Pub Date : 1974-10-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1540-4560.1974.TB01762.X
W. Wiest, L. Squier
As behavior modification has been successfully used to treat a variety of problems, it is possible that the experimental analysis of reproductive behavior will lead to scientific understanding and thus to effective and acceptable means of control. In order to be useful the applied behavior analysis must search for environmental variables that can be manipulated directly, rather than for cognitive constructs, personality dispositions, beliefs, attitudes, values, or other variables which are themselves inferences from behavior. Attention should be focused on variables such as the frequency and timing of coitus and the access to, purchase of, and use of birth control devices and services. The implications of reinforcement theory for the problem of excessive fertility fall into 2 main classes -- those that relate to the construction of social policy and those that have to do with individual adherences to social policy. Initially, a programmatic description of research consistent with behavior modification should concentrate on increasing the probability of contraceptive behavior among individuals for whom pregnancy is already undesirable. The more difficult problem of instituting formal incentive schemes to change the reinforcement value of pregnancy for those who want large families should probably be postponed until demonstrated success is available on the problem of eliminating unwanted pregnancies. An ideal experiment would be 1 in which demographically equivalent experimental and control communities (rural and urban) were examined in the context of a multiple-baseline paradigm.
{"title":"Incentives and reinforcement: a behavioral approach to fertility.","authors":"W. Wiest, L. Squier","doi":"10.1111/J.1540-4560.1974.TB01762.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-4560.1974.TB01762.X","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As behavior modification has been successfully used to treat a variety of problems, it is possible that the experimental analysis of reproductive behavior will lead to scientific understanding and thus to effective and acceptable means of control. In order to be useful the applied behavior analysis must search for environmental variables that can be manipulated directly, rather than for cognitive constructs, personality dispositions, beliefs, attitudes, values, or other variables which are themselves inferences from behavior. Attention should be focused on variables such as the frequency and timing of coitus and the access to, purchase of, and use of birth control devices and services. The implications of reinforcement theory for the problem of excessive fertility fall into 2 main classes -- those that relate to the construction of social policy and those that have to do with individual adherences to social policy. Initially, a programmatic description of research consistent with behavior modification should concentrate on increasing the probability of contraceptive behavior among individuals for whom pregnancy is already undesirable. The more difficult problem of instituting formal incentive schemes to change the reinforcement value of pregnancy for those who want large families should probably be postponed until demonstrated success is available on the problem of eliminating unwanted pregnancies. An ideal experiment would be 1 in which demographically equivalent experimental and control communities (rural and urban) were examined in the context of a multiple-baseline paradigm.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84728,"journal":{"name":"Family planning resume","volume":"12 1","pages":"98-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1540-4560.1974.TB01762.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63188186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In operational terms effective nutrition services can increase health worker credibility with mothers and increase their receptivity toward family planning. Among other synergistic program relationships high IUD removal rates are related to nutritional anemia in women which could be corrected by nutritional supplementation. Finally operating efficiencies might be attainable in some instances through the use of common personnel and facilities. Integration although desirable in many cases faces several barriers: attempts to maintain separate programs in order to preserve independent institutional prestige and power; unequal priority assignment to the different programs; the lack of integrated approaches by international funding agencies. Additional information would be useful on attitudes in the parental procreation decision making process managerial requisites of integrated delivery systems biological and physiological linkages between fertility and nutrition and impact assessment of integrated programs. Two of the most critical problems facing low income countries today are wide spread malnutrition and burgeoning populations. Programs have been mounted to attack both of these interrelated problems but little has been done to coordinate and integrate these efforts. In many situations there appears to be strong rationale for such integration. Both are new programs trying to establish their places on the national development agenda. Population control is more readily justified by economic criteria while nutrition is more socially and politically acceptable. Their fusion can achieve a mutually reinforcing complementarity. There also exists a series of relationships (with varying degrees of evidential strength) among fertility family size and malnutrition: smaller families result in better nutrition which reduces malnutrition related mortality thus improving child survival probabilities and in turn enhancing family planning motivation. (authors)
{"title":"Population and nutrition: a case for integration.","authors":"James E. Austin, Levinson Fj","doi":"10.2307/3349544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349544","url":null,"abstract":"In operational terms effective nutrition services can increase health worker credibility with mothers and increase their receptivity toward family planning. Among other synergistic program relationships high IUD removal rates are related to nutritional anemia in women which could be corrected by nutritional supplementation. Finally operating efficiencies might be attainable in some instances through the use of common personnel and facilities. Integration although desirable in many cases faces several barriers: attempts to maintain separate programs in order to preserve independent institutional prestige and power; unequal priority assignment to the different programs; the lack of integrated approaches by international funding agencies. Additional information would be useful on attitudes in the parental procreation decision making process managerial requisites of integrated delivery systems biological and physiological linkages between fertility and nutrition and impact assessment of integrated programs. Two of the most critical problems facing low income countries today are wide spread malnutrition and burgeoning populations. Programs have been mounted to attack both of these interrelated problems but little has been done to coordinate and integrate these efforts. In many situations there appears to be strong rationale for such integration. Both are new programs trying to establish their places on the national development agenda. Population control is more readily justified by economic criteria while nutrition is more socially and politically acceptable. Their fusion can achieve a mutually reinforcing complementarity. There also exists a series of relationships (with varying degrees of evidential strength) among fertility family size and malnutrition: smaller families result in better nutrition which reduces malnutrition related mortality thus improving child survival probabilities and in turn enhancing family planning motivation. (authors)","PeriodicalId":84728,"journal":{"name":"Family planning resume","volume":"52 2 1","pages":"169-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3349544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68585453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1974-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00224497409550836
R. Butts, M. Sporakowski
A survey was conducted among 109 single, never married, white females in Virginia, Maryland, and Louisiana, to determine factors influencing the decision as to whether to abort or carry to term an unwanted pregnancy. Girls choosing to have the baby were younger, less well educated, and more religious than girls choosing an abortion. Girls carrying the pregnancy to term tended to be lower or middle class and tended not to have friends who had had abortions. The abortion group had a higher satisfaction rate with their decision than the group who continued the pregnancy. Aborters had little guilt regarding their decision. The have-the-baby group felt anxiety, conflict, and discomfort. Girls who continued the pregnancy more often developed a negative relationship with the putative father. Efforts to identify sociological factors associated with teenage pregnancy isolated few significant variables.
