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Feasibility of respirable crystalline silica exposure reduction in small-scale tanzanite mining in Tanzania. 减少坦桑尼亚小规模坦桑石开采中可吸入结晶二氧化硅暴露的可行性。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae060
Manti Michael Nota, Stephen E Mbuligwe, Gabriel R Kassenga, Perry Gottesfeld

Introduction: Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) exposures in tanzanite gem mining have been linked to tuberculosis and silicosis among miners. We conducted a plot study to assess RCS exposures and to introduce safer mining practices in one small-scale underground tanzanite mine.

Materials and methods: Personal and area air samples for RCS were collected during tanzanite mining operations before and after improved work practices employed to reduce exposures and analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Area samples were collected at the rest area, located approximately 300 m underground and 100 m from other work activities. Improved practices included the use of wet drilling methods and drilling with new bits.

Results: A total of 33 personal and 4 area air samples were collected. Pre-intervention, mean exposures for all operations, drilling operations, non-drilling activities, and area samples were 122 mg/m3, 247 mg/m3, 34.3 mg/m3, and 1.95 mg/m3, respectively which exceeded the U.S. OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) by 2,440 times for all operations, by 4,946 times for drilling operations, by 686 times for non-drilling activities and 39 times for area samples collected at an underground rest area. The post-intervention results showed a 99% reduction of RCS exposures for wet drilling operations, 98.5% reduction for non-drilling activities, and 36% reduction for area samples. Despite improvements, post-intervention RCS exposures during drilling had a mean of 2.08 mg/m3 or more than 41 times the OSHA PEL.

Conclusions: We successfully piloted a program to work with small-scale tanzanite miners to reduce RCS exposures and raise awareness about the occupational health risks of RCS, though additional measures are recommended to further reduce RCS exposures. Similar programs should be taken to scale throughout underground mining sites in Tanzania and other countries.

导言:坦桑石宝石开采中的可吸入结晶二氧化硅(RCS)暴露与矿工的结核病和矽肺病有关。我们进行了一项小区研究,以评估 RCS 暴露情况,并在一个小型地下坦桑石矿中采用更安全的采矿方法:在坦桑石开采作业期间,我们收集了个人和区域空气中的 RCS 样本,并使用 X 射线衍射法进行分析。区域样本在休息区收集,休息区位于地下约 300 米处,距离其他工作活动 100 米。改进后的工作方法包括使用湿钻法和新钻头:共采集了 33 份个人空气样本和 4 份区域空气样本。干预前,所有作业、钻井作业、非钻井活动和区域样本的平均暴露量分别为 122 毫克/立方米、247 毫克/立方米、34.3 毫克/立方米和 1.95 毫克/立方米,超出美国职业安全与健康管理局允许暴露限值(PEL)2440 倍,钻井作业超出 4946 倍,非钻井活动超出 686 倍,在地下休息区采集的区域样本超出 39 倍。干预后的结果显示,湿钻井作业的 RCS 暴露减少了 99%,非钻井活动减少了 98.5%,区域样本减少了 36%。尽管情况有所改善,但干预后钻井过程中的 RCS 暴露平均为 2.08 mg/m3 或 OSHA PEL 的 41 倍以上:我们成功地试行了一项与小型坦桑石矿工合作的计划,以减少 RCS 暴露并提高人们对 RCS 职业健康风险的认识,但建议采取其他措施以进一步减少 RCS 暴露。类似的计划应该在坦桑尼亚和其他国家的地下采矿场推广。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the link between occupationally relevant whole body vibration and headache and neck pain: is elevated muscle tension an intermediary factor? 探索职业性全身振动与头痛和颈痛之间的联系:肌肉紧张度升高是中间因素吗?
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae051
Marcus Yung, Stephan Milosavljevic, Angelica E Lang, Liana M Tennant, Catherine Trask

