首页 > 最新文献

Annals of Eye Science最新文献

英文 中文
Pregnancy and retinal and retinal vascular complications 妊娠与视网膜和视网膜血管并发症
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.21037/aes-23-31
Anushua Bhattacharya, Sruthi R. Arepalli
{"title":"Pregnancy and retinal and retinal vascular complications","authors":"Anushua Bhattacharya, Sruthi R. Arepalli","doi":"10.21037/aes-23-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-23-31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography of healthy cynomolgus monkey, New Zealand rabbit, Sprague Dawley rat, and BALB/c mouse retinas 健康食蟹猴、新西兰兔、大鼠和BALB/c小鼠视网膜的眼底摄影、眼底荧光素血管造影和光学相干断层扫描
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.21037/aes-22-54
Bikun Xian, Minglei Zhao, Yuting Peng, Wencong Wang, Zhiquan Li, Hening Zhang, Weihua Li, Bing Huang
Background: A variety of experimental animal models are used in basic ophthalmological research to elucidate physiological mechanisms of vision and disease pathogenesis. The choice of animal model is based on the measurability of specific parameters or structures, the applicability of clinical measurement technologies, and the similarity to human eye function. Studies of eye pathology usually compare optical parameters between a healthy and altered state, so accurate baseline assessments are critical, but few reports have comprehensively examined the normal anatomical structures and physiological functions in these models.
背景:多种实验动物模型被用于眼科基础研究,以阐明视力的生理机制和疾病的发病机制。动物模型的选择是基于特定参数或结构的可测量性、临床测量技术的适用性以及与人眼功能的相似性。眼病理学研究通常比较健康和改变状态下的光学参数,因此准确的基线评估至关重要,但很少有报道全面检查这些模型的正常解剖结构和生理功能。
{"title":"Fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography of healthy cynomolgus monkey, New Zealand rabbit, Sprague Dawley rat, and BALB/c mouse retinas","authors":"Bikun Xian, Minglei Zhao, Yuting Peng, Wencong Wang, Zhiquan Li, Hening Zhang, Weihua Li, Bing Huang","doi":"10.21037/aes-22-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-22-54","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A variety of experimental animal models are used in basic ophthalmological research to elucidate physiological mechanisms of vision and disease pathogenesis. The choice of animal model is based on the measurability of specific parameters or structures, the applicability of clinical measurement technologies, and the similarity to human eye function. Studies of eye pathology usually compare optical parameters between a healthy and altered state, so accurate baseline assessments are critical, but few reports have comprehensively examined the normal anatomical structures and physiological functions in these models.","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135098812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparison between sodium iodate and lipid peroxide murine models of age-related macular degeneration for drug evaluation-a narrative review. 碘酸钠与过氧化脂质治疗老年性黄斑变性小鼠模型药物评价的比较
Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-25
Soo-Young Kim, Haohua Qian

Objective: In this review, non-transgenic models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are discussed, with focuses on murine retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate and lipid peroxide (HpODE) as preclinical study platforms.

Background: AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in a world with an increasingly aging population. The major phenotypes of early and intermediate AMD are increased drusen and autofluorescence, Müller glia activation, infiltrated subretinal microglia and inward moving retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intermediate AMD may progress to advanced AMD, characterized by geography atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. Various transgenic and non-transgenic animal models related to retinal degeneration have been generated to investigate AMD pathogenesis and pathobiology, and have been widely used as potential therapeutic evaluation platforms.

Methods: Two retinal degeneration murine models induced by sodium iodate and HpODE are described. Distinct pathological features and procedures of these two models are compared. In addition, practical protocol and material preparation and assessment methods are elaborated.

Conclusion: Retina degeneration induced by sodium iodate and HpODE in mouse eye resembles many clinical aspects of human AMD and complimentary to the existent other animal models. However, standardization of procedure and assessment protocols is needed for preclinical studies. Further studies of HpODE on different routes, doses and species will be valuable for the future extensive use. Despite many merits of murine studies, differences between murine and human should be always considered.

