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Characterization of particle exposure during tunnel excavation by tunnel boring machines. 隧道掘进机挖掘隧道过程中的颗粒暴露特征。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae041
Torunn K Ervik, Mimmi Leite, Stephan Weinbruch, Karl-Christian Nordby, Dag G Ellingsen, Bente Ulvestad, Kari Dahl, Balazs Berlinger, Nils Petter Skaugset

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are used to excavate tunnels in a manner where the rock is constantly penetrated with rotating cutter heads. Fine particles of the rock minerals are thereby generated. Workers on and in the vicinity of the TBM are exposed to particulate matter (PM) consisting of bedrock minerals including α-quartz. Exposure to respirable α-quartz remains a concern because of the respiratory diseases associated with this exposure. The particle size distribution of PM and α-quartz is of special importance because of its influence on adverse health effects, monitoring and control strategies as well as accurate quantification of α-quartz concentrations. The major aim of our study was therefore to investigate the particle size distribution of airborne PM and α-quartz generated during tunnel excavation using TBMs in an area dominated by gneiss, a metamorphic type of rock. Sioutas cascade impactors were used to collect personal samples on 3 separate days. The impactor fractionates the dust in 5 size fractions, from 10 µm down to below 0.25 µm. The filters were weighted, and the α-quartz concentrations were quantified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the NIOSH 7500 method on the 5 size fractions. Other minerals were determined using Rietveld refinement XRD analysis. The size and elemental composition of individual particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The majority of PM mass was collected on the first 3 stages (aerodynamic diameter = 10 to 0.5 µm) of the Sioutas cascade impactor. No observable differences were found for the size distribution of the collected PM and α-quartz for the 3 sampling days nor the various work tasks. However, the α-quartz proportion varied for the 3 sampling days demonstrating a dependence on geology. The collected α-quartz consisted of more particles with sizes below 1 µm than the calibration material, which most likely affected the accuracy of the measured respirable α-quartz concentrations. This potential systematic error is important to keep in mind when analyzing α-quartz from occupational samples. Knowledge of the particle size distribution is also important for control measures, which should target particle sizes that efficiently capture the respirable α-quartz concentration.

隧道掘进机(TBM)用于挖掘隧道,其方式是用旋转刀头不断穿透岩石。因此会产生细小的岩石矿物颗粒。在隧道掘进机上和附近工作的工人会接触到由基岩矿物(包括 α-石英)组成的微粒物质 (PM)。暴露于可吸入的 α-石英仍然是一个令人担忧的问题,因为这种暴露会导致呼吸道疾病。可吸入颗粒物和α-石英的粒径分布对不良健康影响、监测和控制策略以及α-石英浓度的准确量化都有影响,因此特别重要。因此,我们研究的主要目的是调查在以片麻岩(一种变质岩)为主的地区使用隧道掘进机挖掘隧道时产生的空气中可吸入颗粒物和α-石英的粒径分布情况。Sioutas 级联冲击器分别在 3 天内采集了个人样本。冲击器将粉尘分为 5 个粒度等级,从 10 微米到 0.25 微米以下。对过滤器进行加权,并使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 分析和 NIOSH 7500 方法对 5 个粒度分馏物中的α-石英浓度进行量化。其他矿物则采用里特维尔德细化 XRD 分析法进行测定。通过扫描电子显微镜研究了单个颗粒的大小和元素组成。大部分可吸入颗粒物是在 Sioutas 级联冲击器的前三级(空气动力学直径 = 10 到 0.5 µm)收集的。在 3 个采样日和不同的工作任务中,收集到的可吸入颗粒物和 α-石英的粒度分布没有明显差异。不过,α-石英的比例在 3 个采样日中有所不同,这表明与地质有关。与校准材料相比,采集到的α-石英中含有更多尺寸小于 1 µm 的颗粒,这很可能会影响测量的可吸入α-石英浓度的准确性。在分析职业样本中的α-石英时,必须牢记这种潜在的系统误差。了解粒径分布对于采取控制措施也很重要,控制措施应针对能有效捕获可吸入α-石英浓度的粒径。
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引用次数: 0
Work bout handling of a search dog reduces handgrip strength and increases firefighters' risk of falls. 在工作过程中对搜救犬的操作会降低手部握力,增加消防员摔倒的风险。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae050
Luís Gustavo Pimenta, Carla Forte Maiolino Molento, Leonardo Farah, Cintia de Lourdes Nahhas Rodacki, Anderson Caetano Paulo