Whole body vibration (WBV) is linked to short- and longer-term adverse health outcomes, including cognitive impairment, stress and memory loss, loss of balance, reduced proprioception, visual and vestibular disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. Epidemiological evidence supports the link between WBV and headache and head discomfort, but few experimental studies have examined this relationship, particularly with increased muscle tension, as an intermediary. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle tension and vibration intensity, between perceived neck pain and headache/head discomfort and vibration intensity, and between muscle tension and reported neck pain and headache symptoms from simulated WBV based on field measurements of all-terrain vehicle operation on farm terrain. We observed significantly higher electromyography amplitude in the High condition (equivalent to EU Directive's Exposure Limit Value) compared to both Low (equivalent to EU Directive's Exposure Action Value) and Control (quiet sitting) conditions at the left upper trapezius muscle but there were no significant time effects. Neck pain and headache/head discomfort significantly increased after both Low (91% increase from baseline) and High (154% increase from baseline) vibration conditions but there were no significant differences between conditions. Based on simple regression modeling, the relationship between muscle activity and neck pain or headache was very weak (R2 = 0-0.093). Given the possibility of multiple factors contributing to headache symptoms, future research should not only consider the role of muscle tension but also sensory conflict, excessive noise, biodynamic responses, and a combination of these factors.

全身振动(WBV)与短期和长期的不良健康后果有关,包括认知障碍、压力和记忆力减退、失去平衡、本体感觉减弱、视觉和前庭障碍、肠胃问题和肌肉骨骼疾病。流行病学证据表明,脉宽电压与头痛和头部不适之间存在联系,但很少有实验研究对这种关系进行研究,尤其是以肌肉紧张度增加为中介的研究。本研究旨在调查肌肉紧张度与振动强度之间的关系、感觉到的颈部疼痛和头痛/头部不适与振动强度之间的关系,以及肌肉紧张度与报告的颈部疼痛和头痛症状之间的关系。我们观察到,在高强度条件下(相当于欧盟指令的暴露极限值),左上斜方肌的肌电图振幅明显高于低强度条件下(相当于欧盟指令的暴露行动值)和对照组(安静坐姿),但没有明显的时间效应。在低振动(比基线增加 91%)和高振动(比基线增加 154%)条件下,颈部疼痛和头痛/头部不适明显增加,但不同条件下没有显著差异。根据简单的回归模型,肌肉活动与颈部疼痛或头痛之间的关系非常微弱(R2 = 0-0.093)。鉴于头痛症状可能是多种因素造成的,未来的研究不仅要考虑肌肉紧张的作用,还要考虑感觉冲突、过度噪音、生物动力反应以及这些因素的综合作用。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Association between exposure to airborne trichloramine and health effects in indoor swimming pool workers. 更正:室内游泳池工作人员暴露于空气中的三氯胺与健康影响之间的关系。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae055
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of 3 methods characterizing H2S exposure in water and wastewater management work. 比较表征水和废水管理工作中 H2S 暴露的 3 种方法。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae043
Åse Dalseth Austigard, Hans Thore Smedbold, Kristin von Hirsch Svendsen

This study evaluates the effectiveness of self-assessed exposure (SAE) data collection for characterization of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) risks in water and wastewater management, challenging the adequacy of traditional random or campaign sampling strategies. We compared 3 datasets derived from distinct strategies: expert data with activity metadata (A), SAE without metadata (B), and SAE with logbook metadata (C). The findings reveal that standard practices of random sampling (dataset A) fail to capture the sporadic nature of H2S exposure. Instead, SAE methods enhanced by logbook metadata and supported by reliable detection and calibration infrastructure (datasets B and C) are more effective. When assessing risk, particularly peak exposure risks, it is crucial to adopt measures that capture exposure variability, such as the range and standard deviations. This finer assessment is vital where high H2S peaks occur in confined spaces. Risk assessment should incorporate indices that account for peak exposure, utilizing variability measures like range and standard or geometric standard deviation to reflect the actual risk more accurately. For large datasets, a histogram is just as useful as statistical measures. This approach has revealed that not only wastewater workers but also water distribution network workers, can face unexpectedly high H2S levels when accessing confined underground spaces. Our research underscores the need for continuous monitoring with personal electrochemical gas detector alarm systems, particularly in environments with variable and potentially hazardous exposure levels.