{"title":"Unwed pregnancy decisions: some background factors.","authors":"R. Butts, M. Sporakowski","doi":"10.1080/00224497409550836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497409550836","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A survey was conducted among 109 single, never married, white females in Virginia, Maryland, and Louisiana, to determine factors influencing the decision as to whether to abort or carry to term an unwanted pregnancy. Girls choosing to have the baby were younger, less well educated, and more religious than girls choosing an abortion. Girls carrying the pregnancy to term tended to be lower or middle class and tended not to have friends who had had abortions. The abortion group had a higher satisfaction rate with their decision than the group who continued the pregnancy. Aborters had little guilt regarding their decision. The have-the-baby group felt anxiety, conflict, and discomfort. Girls who continued the pregnancy more often developed a negative relationship with the putative father. Efforts to identify sociological factors associated with teenage pregnancy isolated few significant variables.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84728,"journal":{"name":"Family planning resume","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"96-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00224497409550836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59088675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00224497309550815
P. Jobes
A 1-week population sensitivity campaign was held in the primarily university community of Boulder, Colorado, in November 1969. This 8-day campaign was conducted by running quarter-page advertisements in the newspaper and by braodcasting radio spots, which contained information on the population explosion. A control group of 175 people responded to a 1-minute telephone questionnaire immediately before the "population sensitivity" week began. A different sample of 185 people responded to the same questionnaire following the sensitivity week in order to test any increase in awareness that was not interviewer-induced. 96% of both the control and follow-up groups had heard of the population explosion, and 78% believed that "the population explosion applies to population growth in the United States." 55% of the respondents believed that the population explosion would have an effect on either their families or themselves. Older, less educated individuals who are lower in the occupational strata were found to be less likely to acknowledge that the U.S. has problems with population growth than were younger, better educated persons of high occupational status. Overall, there were no significant differences between the control and the experimental groups. Short-term saturation techniques conducted through the mass media are unlikely to affect attitudes concerning population growth, and this conclusion indicates the need for long-term education programs.
{"title":"An empirical study of short-term mass communication saturation and perception of population problems.","authors":"P. Jobes","doi":"10.1080/00224497309550815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497309550815","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 1-week population sensitivity campaign was held in the primarily university community of Boulder, Colorado, in November 1969. This 8-day campaign was conducted by running quarter-page advertisements in the newspaper and by braodcasting radio spots, which contained information on the population explosion. A control group of 175 people responded to a 1-minute telephone questionnaire immediately before the \"population sensitivity\" week began. A different sample of 185 people responded to the same questionnaire following the sensitivity week in order to test any increase in awareness that was not interviewer-induced. 96% of both the control and follow-up groups had heard of the population explosion, and 78% believed that \"the population explosion applies to population growth in the United States.\" 55% of the respondents believed that the population explosion would have an effect on either their families or themselves. Older, less educated individuals who are lower in the occupational strata were found to be less likely to acknowledge that the U.S. has problems with population growth than were younger, better educated persons of high occupational status. Overall, there were no significant differences between the control and the experimental groups. Short-term saturation techniques conducted through the mass media are unlikely to affect attitudes concerning population growth, and this conclusion indicates the need for long-term education programs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84728,"journal":{"name":"Family planning resume","volume":"119 1","pages":"144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00224497309550815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59087479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-02-01DOI: 10.1080/00224497309550778
R. A. Lewis
During the 1969-1970 school year, 351 upperclassmen at a southeastern university were used in a study on the use of different communication methods to change attitudes toward abortion. Following the pretest questionnaire, the group was divided into 4 groups and treated in the following ways: 1) a panel from the group presented pros and cons of abortion; 2) the group broke into 5-member discussion groups to talk about attitudes toward abortion; 3) a movie on normal birth was presented to this group; and 4) the 4th group received no interim abortion-related communication. The movie had no effect on abortion attitudes. The discussions had a slight liberalizing effect on abortion attitudes. Less than 3% of the students in the survey changed their attitude.
{"title":"Producing change in attitudes toward abortion.","authors":"R. A. Lewis","doi":"10.1080/00224497309550778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497309550778","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the 1969-1970 school year, 351 upperclassmen at a southeastern university were used in a study on the use of different communication methods to change attitudes toward abortion. Following the pretest questionnaire, the group was divided into 4 groups and treated in the following ways: 1) a panel from the group presented pros and cons of abortion; 2) the group broke into 5-member discussion groups to talk about attitudes toward abortion; 3) a movie on normal birth was presented to this group; and 4) the 4th group received no interim abortion-related communication. The movie had no effect on abortion attitudes. The discussions had a slight liberalizing effect on abortion attitudes. Less than 3% of the students in the survey changed their attitude.\u0000","PeriodicalId":84728,"journal":{"name":"Family planning resume","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"76-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00224497309550778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59086793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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