目的:本文综述了年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的非转基因模型,重点介绍了碘酸钠和过氧化脂质(HpODE)诱导的小鼠视网膜变性的临床前研究平台。背景:在人口日益老龄化的世界中,AMD是视力丧失的最常见原因。早期和中期黄斑变性的主要表型是黄斑变性和自身荧光增加,神经胶质细胞活化,视网膜下小胶质细胞浸润和视网膜色素上皮细胞向内移动。中度黄斑变性可发展为晚期黄斑变性,以地理性萎缩和/或脉络膜新生血管为特征。各种与视网膜变性相关的转基因和非转基因动物模型被用来研究AMD的发病机制和病理生物学,并被广泛用作潜在的治疗评价平台。方法:建立碘酸钠和高聚羟基戊二醇(HpODE)诱导的小鼠视网膜变性模型。比较了两种模型的病理特点和处理方法。此外,还阐述了实用的方案和材料准备与评估方法。结论:碘酸钠和HpODE引起的小鼠视网膜变性与人AMD的许多临床特征相似,与已有的其他动物模型相吻合。然而,临床前研究需要标准化的程序和评估方案。进一步研究不同途径、剂量和种类的HpODE将对未来的广泛利用有价值。尽管小鼠研究有许多优点,但应始终考虑到小鼠与人之间的差异。
{"title":"Comparison between sodium iodate and lipid peroxide murine models of age-related macular degeneration for drug evaluation-a narrative review.","authors":"Soo-Young Kim,&nbsp;Haohua Qian","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this review, non-transgenic models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are discussed, with focuses on murine retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate and lipid peroxide (HpODE) as preclinical study platforms.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in a world with an increasingly aging population. The major phenotypes of early and intermediate AMD are increased drusen and autofluorescence, Müller glia activation, infiltrated subretinal microglia and inward moving retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intermediate AMD may progress to advanced AMD, characterized by geography atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. Various transgenic and non-transgenic animal models related to retinal degeneration have been generated to investigate AMD pathogenesis and pathobiology, and have been widely used as potential therapeutic evaluation platforms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two retinal degeneration murine models induced by sodium iodate and HpODE are described. Distinct pathological features and procedures of these two models are compared. In addition, practical protocol and material preparation and assessment methods are elaborated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retina degeneration induced by sodium iodate and HpODE in mouse eye resembles many clinical aspects of human AMD and complimentary to the existent other animal models. However, standardization of procedure and assessment protocols is needed for preclinical studies. Further studies of HpODE on different routes, doses and species will be valuable for the future extensive use. Despite many merits of murine studies, differences between murine and human should be always considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"7 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a7/78/nihms-1867764.PMC10448775.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10459164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innovations in the diagnosis and management of uveitis: promising research to address unmet patient needs. 在葡萄膜炎的诊断和管理的创新:有前途的研究,以解决未满足患者的需求。
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-54
Steven Yeh, Ye Huang, Joanne Thomas
Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tissues (iris, ciliary body and the choroid), and its contiguous structures, can lead to severe visual impairment and is among the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide (1). In clinical practice, specialists in uveitis and ocular immunology are called upon to manage a range of uveitis syndromes—infectious disease, noninfectious autoimmune conditions, and masquerade syndromes such as lymphoma. Moreover, ophthalmologists of all subspecialties (i.e., medical and surgical retina, corneal surgeons, orbital/oculoplastic surgeons, and comprehensive ophthalmologists) are called upon to manage uveitis syndromes, emphasizing clear importance to understanding common uveitis syndromes, diagnostic workups, and the state-of-the-art in uveitis and ocular inflammation care. Recent advances uveitis disease nomenclature for classification, clinical trials, and laboratory testing involving “omics” insight into disease as well as opportunities for understanding new etiologies of uveitis and therapeutic targets. In this special series the Annals Eye Science entitled “Innovations in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis”, we highlight recent diagnosis treatment of uveitis, including both infectious and noninfectious entities, molecular diagnostic techniques, key relationships between gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of uveitis In addition, we also synthesize the literature related to multimodality diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for adults and children with complex inflammatory eye disease. Our recent understanding of uveitis of melanocyte including and antigens in with and which bears similarities in T-cell targeting These interplay between T-cells and melanocytic antigen observed in
{"title":"Innovations in the diagnosis and management of uveitis: promising research to address unmet patient needs.","authors":"Steven Yeh,&nbsp;Ye Huang,&nbsp;Joanne Thomas","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-54","url":null,"abstract":"Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tissues (iris, ciliary body and the choroid), and its contiguous structures, can lead to severe visual impairment and is among the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide (1). In clinical practice, specialists in uveitis and ocular immunology are called upon to manage a range of uveitis syndromes—infectious disease, noninfectious autoimmune conditions, and masquerade syndromes such as lymphoma. Moreover, ophthalmologists of all subspecialties (i.e., medical and surgical retina, corneal surgeons, orbital/oculoplastic surgeons, and comprehensive ophthalmologists) are called upon to manage uveitis syndromes, emphasizing clear importance to understanding common uveitis syndromes, diagnostic workups, and the state-of-the-art in uveitis and ocular inflammation care. Recent advances uveitis disease nomenclature for classification, clinical trials, and laboratory testing involving “omics” insight into disease as well as opportunities for understanding new etiologies of uveitis and therapeutic targets. In this special series the Annals Eye Science entitled “Innovations in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis”, we highlight recent diagnosis treatment of uveitis, including both infectious and noninfectious entities, molecular diagnostic techniques, key relationships between gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of uveitis In addition, we also synthesize the literature related to multimodality diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for adults and children with complex inflammatory eye disease. Our recent understanding of uveitis of melanocyte including and antigens in with and which bears similarities in T-cell targeting These interplay between T-cells and melanocytic antigen observed in","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2a/f1/nihms-1794714.PMC9427018.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40335908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
RegenX: an NLP recommendation engine for neuroregeneration topics over time. RegenX:一个神经再生主题的NLP推荐引擎。
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-29
Shaan Khosla, Leila Abdelrahman, Joseph Johnson, Mohammad Samarah, Sanjoy K Bhattacharya

Background: In this investigation, we explore the literature regarding neuroregeneration from the 1700s to the present. The regeneration of central nervous system neurons or the regeneration of axons from cell bodies and their reconnection with other neurons remains a major hurdle. Injuries relating to war and accidents attracted medical professionals throughout early history to regenerate and reconnect nerves. Early literature till 1990 lacked specific molecular details and is likely provide some clues to conditions that promoted neuron and/or axon regeneration. This is an avenue for the application of natural language processing (NLP) to gain actionable intelligence. Post 1990 period saw an explosion of all molecular details. With the advent of genomic, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics-there is an emergence of big data sets and is another rich area for application of NLP. How the neuron and/or axon regeneration related keywords have changed over the years is a first step towards this endeavor.