本研究评估了自我评估暴露(SAE)数据收集在表征水和废水管理中的硫化氢(H2S)风险方面的有效性,对传统随机或活动采样策略的适当性提出了挑战。我们比较了由不同策略产生的 3 个数据集:带活动元数据的专家数据(A)、不带元数据的自测暴露(SAE)(B)和带日志元数据的自测暴露(SAE)(C)。研究结果表明,随机抽样的标准做法(数据集 A)无法捕捉到 H2S 暴露的偶发性。相反,由日志元数据增强并由可靠的检测和校准基础设施(数据集 B 和 C)支持的 SAE 方法更为有效。在评估风险,尤其是峰值暴露风险时,采用能够捕捉暴露变异性(如范围和标准偏差)的措施至关重要。在密闭空间出现高 H2S 峰值时,这种更精细的评估至关重要。风险评估应纳入考虑峰值暴露的指数,利用范围和标准或几何标准偏差等可变性指标来更准确地反映实际风险。对于大型数据集,直方图与统计量一样有用。这种方法揭示出,不仅废水处理工人,输水管网工人在进入密闭地下空间时也可能面临意想不到的高 H2S 水平。我们的研究强调了使用个人电化学气体检测报警系统进行持续监测的必要性,尤其是在暴露水平不稳定且具有潜在危险的环境中。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of multiple types of workplace violence on burnout risk, sleep quality, and leaving intention among nurses. 多种类型的工作场所暴力对护士职业倦怠风险、睡眠质量和离职意向的影响。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae052
Li-Chung Pien, Yawen Cheng, Fang-Chun Lee, Wan-Ju Cheng

Objective: The aim of our study is to explore the associations between multiple types of workplace violence (WPV) and burnout risk, sleep problems, and leaving intention among nurses.

Methods: This cross-sectional survey recruited 1,742 nurses, and data on WPV experiences were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Work conditions, burnout risk scales, sleep quality, and leaving intentions were also evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of WPV with burnout risk, sleep quality, and leaving intentions, adjusting for demographic characteristics and work conditions.

Results: The study found that 66.7% of nurses reported experience of WPV, with 26.9% experiencing both physical and nonphysical forms. Those who experienced multiple types of WPV reported worse work conditions, higher burnout risk, poorer sleep quality, and a stronger leaving intention compared to those without such experiences. Adjusting for working conditions, logistic regression analysis showed that nurses who experienced multiple types of WPV had 2.12-fold higher odds of high personal burnout risk, 2.36-fold higher odds of high client-related burnout risk, 1.95-fold higher odds of poor sleep quality, and 1.80-fold higher odds of high leaving intention, compared to those without WPV experiences.

Conclusions: Strategies by hospital managers and policymakers to monitor and reduce workplace violence are vital for sustaining nurses' mental health, well-being, and preventing early attrition from the profession.

研究目的我们的研究旨在探讨多种类型的工作场所暴力(WPV)与护士的职业倦怠风险、睡眠问题和离职意向之间的关联:这项横断面调查共招募了 1742 名护士,并通过自填问卷收集了有关 WPV 经历的数据。此外,还对工作条件、职业倦怠风险量表、睡眠质量和离职意向进行了评估。在对人口特征和工作条件进行调整后,进行了多变量逻辑回归分析,以研究 WPV 与职业倦怠风险、睡眠质量和离职意向之间的关联:研究发现,66.7%的护士报告曾经历过WPV,其中26.9%的护士经历过身体和非身体形式的WPV。与无此类经历的护士相比,经历过多种类型WPV的护士工作条件更差,职业倦怠风险更高,睡眠质量更差,离职意愿更强。在对工作条件进行调整后,逻辑回归分析表明,与没有经历过 WPV 的护士相比,经历过多种 WPV 的护士个人倦怠风险高的几率高 2.12 倍,与客户相关的倦怠风险高的几率高 2.36 倍,睡眠质量差的几率高 1.95 倍,离职意向高的几率高 1.80 倍:医院管理者和政策制定者监控和减少工作场所暴力的策略对于维持护士的心理健康和福祉以及防止护士过早离职至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of particle exposure during tunnel excavation by tunnel boring machines. 隧道掘进机挖掘隧道过程中的颗粒暴露特征。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae041
Torunn K Ervik, Mimmi Leite, Stephan Weinbruch, Karl-Christian Nordby, Dag G Ellingsen, Bente Ulvestad, Kari Dahl, Balazs Berlinger, Nils Petter Skaugset