Objectives: Firefighters work with dogs as support for their search activities for victims. Firefighters who handle dogs supposedly have higher acute muscle pain, more stumbling, and fatigue. This study aimed to verify the influence of a mantrailing dog on the firefighter's psychophysiological and muscular responses and the number of imbalances in a simulated activity of searching for people.

Methods: The sample consisted of 10 canine operators characterized by mass (92.57 ± 9.66 kg), height (1.78 ± 0.06 m), age (37.8 ± 2.1 yr), and length of service (9.5 ± 4.6 yr), who performed a search activity under 2 experimental conditions (dog condition and control condition). The simulated search activity consisted of a predefined hike of 2.5 km between the beginning of a search and the place where the sham victim was hidden. Cardiometabolic variables, pain level, and muscular performance were measured pre and postactivity (time factor). The number of imbalances suffered during hiking was also quantified.

Results: ANOVA data indicated interactions (condition × time) related to handgrip strength (P < 0.05). Handgrip strength was reduced in the postsearch activity with the dog, and it increased the control when compared to the preactivity (-12.3% versus +9.2%). Also, the level of pain and discomfort in the neck, trunk, and hip regions was higher with dogs (P < 0.05). Under the dog and control conditions, there were 25 and 05 imbalances, respectively, during the hike. There were no significant differences between the experimental conditions for vertical jump performance and cardiovascular responses either with dog or control.

Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight that a mantrailing dog with the firefighter increased the number of slips, trips, sudden changes in direction, and loss of body balance, accompanied by a reduction in handgrip strength, and increased acute pain in the neck, trunk, and hip. These findings may contribute to support strategies for mitigating injuries and optimizing the performance of canine operators in the fire department and other units cinotechnic.

目标:消防员在搜救受害者的过程中需要使用警犬作为辅助工具。据称,与狗打交道的消防员会有较高的急性肌肉疼痛、更多的踉跄和疲劳。本研究旨在验证在模拟搜救活动中,训犬对消防员心理生理和肌肉反应以及失衡次数的影响:样本包括 10 名警犬操作员,其特征为体重(92.57 ± 9.66 千克)、身高(1.78 ± 0.06 米)、年龄(37.8 ± 2.1 岁)和工龄(9.5 ± 4.6 年),他们在 2 种实验条件(警犬条件和对照条件)下进行了搜索活动。模拟搜索活动包括从搜索开始到假受害者藏身处之间预定的 2.5 公里徒步旅行。对活动前后(时间因素)的心血管代谢变量、疼痛程度和肌肉表现进行了测量。此外,还对徒步旅行过程中的失衡次数进行了量化:方差分析数据显示了与手握强度相关的交互作用(条件 × 时间)(P < 0.05)。与活动前相比(-12.3% 对 +9.2%),活动后与狗一起活动时的手握力有所下降,而对照组则有所上升。此外,狗的颈部、躯干和臀部疼痛和不适程度更高(P < 0.05)。在狗和对照组条件下,远足过程中分别出现了 25 次和 05 次失衡。狗和对照组的垂直跳跃成绩和心血管反应在实验条件下没有明显差异:本研究的结果表明,消防员带着训犬会增加滑倒、绊倒、突然改变方向和失去身体平衡的次数,同时会降低手部握力,增加颈部、躯干和臀部的剧烈疼痛。这些研究结果可能有助于为消防部门和其他单位的警犬操作员减轻伤害和优化表现提供支持策略。
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引用次数: 0
Development and evaluation of two educational sessions on take-home lead exposure prevention for construction workers and their families. 为建筑工人及其家人开发和评估两节关于预防带回家的铅暴露的教育课程。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae047
Grant Tore, Jennifer Greif Green, Julia Noguchi, Mariangelí Echevarría-Ramos, Junenette L Peters, Jonathan I Levy, Maria Pilar Botana Martinez, Diana M Ceballos