Methods: Specifically, this article curates over 600 published works in the field of neuroregeneration. We then apply a dynamic topic modeling algorithm based on the Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm to assess how topics cluster based on topics.

Results: Based on how documents are assigned to topics, we then build a recommendation engine to assist researchers to access domain-specific literature based on how their search text matches to recommended document topics. The interface further includes interactive topic visualizations for researchers to understand how topics grow closer and further apart, and how intra-topic composition changes over time.

Conclusions: We present a recommendation engine and interactive interface that enables dynamic topic modeling for neuronal regeneration.

背景:在本研究中,我们探讨了从18世纪到现在关于神经再生的文献。中枢神经系统神经元的再生或细胞体轴突的再生及其与其他神经元的重新连接仍然是一个主要障碍。在整个早期历史中,与战争和事故有关的伤害吸引了医疗专业人员来再生和重新连接神经。直到1990年的早期文献缺乏具体的分子细节,可能为促进神经元和/或轴突再生的条件提供了一些线索。这是应用自然语言处理(NLP)获得可操作情报的途径。1990年后,所有分子细节都出现了爆炸式增长。随着基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和其他组学的出现,出现了大数据集,这是NLP应用的另一个丰富领域。多年来,神经元和/或轴突再生相关的关键词是如何变化的,这是迈向这一努力的第一步。方法:具体地说,本文整理了600多篇神经再生领域的已发表论文。然后,我们应用基于潜狄利克雷分配(Latent Dirichlet allocation, LDA)算法的动态主题建模算法来评估主题如何基于主题聚类。结果:基于文档被分配到主题的方式,我们构建了一个推荐引擎,以帮助研究人员根据他们的搜索文本如何匹配推荐的文档主题来访问特定领域的文献。该界面还包括交互式主题可视化,供研究人员了解主题如何变得更近或更远,以及主题内的组成如何随时间变化。结论:我们提出了一个推荐引擎和交互界面,使神经元再生的动态主题建模成为可能。
{"title":"RegenX: an NLP recommendation engine for neuroregeneration topics over time.","authors":"Shaan Khosla,&nbsp;Leila Abdelrahman,&nbsp;Joseph Johnson,&nbsp;Mohammad Samarah,&nbsp;Sanjoy K Bhattacharya","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this investigation, we explore the literature regarding neuroregeneration from the 1700s to the present. The regeneration of central nervous system neurons or the regeneration of axons from cell bodies and their reconnection with other neurons remains a major hurdle. Injuries relating to war and accidents attracted medical professionals throughout early history to regenerate and reconnect nerves. Early literature till 1990 lacked specific molecular details and is likely provide some clues to conditions that promoted neuron and/or axon regeneration. This is an avenue for the application of natural language processing (NLP) to gain actionable intelligence. Post 1990 period saw an explosion of all molecular details. With the advent of genomic, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics-there is an emergence of big data sets and is another rich area for application of NLP. How the neuron and/or axon regeneration related keywords have changed over the years is a first step towards this endeavor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Specifically, this article curates over 600 published works in the field of neuroregeneration. We then apply a dynamic topic modeling algorithm based on the Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm to assess how topics cluster based on topics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on how documents are assigned to topics, we then build a recommendation engine to assist researchers to access domain-specific literature based on how their search text matches to recommended document topics. The interface further includes interactive topic visualizations for researchers to understand how topics grow closer and further apart, and how intra-topic composition changes over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We present a recommendation engine and interactive interface that enables dynamic topic modeling for neuronal regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a7/14/nihms-1794731.PMC9531894.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33490840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A revisit to staining reagents for neuronal tissues. 重温神经元组织染色试剂。
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-31
Alexandra Rosario, Ashley Howell, Sanjoy K Bhattacharya

In the early days of deciphering the injured neuronal tissues led to the realization that contrast is necessary to discern the parts of the recovering tissues from the damaged ones. Early attempts relied on available (and often naturally occurring) staining substances. Incidentally, the active ingredients of most of them were small molecules. With the advent of time, the knowledge of chemistry helped identify compounds and conditions for staining. The staining reagents were even found to enhance the visibility of the organelles. Silver impregnation identification of Golgi bodies was discovered in owl optic nerve. Staining reagents since the late 1800s were widely used across all disciplines and for nerve tissue and became a key contributor to advancement in nerve-related research. The use of these reagents provided insight into the organization of the neuronal tissues and helped distinguish nerve degeneration from regeneration. The neuronal staining reagents have played a fundamental role in the clinical research facilitating the identification of biological mechanisms underlying eye and neuropsychiatric diseases. We found a lack of systematic description of all staining reagents, whether they had been used historically or currently used. There is a lack of readily available information for optimal staining of different neuronal tissues for a given purpose. We present here a grouping of the reagents based on their target location: (I) the central nervous system (CNS), (II) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), or (III) both. The biochemical reactions of most of the staining reagents is based on acidic or basic pH and specific reaction partners such as organelle or biomolecules that exists within the given tissue type. We present here a summary of the chemical composition, optimal staining condition, use for given neuronal tissue and, where possible, historic usage. Several biomolecules such as lipids and metabolites lack specific antibodies. Despite being non-specific the reagents enhance contrast and provide corroboration about the microenvironment. In future, these reagents in combination with emerging techniques such as imaging mass spectrometry and kinetic histochemistry will validate or expand our understanding of localization of molecules within tissues or cells that are important for ophthalmology and vision science.