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are used to excavate tunnels in a manner where the rock is constantly penetrated with rotating cutter heads. Fine particles of the rock minerals are thereby generated. Workers on and in the vicinity of the TBM are exposed to particulate matter (PM) consisting of bedrock minerals including α-quartz. Exposure to respirable α-quartz remains a concern because of the respiratory diseases associated with this exposure. The particle size distribution of PM and α-quartz is of special importance because of its influence on adverse health effects, monitoring and control strategies as well as accurate quantification of α-quartz concentrations. The major aim of our study was therefore to investigate the particle size distribution of airborne PM and α-quartz generated during tunnel excavation using TBMs in an area dominated by gneiss, a metamorphic type of rock. Sioutas cascade impactors were used to collect personal samples on 3 separate days. The impactor fractionates the dust in 5 size fractions, from 10 µm down to below 0.25 µm. The filters were weighted, and the α-quartz concentrations were quantified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the NIOSH 7500 method on the 5 size fractions. Other minerals were determined using Rietveld refinement XRD analysis. The size and elemental composition of individual particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The majority of PM mass was collected on the first 3 stages (aerodynamic diameter = 10 to 0.5 µm) of the Sioutas cascade impactor. No observable differences were found for the size distribution of the collected PM and α-quartz for the 3 sampling days nor the various work tasks. However, the α-quartz proportion varied for the 3 sampling days demonstrating a dependence on geology. The collected α-quartz consisted of more particles with sizes below 1 µm than the calibration material, which most likely affected the accuracy of the measured respirable α-quartz concentrations. This potential systematic error is important to keep in mind when analyzing α-quartz from occupational samples. Knowledge of the particle size distribution is also important for control measures, which should target particle sizes that efficiently capture the respirable α-quartz concentration.

隧道掘进机(TBM)用于挖掘隧道,其方式是用旋转刀头不断穿透岩石。因此会产生细小的岩石矿物颗粒。在隧道掘进机上和附近工作的工人会接触到由基岩矿物(包括 α-石英)组成的微粒物质 (PM)。暴露于可吸入的 α-石英仍然是一个令人担忧的问题,因为这种暴露会导致呼吸道疾病。可吸入颗粒物和α-石英的粒径分布对不良健康影响、监测和控制策略以及α-石英浓度的准确量化都有影响,因此特别重要。因此,我们研究的主要目的是调查在以片麻岩(一种变质岩)为主的地区使用隧道掘进机挖掘隧道时产生的空气中可吸入颗粒物和α-石英的粒径分布情况。Sioutas 级联冲击器分别在 3 天内采集了个人样本。冲击器将粉尘分为 5 个粒度等级,从 10 微米到 0.25 微米以下。对过滤器进行加权,并使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 分析和 NIOSH 7500 方法对 5 个粒度分馏物中的α-石英浓度进行量化。其他矿物则采用里特维尔德细化 XRD 分析法进行测定。通过扫描电子显微镜研究了单个颗粒的大小和元素组成。大部分可吸入颗粒物是在 Sioutas 级联冲击器的前三级(空气动力学直径 = 10 到 0.5 µm)收集的。在 3 个采样日和不同的工作任务中,收集到的可吸入颗粒物和 α-石英的粒度分布没有明显差异。不过,α-石英的比例在 3 个采样日中有所不同,这表明与地质有关。与校准材料相比,采集到的α-石英中含有更多尺寸小于 1 µm 的颗粒,这很可能会影响测量的可吸入α-石英浓度的准确性。在分析职业样本中的α-石英时,必须牢记这种潜在的系统误差。了解粒径分布对于采取控制措施也很重要,控制措施应针对能有效捕获可吸入α-石英浓度的粒径。
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引用次数: 0
Work bout handling of a search dog reduces handgrip strength and increases firefighters' risk of falls. 在工作过程中对搜救犬的操作会降低手部握力,增加消防员摔倒的风险。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae050
Luís Gustavo Pimenta, Carla Forte Maiolino Molento, Leonardo Farah, Cintia de Lourdes Nahhas Rodacki, Anderson Caetano Paulo