Take-home exposures occur when workers accidentally bring workplace contaminants home. Regular job responsibilities may expose construction workers to lead, which extends to their households via the take-home pathway. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate 2 educational sessions addressing take-home lead exposure tailored to construction workers and their families. Educational materials on take-home lead exposure and prevention strategies were designed following guidance from US government institutions and experts on construction work, lead exposure, and educational interventions. The educational materials were pilot-tested with construction workers and their family members during in-person or online sessions in English or Spanish. Changes in knowledge of take-home lead exposure were assessed through pre- and post-testing and open-ended feedback was collected from both participants and session facilitators. The study sample comprised 44 participants, including 33 workers and 11 family members. Among all participants, 81% were male, 46% were Hispanic or Latino, and the average age was 29 years. Post-test scores (µ = 93%, SD = 10%) were higher than pre-test scores (µ = 82%, SD = 19%), and younger participants (<30 years) were more likely to have a lower pre-test score compared to older participants (≥30 years). Overall, feedback from participants and facilitators was positive, indicating appropriate duration, appealing visuals, and ease of engagement through the training activities. Effective public health education for lead-exposed construction workers and their families is needed to reduce lead exposure disparities, especially among children of workers. Interventions must recognize that take-home exposures are not isolated to occupational or home environments.

带回家接触是指工人不小心将工作场所的污染物带回家。日常工作职责可能会使建筑工人接触到铅,并通过带回家的途径扩散到他们的家庭。本研究旨在为建筑工人及其家庭量身定制两节针对带回家铅暴露的教育课程,并对其进行评估。根据美国政府机构和建筑工作、铅暴露和教育干预专家的指导,设计了有关带回家的铅暴露和预防策略的教育材料。教育材料通过英语或西班牙语的现场或在线课程对建筑工人及其家庭成员进行了试点测试。通过前测和后测评估了参与者对带回家的铅暴露知识的变化,并从参与者和课程主持人处收集了开放式反馈。研究样本由 44 名参与者组成,包括 33 名工人和 11 名家庭成员。在所有参与者中,81% 为男性,46% 为西班牙裔或拉丁裔,平均年龄为 29 岁。测试后的得分(µ = 93%,SD = 10%)高于测试前的得分(µ = 82%,SD = 19%),年轻的参与者(µ = 10%,SD = 10%)高于测试前的得分(µ = 10%,SD = 10%)。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of physically demanding work tasks among cleaners: field study using electromyography. 识别清洁工的体力劳动任务:使用肌电图进行实地研究。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae053
Hao Man, Javier Rueda, Jesús Vega, Jonas Vinstrup, Lars L Andersen, Enrique Navarro

While chronic forearm pain is a common and debilitating condition among cleaners, the most physically demanding tasks remain unidentified. The present field study examines forearm muscle activity during 9 common cleaning tasks in a real working environment. Seven healthy cleaners participated in this study (age: 35.17 ± 9.62 yr; height: 168.17 ± 8.06 cm; weight: 77.14 ± 13.78 kg; experience: 5.60 ± 3.29 yr). Surface wireless electromyography (EMG) was recorded from 2 muscles on both sides of the upper limb, flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Top-3 demanding high-force tasks (90th percentile EMG) were the rough floor, dirty rough floor, and office floor mopping for the FCU, and mopping high walls, ceiling mopping, and baize cleaning for the ECR. Top-3 static work tasks (10th percentile EMG) were mopping low walls, ceiling mopping, and dirty rough floors mopping for the FCU and mopping of high walls, low walls, and ceiling for the ECR. The study identified the forearm muscles' most physically demanding work tasks during cleaning tasks. The development of better working tools is recommended to avoid high-force overload as well as prolonged static overload of these muscles in cleaners.