在早期破译受损神经元组织的过程中,人们意识到必须使用对比度来分辨恢复组织和受损组织的不同部分。早期的尝试依赖于现有的(通常是天然存在的)染色物质。顺便提一下,这些物质的有效成分大多是小分子。随着时间的推移,化学知识帮助确定了染色的化合物和条件。染色试剂甚至还能提高细胞器的可见度。在猫头鹰视神经中发现了浸银鉴定高尔基体的方法。自 19 世纪末以来,染色试剂被广泛应用于各个学科和神经组织,成为推动神经相关研究的重要因素。这些试剂的使用有助于深入了解神经元组织的组织结构,并帮助区分神经变性和再生。神经元染色试剂在临床研究中发挥了基础性作用,有助于确定眼部和神经精神疾病的生物机制。我们发现缺乏对所有染色试剂的系统描述,无论这些试剂是历史上使用过的还是目前正在使用的。对于不同神经元组织的特定用途的最佳染色,也缺乏现成的信息。我们在此根据试剂的目标位置对其进行分组:(I) 中枢神经系统 (CNS),(II) 周围神经系统 (PNS),或 (III) 两者。大多数染色试剂的生化反应基于酸性或碱性 pH 值以及特定的反应伙伴,如特定组织类型中存在的细胞器或生物大分子。我们在此总结了染色试剂的化学成分、最佳染色条件、在特定神经元组织中的使用情况,并尽可能介绍其历史使用情况。脂质和代谢物等几种生物大分子缺乏特异性抗体。尽管这些试剂是非特异性的,但它们能增强对比度,为微环境提供佐证。未来,这些试剂与成像质谱和动力学组织化学等新兴技术相结合,将验证或扩展我们对组织或细胞内分子定位的理解,这对眼科学和视觉科学非常重要。
{"title":"A revisit to staining reagents for neuronal tissues.","authors":"Alexandra Rosario, Ashley Howell, Sanjoy K Bhattacharya","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-31","DOIUrl":"10.21037/aes-21-31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the early days of deciphering the injured neuronal tissues led to the realization that contrast is necessary to discern the parts of the recovering tissues from the damaged ones. Early attempts relied on available (and often naturally occurring) staining substances. Incidentally, the active ingredients of most of them were small molecules. With the advent of time, the knowledge of chemistry helped identify compounds and conditions for staining. The staining reagents were even found to enhance the visibility of the organelles. Silver impregnation identification of Golgi bodies was discovered in owl optic nerve. Staining reagents since the late 1800s were widely used across all disciplines and for nerve tissue and became a key contributor to advancement in nerve-related research. The use of these reagents provided insight into the organization of the neuronal tissues and helped distinguish nerve degeneration from regeneration. The neuronal staining reagents have played a fundamental role in the clinical research facilitating the identification of biological mechanisms underlying eye and neuropsychiatric diseases. We found a lack of systematic description of all staining reagents, whether they had been used historically or currently used. There is a lack of readily available information for optimal staining of different neuronal tissues for a given purpose. We present here a grouping of the reagents based on their target location: (I) the central nervous system (CNS), (II) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), or (III) both. The biochemical reactions of most of the staining reagents is based on acidic or basic pH and specific reaction partners such as organelle or biomolecules that exists within the given tissue type. We present here a summary of the chemical composition, optimal staining condition, use for given neuronal tissue and, where possible, historic usage. Several biomolecules such as lipids and metabolites lack specific antibodies. Despite being non-specific the reagents enhance contrast and provide corroboration about the microenvironment. In future, these reagents in combination with emerging techniques such as imaging mass spectrometry and kinetic histochemistry will validate or expand our understanding of localization of molecules within tissues or cells that are important for ophthalmology and vision science.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/00/c8/nihms-1794795.PMC9518810.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40382899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sodium iodate-induced retina degeneration observed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts. 在非分离的硬脉络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜全坐骨中观察到碘酸钠诱导的视网膜变性。
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-27
Soo-Young Kim, Yang Zhao, Hong-Lim Kim, Youngman Oh, Qingguo Xu

Background: Sodium iodate (SI) is a chemical widely applied to induce retina degeneration in animal models. SI treatment caused formation of rosettes/folds in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the rat retina, but it was previously unclear whether SI also forms rosettes in mice. In addition, SI induced retina degeneration was never addressed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mount. Here we displayed features of retina degeneration including rosette formation in mice and developed a morphological analytic assessment using sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts.