Objectives: Firefighters work with dogs as support for their search activities for victims. Firefighters who handle dogs supposedly have higher acute muscle pain, more stumbling, and fatigue. This study aimed to verify the influence of a mantrailing dog on the firefighter's psychophysiological and muscular responses and the number of imbalances in a simulated activity of searching for people.

Methods: The sample consisted of 10 canine operators characterized by mass (92.57 ± 9.66 kg), height (1.78 ± 0.06 m), age (37.8 ± 2.1 yr), and length of service (9.5 ± 4.6 yr), who performed a search activity under 2 experimental conditions (dog condition and control condition). The simulated search activity consisted of a predefined hike of 2.5 km between the beginning of a search and the place where the sham victim was hidden. Cardiometabolic variables, pain level, and muscular performance were measured pre and postactivity (time factor). The number of imbalances suffered during hiking was also quantified.

Results: ANOVA data indicated interactions (condition × time) related to handgrip strength (P < 0.05). Handgrip strength was reduced in the postsearch activity with the dog, and it increased the control when compared to the preactivity (-12.3% versus +9.2%). Also, the level of pain and discomfort in the neck, trunk, and hip regions was higher with dogs (P < 0.05). Under the dog and control conditions, there were 25 and 05 imbalances, respectively, during the hike. There were no significant differences between the experimental conditions for vertical jump performance and cardiovascular responses either with dog or control.

Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight that a mantrailing dog with the firefighter increased the number of slips, trips, sudden changes in direction, and loss of body balance, accompanied by a reduction in handgrip strength, and increased acute pain in the neck, trunk, and hip. These findings may contribute to support strategies for mitigating injuries and optimizing the performance of canine operators in the fire department and other units cinotechnic.

目标:消防员在搜救受害者的过程中需要使用警犬作为辅助工具。据称,与狗打交道的消防员会有较高的急性肌肉疼痛、更多的踉跄和疲劳。本研究旨在验证在模拟搜救活动中,训犬对消防员心理生理和肌肉反应以及失衡次数的影响:样本包括 10 名警犬操作员,其特征为体重(92.57 ± 9.66 千克)、身高(1.78 ± 0.06 米)、年龄(37.8 ± 2.1 岁)和工龄(9.5 ± 4.6 年),他们在 2 种实验条件(警犬条件和对照条件)下进行了搜索活动。模拟搜索活动包括从搜索开始到假受害者藏身处之间预定的 2.5 公里徒步旅行。对活动前后(时间因素)的心血管代谢变量、疼痛程度和肌肉表现进行了测量。此外,还对徒步旅行过程中的失衡次数进行了量化:方差分析数据显示了与手握强度相关的交互作用(条件 × 时间)(P < 0.05)。与活动前相比(-12.3% 对 +9.2%),活动后与狗一起活动时的手握力有所下降,而对照组则有所上升。此外,狗的颈部、躯干和臀部疼痛和不适程度更高(P < 0.05)。在狗和对照组条件下,远足过程中分别出现了 25 次和 05 次失衡。狗和对照组的垂直跳跃成绩和心血管反应在实验条件下没有明显差异:本研究的结果表明,消防员带着训犬会增加滑倒、绊倒、突然改变方向和失去身体平衡的次数,同时会降低手部握力,增加颈部、躯干和臀部的剧烈疼痛。这些研究结果可能有助于为消防部门和其他单位的警犬操作员减轻伤害和优化表现提供支持策略。
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引用次数: 0
Development and evaluation of two educational sessions on take-home lead exposure prevention for construction workers and their families. 为建筑工人及其家人开发和评估两节关于预防带回家的铅暴露的教育课程。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae047
Grant Tore, Jennifer Greif Green, Julia Noguchi, Mariangelí Echevarría-Ramos, Junenette L Peters, Jonathan I Levy, Maria Pilar Botana Martinez, Diana M Ceballos

