherited disorder, amino acids, α-ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes system
{"title":"MRI Findings of Maple Syrup Urine Disease-A Metabolic Central Nervous System Disease","authors":"I. Ali, Ashok Kumar, B. Shamim, Danial Khalid, Rida, Zainab, Abdul Ahad","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100205","url":null,"abstract":"Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease. It is characterized by impaired metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, which is caused by deficiency of branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes complex. This leads to accumulation of branched chain amino acids includes leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The usual clinical presentation of patient is irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, poor growth, and developmental symptoms. MSUD is characterized by radiological imaging features of cytotoxic brain edema affecting the white matter, and involving the corticospinal tracts, thalami, globus palladi, midbrain, dorsal brain stem and cerebellum. Here we present MRI features of classic MSUD in neonate which was later confirmed on biochemical investigations. syrup urine disease, autosomal recessive inherited disorder, amino acids, α-ketoacid dehydrogenase enzymes system","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83303136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.29011/2575-825x.100203
G. Moyo, Oummy Djamila Ngapout, Laura Kuate, Makowa, Audrey Thérèse Mbang, Virginie Binda, Essomba Aurore, Albane, Christiale Batibonak, Suzanne Sap Ngo Um
Exogenous Cushing’s syndrome is an ACTH-independent endocrine disorder, characterized by specific signs resulting from excessive glucocorticoid intake. This is mainly the case in the course of management of corticotherapy-necessitating chronic diseases such as asthma. It may occasionally lead to secondary Adrenal insufficiency, which is the inability of the adrenal glands to produce hormones, precisely cortisol and aldosterone, due to lack of secretion of ACTH from a suppressed pituitary gland. The clinical presentation of adrenal insufficiency may be gradual and nonspecific, depending on the degree of insufficiency and precipitating stress event. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, and headache. We here present the case of an asthmatic infant treated with glucocorticoids, who came presenting with some of the above symptoms after the interruption of his medication, with onset of exogenous Cushing’s syndrome. The particularity of this case report is the association of iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome with secondary adrenal insufficiency in an asthmatic infant. This is rare and very less reported in the pediatric population. Yet, it was effectively managed with a salt restriction diet and the re-administration of hydrocortisone, which is a glucocorticoid too. As such, a disorder caused by the intake of glucocorticoid had definitely found its solution in a treatment with glucocorticoids. Somehow-“healing evil with evil” or a “hair of the dog that bit you”.
{"title":"Exogenous Cushing’s Syndrome with Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency in an Asthmatic Infant: “Healing Evil with Evil”","authors":"G. Moyo, Oummy Djamila Ngapout, Laura Kuate, Makowa, Audrey Thérèse Mbang, Virginie Binda, Essomba Aurore, Albane, Christiale Batibonak, Suzanne Sap Ngo Um","doi":"10.29011/2575-825x.100203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-825x.100203","url":null,"abstract":"Exogenous Cushing’s syndrome is an ACTH-independent endocrine disorder, characterized by specific signs resulting from excessive glucocorticoid intake. This is mainly the case in the course of management of corticotherapy-necessitating chronic diseases such as asthma. It may occasionally lead to secondary Adrenal insufficiency, which is the inability of the adrenal glands to produce hormones, precisely cortisol and aldosterone, due to lack of secretion of ACTH from a suppressed pituitary gland. The clinical presentation of adrenal insufficiency may be gradual and nonspecific, depending on the degree of insufficiency and precipitating stress event. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, and headache. We here present the case of an asthmatic infant treated with glucocorticoids, who came presenting with some of the above symptoms after the interruption of his medication, with onset of exogenous Cushing’s syndrome. The particularity of this case report is the association of iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome with secondary adrenal insufficiency in an asthmatic infant. This is rare and very less reported in the pediatric population. Yet, it was effectively managed with a salt restriction diet and the re-administration of hydrocortisone, which is a glucocorticoid too. As such, a disorder caused by the intake of glucocorticoid had definitely found its solution in a treatment with glucocorticoids. Somehow-“healing evil with evil” or a “hair of the dog that bit you”.","PeriodicalId":8302,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86414372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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