Methods: SI was intraperitoneally injected in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6J mice using a single dose (50 mg/kg) or with a dose range (10 to 50 mg/kg) in BALB/C mice. Rat retinas were investigated up to 2-week post-injection by histology and whole mounts, and mouse retinas were investigated up to 3-week post-injection by histology, fluorescent staining of sections and/or sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts for the morphological evaluations of the SI-induced retina damage.

Results: SI-induced retina damage caused photoreceptor (PR) degeneration and rosettes/folds formation, as well as retina pigment epithelium degeneration and inward migration. It displayed mixed nuclei from choroid to PRs, due to layer disorganization, as shown by single horizontal images in the sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts. Measurement of the PR rosette area induced by SI provided a quantitative, morphological evaluation of retina degeneration.

Conclusions: The method of non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole staining and mount allows us to observe the integral horizontal view of damage from sclera to PR layers, which cannot be addressed by using sectioned and separate whole mount methods. This method is applicable for morphological evaluation of retina damage, especially in the subretinal layer.

背景:碘酸钠是一种广泛应用于动物视网膜变性的化学物质。SI处理导致大鼠视网膜外核层(ONL)形成玫瑰花结/褶皱,但以前不清楚SI是否也在小鼠中形成玫瑰花结。此外,SI诱导的视网膜变性从未在非分离的硬脉络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜整体mount中得到解决。在这里,我们展示了小鼠视网膜变性的特征,包括玫瑰结形成,并使用硬脉络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜全坐垫进行形态学分析评估。方法:对SD大鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠进行单剂量(50 mg/kg)腹腔注射,对BALB/C小鼠进行10 ~ 50 mg/kg范围注射。注射后2周对大鼠视网膜进行组织学和全载观察,注射后3周对小鼠视网膜进行组织学、切片和/或硬络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜全载荧光染色观察,对si诱导的视网膜损伤进行形态学评价。结果:si诱导的视网膜损伤导致视网膜感光细胞(PR)变性和玫瑰花/褶皱形成,视网膜色素上皮变性和向内迁移。在硬脉络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜全载的单幅水平图像中,由于层组织紊乱,显示从脉络膜到PRs的混合核。测量SI诱导的PR莲座面积提供了视网膜变性的定量形态学评价。结论:非分离巩膜脉络膜/视网膜色素上皮/视网膜整体染色和贴载方法可以观察巩膜至PR层损伤的整体水平视图,这是切片和分离整体贴载方法无法解决的问题。该方法适用于视网膜损伤的形态学评估,尤其是视网膜下层损伤。
{"title":"Sodium iodate-induced retina degeneration observed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts.","authors":"Soo-Young Kim,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Hong-Lim Kim,&nbsp;Youngman Oh,&nbsp;Qingguo Xu","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sodium iodate (SI) is a chemical widely applied to induce retina degeneration in animal models. SI treatment caused formation of rosettes/folds in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the rat retina, but it was previously unclear whether SI also forms rosettes in mice. In addition, SI induced retina degeneration was never addressed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mount. Here we displayed features of retina degeneration including rosette formation in mice and developed a morphological analytic assessment using sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SI was intraperitoneally injected in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6J mice using a single dose (50 mg/kg) or with a dose range (10 to 50 mg/kg) in BALB/C mice. Rat retinas were investigated up to 2-week post-injection by histology and whole mounts, and mouse retinas were investigated up to 3-week post-injection by histology, fluorescent staining of sections and/or sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts for the morphological evaluations of the SI-induced retina damage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SI-induced retina damage caused photoreceptor (PR) degeneration and rosettes/folds formation, as well as retina pigment epithelium degeneration and inward migration. It displayed mixed nuclei from choroid to PRs, due to layer disorganization, as shown by single horizontal images in the sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts. Measurement of the PR rosette area induced by SI provided a quantitative, morphological evaluation of retina degeneration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The method of non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole staining and mount allows us to observe the integral horizontal view of damage from sclera to PR layers, which cannot be addressed by using sectioned and separate whole mount methods. This method is applicable for morphological evaluation of retina damage, especially in the subretinal layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6a/49/nihms-1789653.PMC9427010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40335907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Update on biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. 青少年特发性关节炎相关性葡萄膜炎的生物治疗进展。
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-2019-dmu-10
Joanne Thomas, Sanjana Kuthyar, Jessica G Shantha, Sheila T Angeles-Han, Steven Yeh

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood, and juvenile idiopathic associated uveitis (JIA-U) is the most frequently noted extra-articular manifestation. JIA-U can present asymptomatically and lead to ocular complications, so regular screening and monitoring are needed to prevent potentially sight-threatening sequelae. Topical glucocorticoids such as prednisolone acetate are usually the first line of treatment for anterior uveitis associated with JIA-U, but long-term use may be associated with cataract, ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate allow tapering of the corticosteroids to prevent long-term complications. Biologic therapies have been increasingly used as targeted therapies for JIA-U, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α such as adalimumab and infliximab. One recent, multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial provided evidence of the efficacy of adalimumab with methotrexate for JIA-U compared to methotrexate alone. Another clinical trial studying the interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab for JIA-U showed promise in tapering topical corticosteroids. Additionally, JAK inhibitors are emerging biologic therapies for JIA-U in patients refractory to TNF-α inhibitors, with a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of baricitinib for JIA-U underway. While clinical trials on these novel biologics are limited, further investigation of these agents may provide additional therapeutic options for JIA-U.

