Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783748908722-119
Hans Jörg Schrötter
We use the U.S. patent data merged with firm-level datasets to establish new facts about the role of mega firms in generating “novel patents”—innovations that introduce new combinations of technology components for the first time. While the share of mega firms in novel patents had been declining until about 2000, it has strongly rebounded since then. This coincided with a shift in the technological contents of novel patents, characterized by the transition from new combinations within Information and Communications Technology (ICT) components to new combinations integrating ICT and non-ICT components. Mega firms also generate a disproportionately large number of “hits” —new combinations that lead to the largest numbers of follow-on patents (patents that reuse the same combinations of technology components as the first novel patent). Furthermore, their novel patents tend to diffuse broadly—we find that mega firms’ most successful novel patents have more follow-on patents assigned not to themselves but to other firms compared to successful novel patents generated by non-mega firms. Overall, our findings suggest that mega firms play an increasingly important role in generating new technological trajectories in recent years, especially in combining ICT with non-ICT components, creating room for other entities to conduct followup innovations.
{"title":"E","authors":"Hans Jörg Schrötter","doi":"10.5771/9783748908722-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748908722-119","url":null,"abstract":"We use the U.S. patent data merged with firm-level datasets to establish new facts about the role of mega firms in generating “novel patents”—innovations that introduce new combinations of technology components for the first time. While the share of mega firms in novel patents had been declining until about 2000, it has strongly rebounded since then. This coincided with a shift in the technological contents of novel patents, characterized by the transition from new combinations within Information and Communications Technology (ICT) components to new combinations integrating ICT and non-ICT components. Mega firms also generate a disproportionately large number of “hits” —new combinations that lead to the largest numbers of follow-on patents (patents that reuse the same combinations of technology components as the first novel patent). Furthermore, their novel patents tend to diffuse broadly—we find that mega firms’ most successful novel patents have more follow-on patents assigned not to themselves but to other firms compared to successful novel patents generated by non-mega firms. Overall, our findings suggest that mega firms play an increasingly important role in generating new technological trajectories in recent years, especially in combining ICT with non-ICT components, creating room for other entities to conduct followup innovations.","PeriodicalId":84707,"journal":{"name":"Europa-Archiv","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73673257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783748908722-98
Hans Jörg Schrötter
In a paper by Bárta et al., the authors addressed by means of high-resolution MHD simulations some open questions on the CSHKP scenario of solar flares. In particular, they focused on the problem of energy transfer from large to small scales in the decaying flare current sheet (CS). Their calculations suggest that magnetic flux ropes (plasmoids) are formed in a full range of scales by a cascade of tearing and coalescence processes. Consequently, the initially thick current layer becomes highly fragmented. Thus, the tearing and coalescence cascade can cause an effective energy transfer across the scales. In this paper, we investigate whether this mechanism actually applies in solar flares. We extend the MHD simulation by deriving model-specific features that can be searched for in observations. The results of the underlying MHD model show that the plasmoid cascade creates a specific hierarchical distribution of non-ideal/acceleration regions embedded in the CS. We therefore focus on the features associated with the fluxes of energetic particles, in particular on the structure and dynamics of emission regions in flare ribbons. We assume that the structure and dynamics of diffusion regions embedded in the CS imprint themselves into the structure and dynamics of flare-ribbon kernels by means of magnetic field mapping. Using the results of the underlying MHD simulation, we derive the expected structure of ribbon emission and extract selected statistical properties of the modeled bright kernels. Comparing the predicted emission and its properties with the observed ones, we obtain a good agreement between the two.
{"title":"C","authors":"Hans Jörg Schrötter","doi":"10.5771/9783748908722-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748908722-98","url":null,"abstract":"In a paper by Bárta et al., the authors addressed by means of high-resolution MHD simulations some open questions on the CSHKP scenario of solar flares. In particular, they focused on the problem of energy transfer from large to small scales in the decaying flare current sheet (CS). Their calculations suggest that magnetic flux ropes (plasmoids) are formed in a full range of scales by a cascade of tearing and coalescence processes. Consequently, the initially thick current layer becomes highly fragmented. Thus, the tearing and coalescence cascade can cause an effective energy transfer across the scales. In this paper, we investigate whether this mechanism actually applies in solar flares. We extend the MHD simulation by deriving model-specific features that can be searched for in observations. The results of the underlying MHD model show that the plasmoid cascade creates a specific hierarchical distribution of non-ideal/acceleration regions embedded in the CS. We therefore focus on the features associated with the fluxes of energetic particles, in particular on the structure and dynamics of emission regions in flare ribbons. We assume that the structure and dynamics of diffusion regions embedded in the CS imprint themselves into the structure and dynamics of flare-ribbon kernels by means of magnetic field mapping. Using the results of the underlying MHD simulation, we derive the expected structure of ribbon emission and extract selected statistical properties of the modeled bright kernels. Comparing the predicted emission and its properties with the observed ones, we obtain a good agreement between the two.","PeriodicalId":84707,"journal":{"name":"Europa-Archiv","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90857933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[The population debates of Cairo from an Islamic viewpoint].","authors":"K Duran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84707,"journal":{"name":"Europa-Archiv","volume":"49 23","pages":"667-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22017505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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