慢性前臂疼痛是清洁工中常见的一种使人衰弱的病症,但最耗费体力的任务仍未确定。本实地研究考察了在真实工作环境中执行 9 项常见清洁任务时前臂肌肉的活动情况。七名健康的清洁工参加了此次研究(年龄:35.17 ± 9.62 岁;身高:168.17 ± 8.06 厘米;体重:77.14 ± 13.78 千克;工作经验:5.60 ± 3.29 年;年龄:35.17 ± 9.62 岁;身高:168.17 ± 8.06 厘米;体重:77.14 ± 13.78 千克;工作经验:5.60 ± 3.29 年):5.60 ± 3.29 年)。对上肢两侧的两块肌肉--尺侧屈肌(FCU)和桡侧伸肌(ECR)进行了表面无线肌电图(EMG)记录,并归一化为最大自主等长收缩(MVIC)。要求最高的三项大力量任务(EMG 第 90 百分位数)分别是:FCU 的粗地板、脏兮兮的粗地板和办公室地板拖地,ECR 的高墙拖地、天花板拖地和地毯清洁。静态工作任务(EMG 第 10 百分位数)的前三名分别是:家庭护理股的拖低墙、拖天花板和拖脏的粗糙地板,以及 ECR 的拖高墙、低墙和天花板。这项研究确定了清洁工作中前臂肌肉最耗费体力的工作任务。建议开发更好的工作工具,以避免清洁工的这些肌肉承受高强度超负荷和长时间静态超负荷。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a sampling method and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis method for measurement of fentanyl and five other illicit drugs. 验证测量芬太尼和其他五种非法药物的取样方法和液相色谱质谱分析方法。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae048
Matthew Jeronimo, Molly Mastel, Jasleen Gill, Hugh Davies

With the increased provision of services by health authorities and community organizations allowing supervised inhalation of illicit substances comes concerns about the potential for secondhand exposure to the substances being used, whether in the adjacent community or to workers at the sites. In order to address community concerns surrounding secondhand illicit substance exposure and better protect harm reduction workers, a validated sampling and LC-MS/MS analysis method was developed for 6 illicit drugs: fentanyl, heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, etizolam, and bromazolam. It was found that the filter used needed to be silanized to be made more inert and avoid loss of analyte due to degradation. Using the silanized filters, recoveries were good (>90%) and the collected samples were found to be stable at room temperature for 2 wk. The sampling volume validated was up to 960 L. The sensitivity and range of the method make it appropriate for short-term (15 min), full shift (8 h), or environmental sampling.

随着卫生部门和社区组织越来越多地提供允许在监督下吸入非法药物的服务,人们开始担心无论是邻近社区还是现场工作人员都有可能二手接触到所使用的药物。为了解决社区对二手非法药物暴露的担忧,并更好地保护减低危害工作人员,我们针对 6 种非法药物(芬太尼、海洛因、甲基苯丙胺、可卡因、依替唑仑和溴唑仑)开发了一种经过验证的采样和 LC-MS/MS 分析方法。研究发现,所使用的过滤器需要经过硅烷化处理,以提高其惰性,避免因降解而造成分析物的损失。使用硅烷化过滤器后,回收率良好(大于 90%),收集的样品在室温下可稳定保存 2 周。该方法的灵敏度和范围使其适用于短期(15 分钟)、全班(8 小时)或环境采样。
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引用次数: 0
Noise exposure assessment of workers inspecting construction machinery vehicles in the Republic of Korea. 大韩民国检查建筑机械车辆工人的噪声暴露评估。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae037
Yeon-Hee Jeong, Seong-Mo Jeong, Woo-Je Lee, Ki-Youn Kim

Previous studies have investigated the health hazards caused by exposure to the noise of heavy equipment used at construction sites. Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport operates a registration system for construction machinery, and regular safety inspections are mandatory. Although workers inspecting construction machinery vehicles are exposed to unwanted noise, no noise exposure assessment has been made regarding these workers in Korea. The time-weighted average (TWA) daily average noise exposure level among construction machinery inspectors at 18 inspection centers was 75.3 dB(A). Among the inspection steps, the exhaust gas inspection step was found to exhibit the highest noise exposure level, up to 100 dB(A). In Korea, if the noise level of a workplace exceeds 85 dB(A) as a TWA, workers are required to undergo special medical examinations. This study found that special medical examinations were required for two of the 18 target inspection centers (approximately 115 workers) as the 8-hour TWA noise level exceeded 85 dB(A). Therefore, regular noise exposure assessment and special medical examinations for noise are required to prevent inspectors from developing hearing disorders due to noise exposure.