幼年特发性关节炎(JIA)是儿童最常见的风湿性疾病,而幼年特发性相关葡萄膜炎(JIA- u)是最常见的关节外表现。JIA-U可无症状表现并导致眼部并发症,因此需要定期筛查和监测,以防止潜在的视力威胁的后遗症。外用糖皮质激素如醋酸泼尼松龙通常是治疗JIA-U相关的前葡萄膜炎的第一线治疗方法,但长期使用可能会导致白内障、高眼压和青光眼。抗风湿病药物(DMARDs)如甲氨蝶呤允许逐渐减少皮质类固醇以防止长期并发症。生物疗法越来越多地被用作JIA-U的靶向治疗,特别是针对促炎细胞因子TNF-α的单克隆抗体,如阿达木单抗和英夫利昔单抗。最近的一项多中心、前瞻性、随机临床试验提供了阿达木单抗联合甲氨蝶呤治疗JIA-U的疗效优于单用甲氨蝶呤的证据。另一项研究白细胞介素-6抑制剂tocilizumab治疗JIA-U的临床试验显示,局部皮质类固醇治疗有希望逐渐减少。此外,JAK抑制剂是对TNF-α抑制剂难治的JIA-U患者的新兴生物疗法,一项评估baricitinib对JIA-U疗效的临床试验正在进行中。虽然这些新型生物制剂的临床试验有限,但对这些药物的进一步研究可能为JIA-U提供额外的治疗选择。
{"title":"Update on biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis.","authors":"Joanne Thomas,&nbsp;Sanjana Kuthyar,&nbsp;Jessica G Shantha,&nbsp;Sheila T Angeles-Han,&nbsp;Steven Yeh","doi":"10.21037/aes-2019-dmu-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-2019-dmu-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood, and juvenile idiopathic associated uveitis (JIA-U) is the most frequently noted extra-articular manifestation. JIA-U can present asymptomatically and lead to ocular complications, so regular screening and monitoring are needed to prevent potentially sight-threatening sequelae. Topical glucocorticoids such as prednisolone acetate are usually the first line of treatment for anterior uveitis associated with JIA-U, but long-term use may be associated with cataract, ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate allow tapering of the corticosteroids to prevent long-term complications. Biologic therapies have been increasingly used as targeted therapies for JIA-U, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α such as adalimumab and infliximab. One recent, multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial provided evidence of the efficacy of adalimumab with methotrexate for JIA-U compared to methotrexate alone. Another clinical trial studying the interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab for JIA-U showed promise in tapering topical corticosteroids. Additionally, JAK inhibitors are emerging biologic therapies for JIA-U in patients refractory to TNF-α inhibitors, with a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of baricitinib for JIA-U underway. While clinical trials on these novel biologics are limited, further investigation of these agents may provide additional therapeutic options for JIA-U.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/5e/nihms-1690429.PMC8202723.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39234699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Combined automated screening for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy in primary care settings. 在初级医疗机构中对老年黄斑变性和糖尿病视网膜病变进行联合自动筛查。
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-20-114
Alauddin Bhuiyan, Arun Govindaiah, Sharmina Alauddin, Oscar Otero-Marquez, R Theodore Smith

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are among the leading causes of blindness in the United States and other developed countries. Early detection is the key to prevention and effective treatment. We have built an artificial intelligence-based screening system which utilizes a cloud-based platform for combined large scale screening through primary care settings for early diagnosis of these diseases.

Methods: iHealthScreen Inc., an independent medical software company, has developed automated AMD and DR screening systems utilizing a telemedicine platform based on deep machine learning techniques. For both diseases, we prospectively imaged both eyes of 340 unselected non-dilated subjects over 50 years of age. For DR specifically, 152 diabetic patients at New York Eye and Ear faculty retina practices, ophthalmic and primary care clinics in New York city with color fundus cameras. Following the initial review of the images, 308 images with other confounding conditions like high myopia and vascular occlusion, and poor quality were excluded, leaving 676 eligible images for AMD and DR evaluation. Three ophthalmologists evaluated each of the images, and after adjudication, the patients were determined referrable or non-referable for AMD DR. Concerning AMD, 172 were labeled referable (intermediate or late), and 504 were non-referable (no or early). Concurrently, regarding DR, 33 were referable (moderate or worse), and 643 were non-referable (none or mild). All images were uploaded to iHealthScreen's telemedicine platform and analyzed by the automated systems for both diseases. The system performances are tested on per eye basis with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa scores with respect to the professional graders.

Results: In identifying referable DR, the system achieved a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 96.3%, and a kappa score of 0.70 on this prospective dataset. For AMD, the sensitivity was 86.6%, the specificity of 92.1%, and a kappa score of 0.76.

Conclusions: The AMD and DR screening tools achieved excellent performance operating together to identify two retinal diseases prospectively in mixed datasets, demonstrating the feasibility of such tools in the early diagnosis of eye diseases. These early screening tools will help create an even more comprehensive system capable of being trained on other retinal pathologies, a goal within reach for public health deployment.

