Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

Malignant edema is a severe and rapidly fatal disease that affects both domestic and wild livestock. The disease manifests following the introduction of Clostridium spp. into wounds or skin damage, with Clostridium septicum being commonly linked with malignant edema. This disease, characterised by oedema, doughy swelling and skin necrosis, is underreported in Iran, leading to a lack of awareness among clinicians. Addressing this issue is imperative, as evidenced by current research efforts aimed at enhancing our understanding of the disease's prognosis, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment.The present study was initiated after the detection of suspicious signs of malignant edema in three separate flocks with imported breeds. Investigations included regular clinical exams and sample collection from subcutaneous tissue. The affected livestock consists of five Île-de-France sheep and two Romane rams, with one Île-de-France ram succumbing to the disease.The bacteriological procedure, including Gram staining and isolation of the causative agent, was meticulously carried out using the standard method.The PCR assay was conducted to validate the existence of C. septicum and reject the presence of Clostridium chauvoei by employing specific primers. The diagnosis of malignant edema in the affected sheep was confirmed through clinical, macroscopic, and bacteriological examinations, all of which corroborated the presence of C. septicum.The PCR assay demonstrated the presence of the C. septicum, thereby verifying the bacteriological procedure.Initial signs of the infection included depression, weakness, high fever, and colic, followed by regional pain, crepitation, swelling characterised by a doughy consistency, edema, pain, and necrosis. The study emphasises the significance of early diagnosis and antibiotic intervention (Penicillin and Streptomycin) in preventing fatalities due to malignant edema. Nevertheless, it is important to note the persistent challenge of the inability to repair necrotic tissue at the lesion site. Malignant edema, not being a prominently warned disease and with vaccinations available against its causative agent, has received comparatively less focus from clinicians and researchers in Iran.

Lymphoproliferative disorders are a group of hematological malignancies involving the proliferation of lymphocytes. These neoplasms are generally classified into three distinct groups: lymphoma, leukemia, and plasma cell tumors. Among these, lymphomas are among the most prevalent types of malignant tumors in veterinary medicine. These neoplasms exhibit a high prevalence rate in dogs and cats afflicted with diseases such as FeLV. In light of the deleterious side effects associated with chemotherapy drugs, there has been a surge of interest in exploring the use of medicinal plants. M. oleifera, also known as the miracle tree, is a plant that contains anti-cancer compounds in all its parts, including the leaves, roots, and stems. It has been identified as having high antioxidant potential, making it a valuable plant for promoting health and preventing diseases. Moringa oleifera, a well-known member of the Moringaceae family, has been extensively studied due to its high antioxidant capacity. Recent research has highlighted its significant anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The present study sought to investigate the toxicity effect of moringa extract on the EL4 lymphoma cell line. In this study, EL4 cells were exposed to varying concentrations of M. oleifera extract for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The survival rates of the different groups were initially evaluated using trypan blue and MTT assay methods, and subsequently, real-time PCR was employed for a more precise analysis. The resulting data were then subjected to thorough analysis using SPSS software and the one-way ANOVA test. The treatment of the cell line with M. oleifera powder extract at all concentrations resulted in the inhibition of cancer cell growth. The most significant outcomes were observed at a concentration of 10 µg/ml after 48 hours, and the IC50 value was found to be greater than 50%. The study concluded that M. oleifera extract inhibits the growth of EL4 cells.

Leptospirosis, a significant yet often overlooked zoonotic disease, is distributed worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The manifestation of its symptoms can be deceptive, often leading to misdiagnosis due to its resemblance to other infectious diseases. The development of rapid diagnostic tests and the identification of potential vaccine candidates for leptospirosis pose significant challenges. Surface-exposed antigens, found on the outer layer of Leptospira, likely contribute to the initial interactions between the host and the pathogen.Lipl32 is highly conserved and exclusively produced by pathogenic Leptospires, and it plays a significant role in a prominent immunogen in leptospirosis. The objective of this study is to establish the optimal conditions for the expression and purification of the rLipl32 protein of Iranian pathogenic leptospira and to assess its ability to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses. A comprehensive analysis of all Lipl32 protein sequences was conducted using the NCBI database. The codon sequences of serovars were designed and synthesized, and one local dominant Lipl32 pattern was selected after optimization. The construct was sub-cloned into a pET32a+ vector with His-tag and Trx, then transformed into E. coli (BL21) for expression using IPTG. Subsequent purification and confirmation by immune blotting were then performed. BALB/c mice (4-6 weeks old) were vaccinated with three doses containing 50 mg of rLipl32, with a 14-day interval, and compared with controls. The humoral immune response and the cytokine profile were evaluated using an indirect sandwich ELISA test. The results demonstrated that the rLipl32 protein exhibited elevated levels of expression in the presence of 0.5 mM IPTG following a 16-hour incubation period at 22°C. The optimal conditions for the Ni-NTA pull-down process entailed a one-hour binding period at 37°C, followed by five washing steps and the use of an elution buffer with a pH of 7.4 and a 0.3 mM concentration of imidazole. This process successfully purified the rLipl32 protein in soluble form. The administration of rLipl32 resulted in elevated total antibody titers (p<0.05) and a significant increase in cytokine levels (p<0.05). Consequently, rLipl32 was found to potently stimulate specific humoral and cellular immune responses. It has been proposed that this agent could be further utilized for immune dominant Lipl32-based diagnosis and has potential as a subunit vaccine.