Take-home exposures occur when workers accidentally bring workplace contaminants home. Regular job responsibilities may expose construction workers to lead, which extends to their households via the take-home pathway. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate 2 educational sessions addressing take-home lead exposure tailored to construction workers and their families. Educational materials on take-home lead exposure and prevention strategies were designed following guidance from US government institutions and experts on construction work, lead exposure, and educational interventions. The educational materials were pilot-tested with construction workers and their family members during in-person or online sessions in English or Spanish. Changes in knowledge of take-home lead exposure were assessed through pre- and post-testing and open-ended feedback was collected from both participants and session facilitators. The study sample comprised 44 participants, including 33 workers and 11 family members. Among all participants, 81% were male, 46% were Hispanic or Latino, and the average age was 29 years. Post-test scores (µ = 93%, SD = 10%) were higher than pre-test scores (µ = 82%, SD = 19%), and younger participants (<30 years) were more likely to have a lower pre-test score compared to older participants (≥30 years). Overall, feedback from participants and facilitators was positive, indicating appropriate duration, appealing visuals, and ease of engagement through the training activities. Effective public health education for lead-exposed construction workers and their families is needed to reduce lead exposure disparities, especially among children of workers. Interventions must recognize that take-home exposures are not isolated to occupational or home environments.

带回家接触是指工人不小心将工作场所的污染物带回家。日常工作职责可能会使建筑工人接触到铅,并通过带回家的途径扩散到他们的家庭。本研究旨在为建筑工人及其家庭量身定制两节针对带回家铅暴露的教育课程,并对其进行评估。根据美国政府机构和建筑工作、铅暴露和教育干预专家的指导,设计了有关带回家的铅暴露和预防策略的教育材料。教育材料通过英语或西班牙语的现场或在线课程对建筑工人及其家庭成员进行了试点测试。通过前测和后测评估了参与者对带回家的铅暴露知识的变化,并从参与者和课程主持人处收集了开放式反馈。研究样本由 44 名参与者组成,包括 33 名工人和 11 名家庭成员。在所有参与者中,81% 为男性,46% 为西班牙裔或拉丁裔,平均年龄为 29 岁。测试后的得分(µ = 93%,SD = 10%)高于测试前的得分(µ = 82%,SD = 19%),年轻的参与者(µ = 10%,SD = 10%)高于测试前的得分(µ = 10%,SD = 10%)。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of physically demanding work tasks among cleaners: field study using electromyography. 识别清洁工的体力劳动任务:使用肌电图进行实地研究。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae053
Hao Man, Javier Rueda, Jesús Vega, Jonas Vinstrup, Lars L Andersen, Enrique Navarro

While chronic forearm pain is a common and debilitating condition among cleaners, the most physically demanding tasks remain unidentified. The present field study examines forearm muscle activity during 9 common cleaning tasks in a real working environment. Seven healthy cleaners participated in this study (age: 35.17 ± 9.62 yr; height: 168.17 ± 8.06 cm; weight: 77.14 ± 13.78 kg; experience: 5.60 ± 3.29 yr). Surface wireless electromyography (EMG) was recorded from 2 muscles on both sides of the upper limb, flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Top-3 demanding high-force tasks (90th percentile EMG) were the rough floor, dirty rough floor, and office floor mopping for the FCU, and mopping high walls, ceiling mopping, and baize cleaning for the ECR. Top-3 static work tasks (10th percentile EMG) were mopping low walls, ceiling mopping, and dirty rough floors mopping for the FCU and mopping of high walls, low walls, and ceiling for the ECR. The study identified the forearm muscles' most physically demanding work tasks during cleaning tasks. The development of better working tools is recommended to avoid high-force overload as well as prolonged static overload of these muscles in cleaners.