背景:在美国和其他发达国家,老年性黄斑变性(AMD)和糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是导致失明的主要原因之一。早期检测是预防和有效治疗的关键。方法:iHealthScreen 公司是一家独立的医疗软件公司,它利用基于深度机器学习技术的远程医疗平台开发了自动 AMD 和 DR 筛查系统。针对这两种疾病,我们对 340 名 50 岁以上未经选择的非散光受试者的双眼进行了前瞻性成像。具体到糖尿病,我们在纽约市的纽约眼耳学院视网膜诊所、眼科诊所和初级保健诊所为 152 名糖尿病患者拍摄了彩色眼底照相机。在对图像进行初步审查后,排除了 308 张存在高度近视和血管闭塞等其他混杂情况以及质量较差的图像,剩下 676 张符合 AMD 和 DR 评估条件的图像。三位眼科医生对每张图像进行了评估,经过裁定,患者被确定为可转诊或不可转诊为 AMD DR。在 AMD 方面,172 名患者被认定为可转诊(中期或晚期),504 名患者被认定为不可转诊(无或早期)。与此同时,关于 DR,33 例可转诊(中度或更严重),643 例不可转诊(无或轻度)。所有图像都上传到 iHealthScreen 的远程医疗平台,并由自动系统对这两种疾病进行分析。系统性能以每只眼睛为单位进行测试,测试结果包括敏感性、特异性、准确性以及与专业分级人员的 kappa 分数:在识别可转诊的 DR 方面,该系统的灵敏度为 97.0%,特异度为 96.3%,在前瞻性数据集上的 kappa 得分为 0.70。对于老年性黄斑变性,灵敏度为 86.6%,特异度为 92.1%,卡帕评分为 0.76:AMD和DR筛查工具在混合数据集中共同操作以前瞻性地识别两种视网膜疾病方面表现出色,证明了此类工具在眼病早期诊断中的可行性。这些早期筛查工具将有助于创建一个更全面的系统,能够对其他视网膜病变进行训练,这是公共卫生领域可以实现的目标。
{"title":"Combined automated screening for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy in primary care settings.","authors":"Alauddin Bhuiyan, Arun Govindaiah, Sharmina Alauddin, Oscar Otero-Marquez, R Theodore Smith","doi":"10.21037/aes-20-114","DOIUrl":"10.21037/aes-20-114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are among the leading causes of blindness in the United States and other developed countries. Early detection is the key to prevention and effective treatment. We have built an artificial intelligence-based screening system which utilizes a cloud-based platform for combined large scale screening through primary care settings for early diagnosis of these diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>iHealthScreen Inc., an independent medical software company, has developed automated AMD and DR screening systems utilizing a telemedicine platform based on deep machine learning techniques. For both diseases, we prospectively imaged both eyes of 340 unselected non-dilated subjects over 50 years of age. For DR specifically, 152 diabetic patients at New York Eye and Ear faculty retina practices, ophthalmic and primary care clinics in New York city with color fundus cameras. Following the initial review of the images, 308 images with other confounding conditions like high myopia and vascular occlusion, and poor quality were excluded, leaving 676 eligible images for AMD and DR evaluation. Three ophthalmologists evaluated each of the images, and after adjudication, the patients were determined referrable or non-referable for AMD DR. Concerning AMD, 172 were labeled referable (intermediate or late), and 504 were non-referable (no or early). Concurrently, regarding DR, 33 were referable (moderate or worse), and 643 were non-referable (none or mild). All images were uploaded to iHealthScreen's telemedicine platform and analyzed by the automated systems for both diseases. The system performances are tested on per eye basis with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa scores with respect to the professional graders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In identifying referable DR, the system achieved a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 96.3%, and a kappa score of 0.70 on this prospective dataset. For AMD, the sensitivity was 86.6%, the specificity of 92.1%, and a kappa score of 0.76.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AMD and DR screening tools achieved excellent performance operating together to identify two retinal diseases prospectively in mixed datasets, demonstrating the feasibility of such tools in the early diagnosis of eye diseases. These early screening tools will help create an even more comprehensive system capable of being trained on other retinal pathologies, a goal within reach for public health deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/f3/nihms-1712630.PMC8525840.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39535654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characteristics of normal human retinal pigment epithelium cells with extremes of autofluorescence or intracellular granule count. 正常人视网膜色素上皮细胞的特征与极端的自身荧光或细胞内颗粒计数。
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.21037/aes-2021-01
Katharina Bermond, Andreas Berlin, Ioana-Sandra Tarau, Christina Wobbe, Rainer Heintzmann, Christine A Curcio, Kenneth R Sloan, Thomas Ach

Background: Cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) accumulate different kinds of granules (lipofuscin, melanolipofuscin, melanosomes) within their cell bodies, with lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin being autofluorescent after blue light excitation. High amounts of lipofuscin granules within the RPE have been associated with the development of RPE cell death and age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, this has not been confirmed in histology so far. Here, based on our previous dataset of RPE granule characteristics, we report the characteristics of RPE cells from human donor eyes that show either high or low numbers of intracellular granules or high or low autofluorescence (AF) intensities.