以往的研究调查了暴露于建筑工地使用的重型设备噪声对健康造成的危害。韩国国土交通部对建筑机械实行登记制度,并强制要求定期进行安全检查。虽然检查建筑机械车辆的工人会接触到不必要的噪声,但韩国尚未对这些工人进行噪声接触评估。18 个检查中心的建筑机械检查人员的时间加权平均(TWA)日均噪声暴露水平为 75.3 dB(A)。在检查步骤中,废气检查步骤的噪声暴露水平最高,达 100 dB(A)。在韩国,如果工作场所的噪声水平超过 85 dB(A)(TWA),工人必须接受特殊体检。本研究发现,在 18 个目标检查中心中,有两个中心(约 115 名工人)需要进行特别体检,因为 8 小时 TWA 噪音水平超过 85 dB(A)。因此,需要定期进行噪声暴露评估和噪声特别体检,以防止检查员因暴露于噪声而出现听力障碍。
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引用次数: 0
A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a public order and safety training facility in England, June 2021. 2021 年 6 月,英国一公共秩序与安全培训机构爆发 SARS-CoV-2 疫情。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae038
Ellie L Gilham, Amber I Raja, Karin van Veldhoven, Gillian Nicholls, Vince Sandys, Barry Atkinson, Antony Spencer, Ian Nicholls, Joan Cooke, Allan Bennett, Derek Morgan, Chris Keen, Tony Fletcher, Neil Pearce, Petra Manley, Elizabeth B Brickley, Yiqun Chen

Background: The public order and safety (POS) sector remains susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks, as workplace attendance is typically compulsory and close physical contact is often needed. Here, we report on a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak with an attack rate of 39% (9/23), which occurred between 19 and 29 June 2021 among a cohort of new POS recruits participating in a mandatory 18-week training programme in England.

Methods: The COVID-OUT (COVID-19 Outbreak investigation to Understand Transmission) study team undertook a multidisciplinary outbreak investigation, including viral surface sampling, workplace environmental assessment, participant viral and antibody testing, and questionnaires, at the two associated training facilities between 5 July and 24 August 2021.

Results: Environmental factors, such as ventilation, were deemed inadequate in some areas of the workplace, with carbon dioxide (CO2) levels exceeding 1,500 ppm on multiple occasions within naturally ventilated classrooms. Activities during safety training required close contact, with some necessitating physical contact, physical exertion, and shouting. Furthermore, most participants reported having physical contact with colleagues (67%) and more than one close work contact daily (97%).

Conclusions: Our investigation suggests that site- and activity-specific factors likely contributed to the transmission risks within the POS trainee cohort. Potential interventions for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission in this POS training context could include implementing regular rapid lateral flow testing, optimizing natural ventilation, using portable air cleaning devices in classrooms, and expanding use of well-fitted FFP2/FFP3 respirators during activities where prolonged close physical contact is required.