Gastric cancer is the fourth most prevalent form of cancer globally and the second leading cause of cancer-related fatalities worldwide. It was responsible for approximately 768,000 deaths. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as short non-coding RNAs, undoubtedly play a central and decisive role in various types of cancer due to their interaction with target genes. Since the discovery of the identity and clinical functions of miRNAs in the past few decades, their potential as therapeutic targets in cancer research has been the focus of extensive study. The present study aims to investigate the role of microRNAs in gastric cancer, focusing on their expression, biogenesis, and potential as therapeutic biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as critical regulators of cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and the cell cycle. Furthermore, they have been identified as markers of metastasis in the stomach, liver, and lymph nodes, as well as indicators of response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of miRNAs in gastric cancer as biomarkers for cancer prognosis. A number of oncogenic clinical trials are currently underway, exploring the use of miRNAs in screening, diagnosis, and drug testing. However, many systematic molecular mechanisms, including a detailed investigation of miRNAs and their expression in gastric cancer, remain to be elucidated. Consequently, in addition to presenting the updated results of recent preclinical studies, researchers have investigated the biogenesis of miRNAs and their expression in cancer cells. It is hoped that the analysis of molecular interaction effects and the identification of target molecules and signaling pathways for miRNAs will contribute to the prevention and treatment of this disease.

The Norduz region, which is located inside the boundaries of the Gürpınar district of Van province, is home to the Norduz sheep, a breed of Akkaraman sheep. A sheep breed that is only bred in the Norduz region is the Norduz sheep. It has proven to be able to adjust to the severe weather in Eastern Anatolia, and it has shown distinct performance metrics that set it apart from other breeds. In this work, the Norduz sheep's mandible was analyzed and inspected utilizing a geometric morphometric approach. By using principal component analysis, principle components in multidimensional data sets were found. Using discriminant function analysis, the differences between the samples were found. The study materials used to accomplish this came from Van slaughterhouses. Gender was a factor of interest, so a total of 20 mandibles (10 female and 10 male) were chosen for analysis. First, the skull's mandibles were taken out. The underlying muscles were then dissected. The mandibles were then heated for 20 to 30 minutes, and then hydrogen peroxide was used to bleach them. After drying, the mandibles were shot from the same 20-cm distance. Photographs of the mandibles' left lateral surfaces were captured. These variations were also subjected to formal and statistical studies. There were sixteen significant variations found using the main component analysis. The observed shape differences were explained by the first three variances in 58,647% of cases. The results of the discriminant function analysis, which produced the best results for gender discrimination, were quite pleasing, showing that people were clearly and distinctly different from one another. According to the previously indicated investigations, information was obtained about the anatomical traits and adaptations of the Norduz sheep mandible, which was used as a model case study in this area.

Intestinal bacterial infections are a significant cause of mortality in developing countries, with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) being a leading cause of severe diarrheal diseases. These infections are characterized by the production of enterotoxins and colonization factors that disrupt the small intestine, leading to diarrhea. While antibiotic treatments face limitations, vaccination has emerged as a critical tool for prevention. This study evaluates the immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) that encapsulates the recombinant surface antigen SlyB of ETEC in an animal model. The SlyB antigen was expressed in an expression vector, purified, and encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method. Rabbits were immunized using three different administration methods: oral, oral-injection, and injection. Antibody levels in serum and feces were measured via ELISA, and the neutralization ability of immune sera was assessed using an ileal loop assay. The study's findings revealed that the oral administration of chitosan nanoparticles led to the highest titers of serum IgG and fecal IgA antibodies, suggesting a potential for enhanced mucosal immune responses.The encapsulation of the recombinant SlyB protein within the chitosan nanoparticles not only maintained antigen stability but also promoted controlled release, thereby stimulating robust cellular and humoral immunity.The efficacy of immune sera in neutralizing ETEC toxins was confirmed through a challenge test, with the oral vaccination group demonstrating the most significant neutralizing activity. This study underscores the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as an effective delivery platform for mucosal vaccines against ETEC.By encapsulating recombinant antigens, this method not only enhances immunogenicity but also offers a promising alternative to conventional vaccination strategies for diarrheal diseases.Further research is recommended to explore scalability and efficacy in broader populations.

The objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the Z1 cell line to measles, rubella, and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs), and to observe the subsequent cytopathic effects (CPEs) that result from these viruses. The study sought to determine the potential of the Z1 cell line as a suitable alternative for more efficient isolation and identification of these viruses, as well as for conducting quality control tests, such as potency tests and the production of biological products, including diagnostic antigens. The Z1 cell lines were prepared in disposable cell culture flasks and were inoculated with Measles, Rubella, and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses at defined multiplicity of infection. Vero-WHO, Rabbit Kidney-13 (RK-13), and Hep-2 cell lines were also prepared as standard cell substrates and were inoculated with measles, rubella, and respiratory syncytial viruses, respectively. The quality and quantity of CPE formation, i.e., the microscopic signs of viral replication, were observed daily in the test and control cell lines. Samples were collected for the purpose of calculating the titer of progeny viruses, which was then used to compare the viral yield. An interference test using the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) was also performed to confirm the replication of Rubella in the Rubella-inoculated cell cultures. In the case of Measles Virus, a significant difference was observed between viral yield in Z1 and Vero-WHO cells. A similar outcome was observed for the Rubella virus, with significant disparities in viral yield observed between Z1 and RK-13 cells. However, when Respiratory Syncytial Virus was inoculated into the Z1 and Vero-WHO cells, no significant differences in viral yield were observed. Consequently, the Z1 cell line emerges as a promising substitute for Hep-2 cells, particularly for the isolation and propagation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. However, it should be noted that the Z1 cell line exhibits a higher susceptibility to Measles Virus. However, the Z1 cell line was not found to be a suitable substrate for the propagation of Rubella Virus.

Since the end of 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected many people globally. Diagnosis and treatment of patients have a pivotal role in surviving them. Two units of virus namely, Nucleocapsid protein and Spike proteins play important roles in entering and affecting cells. These two substances can be good targets for producing monoclonal antibodies which can be useful in treatment, serological diagnosis tests, and even prevention by vaccination. In 2020, the nucleocapsid protein and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were procured by the Razi Vaccine and Research Institute in Karaj. Subsequently, the proteins were injected into mice, with the injection dosage adjusted to ensure that the mice received an appropriate amount of the proteins. Subsequently, the spleen cells of the immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells. The most promising antibody-producing clones were selected for further evaluation. The immunoreactivity of the recombinant Np and S proteins was subsequently evaluated by implementing Western Blot and ELISA techniques. Finally, the most promising clones were cryopreserved using a nitrogen gas cryogenic method. The employment of an ELISA test resulted in the identification of eight clone antibodies, namely 3G1, 3G2, 3E7, H11, A11, F10, B11, and 2F6. These monoclonal antibodies were found to be against the S and Np antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the results of the western blot test indicated that each of these antibodies had antigenic sites against the Spike and Nucleocapsid protein independently, and the isotyping test revealed that they were from IgG (2a, 2b) or IgM class antibodies. The development of monoclonal antibodies has the potential to facilitate both diagnosis and treatment. The Nucleocapsid protein and Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 show great promise in the creation of a new generation of monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, a comprehensive approach to the early diagnosis of the disease can be facilitated by integrating the detection of these two proteins.

Tuberculosis infection (TBI), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), presents with or without clinical signs of active TB and is a persistent global threat despite efforts to eradicate it. The emergence of HIV/AIDS is one of the problems to complete eradication. Recent research has focused on vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment. This review examines vulnerable populations, high-risk groups, and socio-economic factors influencing TBI prevalence. It also explores the intersection of TBI and the COVID-19 pandemic, including healthcare disruptions and transmission dynamics. Advances in TBI diagnosis, biomarkers, prophylactic therapies, and combination treatments are discussed, along with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in TBI therapy to optimize treatment and personalize care. Vulnerability to TBI varies based on age, socio-economic status, and immune status. High-risk groups include those with compromised immune systems, the elderly, and those in crowded or poorly ventilated settings. Socioeconomic factors such as poverty and limited healthcare access also contribute to TBI prevalence. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted TBI diagnosis and treatment, with limited healthcare access impacting outcomes. Changes in healthcare delivery, like telemedicine, may have long-term impacts on TBI care. Improved biomarkers, like interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), offer faster TBI diagnosis. Prophylactic therapies, such as isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), reduce active TB risk in high-risk groups. Combination treatments are being evaluated for drug-resistant strains. AI integration in TBI therapy could lead to better outcomes by analyzing patient data for personalized treatment plans. In conclusion, TBI remains a global health threat requiring ongoing research and innovative approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Advances in diagnosis, prophylactic therapies, and combination treatments, along with AI integration, offer hope for improved outcomes and better patient care, In conclusion, traumatic brain injury (TBI) persists as a significant global health concern, necessitating sustained research efforts and the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Advancements in diagnostic methods, prophylactic therapies, combination treatments, and the integration of artificial intelligence hold promise for enhancing outcomes and enhancing patient care.