Methods: RPE flatmounts of fifteen human donors were examined using high-resolution structured illumination microscopy (HR-SIM) and laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Autofluorescent granules were analyzed regarding AF phenotype and absolute number of granules. In addition, total AF intensity per cell and granule density (number of granules per cell area) were determined. For the final analysis, RPE cells with total granule number below 5th or above the 95th percentile, or a total AF intensity ± 1.5 standard deviations above or below the mean were included, and compared to the average RPE cell at the same location. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Results: Within 420 RPE cells examined, 42 cells were further analyzed due to extremes regarding total granule numbers. In addition, 20 RPE cells had AF 1.5 standard deviations below, 28 RPE cells above the mean local AF intensity. Melanolipofuscin granules predominate in RPE cells with low granule content and low AF intensity. RPE cells with high granule content have nearly twice (1.8 times) as many granules as an average RPE cell.

Conclusions: In normal eyes, outliers regarding autofluorescent granule load and AF intensity signals are rare among RPE cells, suggesting that granule deposition and subsequent AF follows intrinsic control mechanisms at a cellular level. The AF of a cell is related to the composition of intracellular granule types. Ongoing studies using AMD donor eyes will examine possible disease related changes in granule distribution and further put lipofuscińs role in aging and AMD further into perspective.

背景:视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞在其细胞体内积聚不同种类的颗粒(脂褐素、黑素褐素、黑素小体),脂褐素和黑素褐素在蓝光激发后发生自身荧光。RPE内大量的脂褐素颗粒与RPE细胞死亡和年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的发展有关;然而,这在组织学上尚未得到证实。在此,基于我们之前的RPE颗粒特征数据集,我们报告了来自人类供体眼睛的RPE细胞的特征,显示出高或低数量的细胞内颗粒或高或低的自身荧光(AF)强度。方法:采用高分辨率结构照明显微镜(HR-SIM)和激光扫描显微镜(LSM)对15例人类供体的RPE平支架进行检测。分析自身荧光颗粒的AF表型和绝对数量。此外,测定每个细胞的总AF强度和颗粒密度(每个细胞面积的颗粒数)。最终分析纳入总颗粒数低于第5个或高于第95个百分位,或总AF强度高于或低于平均值±1.5个标准差的RPE细胞,并与同一位置的平均RPE细胞进行比较。数据以平均值±标准差表示。结果:在420个RPE细胞中,由于总颗粒数的极端,42个细胞被进一步分析。此外,20个RPE细胞的AF低于1.5个标准差,28个RPE细胞高于平均局部AF强度。黑脂褐素颗粒主要存在于RPE细胞中,颗粒含量低,AF强度低。颗粒含量高的RPE细胞的颗粒数几乎是普通RPE细胞的两倍(1.8倍)。结论:在正常眼睛中,RPE细胞中很少有关于自身荧光颗粒负荷和AF强度信号的异常值,这表明颗粒沉积和随后的AF遵循细胞水平的内在控制机制。细胞的AF与细胞内颗粒类型的组成有关。正在进行的使用AMD供体眼睛的研究将检查可能与疾病相关的颗粒分布变化,并进一步研究lipofuscińs在衰老和AMD中的作用。
{"title":"Characteristics of normal human retinal pigment epithelium cells with extremes of autofluorescence or intracellular granule count.","authors":"Katharina Bermond,&nbsp;Andreas Berlin,&nbsp;Ioana-Sandra Tarau,&nbsp;Christina Wobbe,&nbsp;Rainer Heintzmann,&nbsp;Christine A Curcio,&nbsp;Kenneth R Sloan,&nbsp;Thomas Ach","doi":"10.21037/aes-2021-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-2021-01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) accumulate different kinds of granules (lipofuscin, melanolipofuscin, melanosomes) within their cell bodies, with lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin being autofluorescent after blue light excitation. High amounts of lipofuscin granules within the RPE have been associated with the development of RPE cell death and age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, this has not been confirmed in histology so far. Here, based on our previous dataset of RPE granule characteristics, we report the characteristics of RPE cells from human donor eyes that show either high or low numbers of intracellular granules or high or low autofluorescence (AF) intensities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RPE flatmounts of fifteen human donors were examined using high-resolution structured illumination microscopy (HR-SIM) and laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Autofluorescent granules were analyzed regarding AF phenotype and absolute number of granules. In addition, total AF intensity per cell and granule density (number of granules per cell area) were determined. For the final analysis, RPE cells with total granule number below 5<sup>th</sup> or above the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile, or a total AF intensity ± 1.5 standard deviations above or below the mean were included, and compared to the average RPE cell at the same location. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 420 RPE cells examined, 42 cells were further analyzed due to extremes regarding total granule numbers. In addition, 20 RPE cells had AF 1.5 standard deviations below, 28 RPE cells above the mean local AF intensity. Melanolipofuscin granules predominate in RPE cells with low granule content and low AF intensity. RPE cells with high granule content have nearly twice (1.8 times) as many granules as an average RPE cell.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In normal eyes, outliers regarding autofluorescent granule load and AF intensity signals are rare among RPE cells, suggesting that granule deposition and subsequent AF follows intrinsic control mechanisms at a cellular level. The AF of a cell is related to the composition of intracellular granule types. Ongoing studies using AMD donor eyes will examine possible disease related changes in granule distribution and further put lipofuscińs role in aging and AMD further into perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4f/2a/nihms-1698412.PMC8291732.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39207297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
期刊
Annals of Eye Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1