背景:公共秩序与安全(POS)部门仍然很容易受到严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)疫情的影响,因为工作场所通常是强制性的,而且经常需要密切的身体接触。在此,我们报告了 2021 年 6 月 19 日至 29 日期间,在英格兰参加为期 18 周强制培训计划的一批 POS 新员工中爆发的一次 SARS-CoV-2 疫情,发病率为 39%(9/23):COVID-OUT(COVID-19 旨在了解传播情况的疫情调查)研究小组于 2021 年 7 月 5 日至 8 月 24 日期间在两个相关培训机构开展了一次多学科疫情调查,包括病毒表面采样、工作场所环境评估、参与者病毒和抗体检测以及问卷调查:在自然通风的教室里,二氧化碳(CO2)浓度多次超过 1,500 ppm。安全培训期间的活动需要密切接触,有些活动需要身体接触、体力消耗和喊叫。此外,大多数参与者表示与同事有身体接触(67%),每天有一次以上的亲密工作接触(97%):我们的调查表明,工作场所和活动的特定因素很可能是导致 POS 学员群传播风险的原因。在这种 POS 培训环境中,减少 SARS-CoV-2 传播的潜在干预措施包括:定期进行快速侧向流动测试、优化自然通风、在教室中使用便携式空气净化设备,以及在需要长时间密切身体接触的活动中扩大使用合适的 FFP2/FFP3 呼吸器。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating occupational disease burden: a way forward. 估算职业病负担:前进之路。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae040
John W Cherrie, Martie van Tongeren, Hans Kromhout

Estimates of occupational disease burden provide important information on which effective policy and regulations can be developed. However, there is no direct way that these data can be obtained, and most burden estimates are derived by merging different data from diverse sources to synthesize estimates of the number of people made ill or who have died from workplace exposures. In recent years, several research groups have published estimates of occupational health burden at national or global scales; these are not always consistent. The World Health Organisation and the International Labour Organisation have taken on the task of producing occupational disease burden estimates for several workplace agents, which we assume are to be seen as the definitive global, regional, and national data. In this commentary, we critique the WHO/ILO approach for their estimates of the non-melanoma skin cancer burden from solar ultraviolet radiation and some of their results for hazardous particulates. We provide recommendations for researchers undertaking occupational burden estimates that they should report along with their data.

职业病负担估算为制定有效的政策和法规提供了重要信息。然而,这些数据没有直接的获取途径,大多数负担估算都是通过合并不同来源的数据,综合得出因工作场所暴露而患病或死亡的人数估算。近年来,一些研究团体公布了国家或全球范围内的职业健康负担估算值;这些估算值并不总是一致的。世界卫生组织和国际劳工组织承担了为几种工作场所媒介提供职业病负担估算值的任务,我们认为这些估算值应被视为全球、地区和国家的权威数据。在这篇评论中,我们对世界卫生组织/国际劳工组织估算太阳紫外线辐射导致的非黑色素瘤皮肤癌负担的方法,以及他们估算有害微粒的一些结果进行了批评。我们为进行职业负担估算的研究人员提供了建议,他们应在报告数据时一并报告。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a crosswalk to convert French PCS2003 into international ISCO88 occupational classifications. Application to the Occupational Asthma-specific Job-Exposure Matrix (OAsJEM). 开发将法国 PCS2003 转换为国际 ISCO88 职业分类的对照表。应用于职业性哮喘特定工作暴露矩阵(OAsJEM)。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae049
Corinne Pilorget, Brigitte Dananché, Loïc Garras, Florence Orsi, Guillaume Sit, Céline Ribet, Marie-Tülin Houot, Marcel Goldberg, Orianne Dumas, Nicole Le Moual

Introduction: The problem of transcoding is recurrent when researchers wish to link occupational data from cohorts to Job-Exposure Matrices (JEMs) which were not set up in the same classifications. The Occupational Asthma-specific JEM (OAsJEM) is a JEM developed for assessing exposure to agents known at risk for asthma for jobs coded with ISCO88 occupation classification. To apply the OAsJEM in the CONSTANCES cohort, in which jobs and industries were coded with French PCS2003 and NAF2008 classifications respectively, we developed a crosswalk to convert jobs from PCS2003 into ISCO88 classification.

Methods: This work was carried out by 2 skilled coders and 1 novice coder who have worked independently by using different tools and transcoding strategies defined a priori. Consensus meetings were organized with skilled coders to define the final crosswalk. This work was elaborated in 2 steps: (i) for 38 ISCO88 codes classified as potentially exposed to cleaning and disinfection products by the OAsJEM, and (ii) for all jobs from the ISCO88 classification. A comparison between the 3 initial coder's crosswalk proposals and the final crosswalk was made for the 38 ISCO codes in step (i).