慢性前臂疼痛是清洁工中常见的一种使人衰弱的病症,但最耗费体力的任务仍未确定。本实地研究考察了在真实工作环境中执行 9 项常见清洁任务时前臂肌肉的活动情况。七名健康的清洁工参加了此次研究(年龄:35.17 ± 9.62 岁;身高:168.17 ± 8.06 厘米;体重:77.14 ± 13.78 千克;工作经验:5.60 ± 3.29 年;年龄:35.17 ± 9.62 岁;身高:168.17 ± 8.06 厘米;体重:77.14 ± 13.78 千克;工作经验:5.60 ± 3.29 年):5.60 ± 3.29 年)。对上肢两侧的两块肌肉--尺侧屈肌(FCU)和桡侧伸肌(ECR)进行了表面无线肌电图(EMG)记录,并归一化为最大自主等长收缩(MVIC)。要求最高的三项大力量任务(EMG 第 90 百分位数)分别是:FCU 的粗地板、脏兮兮的粗地板和办公室地板拖地,ECR 的高墙拖地、天花板拖地和地毯清洁。静态工作任务(EMG 第 10 百分位数)的前三名分别是:家庭护理股的拖低墙、拖天花板和拖脏的粗糙地板,以及 ECR 的拖高墙、低墙和天花板。这项研究确定了清洁工作中前臂肌肉最耗费体力的工作任务。建议开发更好的工作工具,以避免清洁工的这些肌肉承受高强度超负荷和长时间静态超负荷。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a sampling method and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis method for measurement of fentanyl and five other illicit drugs. 验证测量芬太尼和其他五种非法药物的取样方法和液相色谱质谱分析方法。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae048
Matthew Jeronimo, Molly Mastel, Jasleen Gill, Hugh Davies

With the increased provision of services by health authorities and community organizations allowing supervised inhalation of illicit substances comes concerns about the potential for secondhand exposure to the substances being used, whether in the adjacent community or to workers at the sites. In order to address community concerns surrounding secondhand illicit substance exposure and better protect harm reduction workers, a validated sampling and LC-MS/MS analysis method was developed for 6 illicit drugs: fentanyl, heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, etizolam, and bromazolam. It was found that the filter used needed to be silanized to be made more inert and avoid loss of analyte due to degradation. Using the silanized filters, recoveries were good (>90%) and the collected samples were found to be stable at room temperature for 2 wk. The sampling volume validated was up to 960 L. The sensitivity and range of the method make it appropriate for short-term (15 min), full shift (8 h), or environmental sampling.

随着卫生部门和社区组织越来越多地提供允许在监督下吸入非法药物的服务,人们开始担心无论是邻近社区还是现场工作人员都有可能二手接触到所使用的药物。为了解决社区对二手非法药物暴露的担忧,并更好地保护减低危害工作人员,我们针对 6 种非法药物(芬太尼、海洛因、甲基苯丙胺、可卡因、依替唑仑和溴唑仑)开发了一种经过验证的采样和 LC-MS/MS 分析方法。研究发现,所使用的过滤器需要经过硅烷化处理,以提高其惰性,避免因降解而造成分析物的损失。使用硅烷化过滤器后,回收率良好(大于 90%),收集的样品在室温下可稳定保存 2 周。该方法的灵敏度和范围使其适用于短期(15 分钟)、全班(8 小时)或环境采样。
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Annals Of Work Exposures and Health
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