Results: The final crosswalk provided 998 matches between the 482 4-digit PCS2003 codes, 308 4-digit ISCO88 codes, and 31 3-digit ISCO88 codes. Information regarding the NAF2008 industry classification was also used in some cases to improve the final crosswalk. For the selected 38 ISCO88 codes, the final crosswalk provided 110 combinations, but the number of proposed ISCO88-PCS2003 couples by each of the 3 coders varied greatly from 68 to 153. In addition, an important variability between the 3 coders were observed among the number of common combinations between the initial coder's proposals and the final crosswalk (from 47% to 78%).

Discussion: We have developed a crosswalk specifically for an application of the OAsJEM in population-based surveys using the PCS2003 occupation classification. The development of this crosswalk is of great interest for the use of OAsJEM on the data of the CONSTANCES cohort and on any other survey with occupational data coded according to the French classifications. This OAsJEM crosswalk could be used by other teams to evaluate occupational exposures known to be at risk of asthma from occupational calendars coded with French classifications.

导言:当研究人员希望将队列中的职业数据与工作暴露矩阵(JEM)联系起来时,经常会遇到转码问题。职业性哮喘专用工作暴露矩阵(OAsJEM)是一种工作暴露矩阵,用于评估与已知有哮喘风险的制剂的接触情况,这些制剂是根据 ISCO88 职业分类编码的。CONSTANCES队列中的工作和行业分别以法国PCS2003和NAF2008分类编码,为了在CONSTANCES队列中应用OAsJEM,我们开发了一种交叉路径,将PCS2003中的工作转换为ISCO88分类:这项工作由 2 名熟练编码员和 1 名新手编码员独立完成,他们使用不同的工具和事先确定的转码策略。他们与熟练编码员召开了共识会议,以确定最终的横道图。这项工作分两步进行(i) 针对被 OAsJEM 归类为可能接触清洁和消毒产品的 38 个 ISCO88 代码,以及 (ii) ISCO88 分类中的所有工作。对步骤(i)中的 38 个 ISCO 代码,比较了 3 个初始编码员的交叉排列建议和最终交叉排列:结果:最终的交叉检索在 482 个 4 位数 PCS2003 代码、308 个 4 位数 ISCO88 代码和 31 个 3 位数 ISCO88 代码之间提供了 998 个匹配项。在某些情况下,还使用了有关 NAF2008 行业分类的信息来改进最终的横向对比。对于选定的 38 个 ISCO88 代码,最终的交叉检索提供了 110 个组合,但 3 个编码员各自提出的 ISCO88-PCS2003 组合数量差异很大,从 68 个到 153 个不等。此外,在最初编码员的建议和最终横道图之间的共同组合数量上(从 47% 到 78%),3 位编码员之间也存在很大差异:我们专门开发了一种横道图,用于在使用 PCS2003 职业分类的人口调查中应用 OAsJEM。对于在 CONSTANCES 队列数据中使用 OAsJEM 以及在任何其他根据法国分类法对职业数据进行编码的调查中使用 OAsJEM 而言,开发该交叉途径具有重大意义。其他研究小组也可以使用该 OAsJEM 对照表,对根据法国分类编码的职业日历中已知的哮喘风险职业暴露进行评估。
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引用次数: 0
Narrative review of occupational exposures and noncommunicable diseases. 职业暴露与非传染性疾病的叙述性回顾。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae045
Susan Peters, Karina Undem, Svetlana Solovieva, Jenny Selander, Vivi Schlünssen, Karen M Oude Hengel, Maria Albin, Calvin B Ge, Katarina Kjellberg, Damien M McElvenny, Per Gustavsson, Henrik A Kolstad, Anne Mette L Würtz, Bendik C Brinchmann, Karin Broberg, Stine Fossum, Merete Bugge, Mette Wulf Christensen, Manosij Ghosh, David Høyrup Christiansen, Suzanne L Merkus, Lars-Kristian Lunde, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Annett Dalbøge, Daniel Falkstedt, Morten Vejs Willert, Anke Huss, Else Toft Würtz, Orianne Dumas, Inge Brosbøl Iversen, Mimmi Leite, Christine Cramer, Jorunn Kirkeleit, Cecilie Svanes, Håkan Tinnerberg, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Anne Vested, Pernilla Wiebert, Karl-Christian Nordby, Lode Godderis, Roel Vermeulen, Anjoeka Pronk, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum

Objective: Within the scope of the Exposome Project for Health and Occupational Research on applying the exposome concept to working life health, we aimed to provide a broad overview of the status of knowledge on occupational exposures and associated health effects across multiple noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) to help inform research priorities.

Methods: We conducted a narrative review of occupational risk factors that can be considered to have "consistent evidence for an association," or where there is "limited/inadequate evidence for an association" for 6 NCD groups: nonmalignant respiratory diseases; neurodegenerative diseases; cardiovascular/metabolic diseases; mental disorders; musculoskeletal diseases; and cancer. The assessment was done in expert sessions, primarily based on systematic reviews, supplemented with narrative reviews, reports, and original studies. Subsequently, knowledge gaps were identified, e.g. based on missing information on exposure-response relationships, gender differences, critical time-windows, interactions, and inadequate study quality.

Results: We identified over 200 occupational exposures with consistent or limited/inadequate evidence for associations with one or more of 60+ NCDs. Various exposures were identified as possible risk factors for multiple outcomes. Examples are diesel engine exhaust and cadmium, with consistent evidence for lung cancer, but limited/inadequate evidence for other cancer sites, respiratory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. Other examples are physically heavy work, shift work, and decision latitude/job control. For associations with limited/inadequate evidence, new studies are needed to confirm the association. For risk factors with consistent evidence, improvements in study design, exposure assessment, and case definition could lead to a better understanding of the association and help inform health-based threshold levels.

Conclusions: By providing an overview of knowledge gaps in the associations between occupational exposures and their health effects, our narrative review will help setting priorities in occupational health research. Future epidemiological studies should prioritize to include large sample sizes, assess exposures prior to disease onset, and quantify exposures. Potential sources of biases and confounding need to be identified and accounted for in both original studies and systematic reviews.

目的:在将暴露组概念应用于工作生活健康的健康与职业研究暴露组项目范围内,我们旨在提供有关多种非传染性疾病(NCD)的职业暴露和相关健康影响的知识现状的广泛概述,以帮助确定研究重点:我们对 6 类非传染性疾病(非恶性呼吸系统疾病、神经退行性疾病、心血管/代谢性疾病、精神障碍、肌肉骨骼疾病和癌症)中可被视为 "有一致证据表明存在关联 "或 "关联证据有限/不充分 "的职业风险因素进行了叙述性综述。评估是在专家会议上进行的,主要以系统综述为基础,辅以叙述性综述、报告和原始研究。随后,根据暴露-反应关系、性别差异、关键时间窗、相互作用和研究质量不足等方面的缺失信息,确定了知识缺口:结果:我们确定了 200 多种职业暴露与 60 多种 NCD 中的一种或多种疾病相关的一致或有限/不充分证据。各种暴露被确定为多种结果的可能风险因素。例如,柴油发动机废气和镉与肺癌的关系证据一致,但与其他癌症部位、呼吸系统、神经退行性疾病和心血管疾病的关系证据有限/不充分。其他例子包括重体力劳动、轮班工作和决策纬度/工作控制。对于证据有限/不充分的关联,需要进行新的研究来确认关联。对于证据一致的风险因素,改进研究设计、暴露评估和病例定义可以更好地理解其关联性,并有助于为基于健康的阈值水平提供信息:通过概述职业暴露与其健康影响之间的知识差距,我们的叙述性综述将有助于确定职业健康研究的优先事项。未来的流行病学研究应优先考虑包括大样本量、评估疾病发病前的暴露以及量化暴露。在原始研究和系统综述中,都需要识别和考虑潜在的偏差和混杂因素。
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引用次数: 0
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Annals Of Work Exposures and Health
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