Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg DrRerNat, D. Sandberg, T. Yager, C. Dolezal, A. Ehrhardt
To facilitate the assessment of problems of gender identity development in both physically normal and intersexual children, we describe the modification of an existing parent-administered questionnaire for boys and the development of an analogous new questionnaire for girls. Pertinent items were drawn from the literature and from our own case material. Questionnaires were administered as part of a battery to a demographically diverse community sample of the parents of 687 boys and girls age 6-10 years. Scales assessing aspects of gender role behavior and identity ("gender scales") were constructed on the basis of the results of a factor analysis. By design, the scales permit the characterization of a child's gender-role behavior and identity in relation to both gendertypical boys and gender-typical girls. The gender scales show appropriate internal consistency. Demonstration of validity is complemented by clinical case illustrations. As indicated by hierarchical regression analysis, the demographic factor...
{"title":"Questionnaire Scales for the Assessment of Atypical Gender Development in Girls and Boys","authors":"Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg DrRerNat, D. Sandberg, T. Yager, C. Dolezal, A. Ehrhardt","doi":"10.1300/J056V06N04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V06N04_04","url":null,"abstract":"To facilitate the assessment of problems of gender identity development in both physically normal and intersexual children, we describe the modification of an existing parent-administered questionnaire for boys and the development of an analogous new questionnaire for girls. Pertinent items were drawn from the literature and from our own case material. Questionnaires were administered as part of a battery to a demographically diverse community sample of the parents of 687 boys and girls age 6-10 years. Scales assessing aspects of gender role behavior and identity (\"gender scales\") were constructed on the basis of the results of a factor analysis. By design, the scales permit the characterization of a child's gender-role behavior and identity in relation to both gendertypical boys and gender-typical girls. The gender scales show appropriate internal consistency. Demonstration of validity is complemented by clinical case illustrations. As indicated by hierarchical regression analysis, the demographic factor...","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"6 1","pages":"19-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V06N04_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66445760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Hatfield, S. Sprecher, J. Pillemer, David B. Greenberger, P. Wexler
It has been proposed that women possess a "person centered" orientation to sexuality- the goal of sex is to express affection to another person in a committed relations. Conversely, men possess a "body centered" orientation toward sex-the goal of sex is physical gratification. These different orientations toward sex in relatidnships should lead men and women to have different desires in the sexual relationship. We hypothesized that women will desire more activities in sex that demonstrate love and intimacy, while men will desire more activities that focus on arousal aspects of the sexual activity itself (more partner initiative; more variety). Two samples were used to test the hypotheses: 189 undergraduate students and 53 newly married couples. Men and women were asked how much they desired their partner to do less or more of a variety of activities during sex. The results indicated that there were gender differences found in what was desired from the sexual relationship that were consistent with our pred...
{"title":"Gender Differences in What Is Desired in the Sexual Relationship","authors":"E. Hatfield, S. Sprecher, J. Pillemer, David B. Greenberger, P. Wexler","doi":"10.1300/J056V01N02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V01N02_04","url":null,"abstract":"It has been proposed that women possess a \"person centered\" orientation to sexuality- the goal of sex is to express affection to another person in a committed relations. Conversely, men possess a \"body centered\" orientation toward sex-the goal of sex is physical gratification. These different orientations toward sex in relatidnships should lead men and women to have different desires in the sexual relationship. We hypothesized that women will desire more activities in sex that demonstrate love and intimacy, while men will desire more activities that focus on arousal aspects of the sexual activity itself (more partner initiative; more variety). Two samples were used to test the hypotheses: 189 undergraduate students and 53 newly married couples. Men and women were asked how much they desired their partner to do less or more of a variety of activities during sex. The results indicated that there were gender differences found in what was desired from the sexual relationship that were consistent with our pred...","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V01N02_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66441378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on a broad spectrum of interactional communication patterns in fatherldaughter incest families. "Live communications" were analyzed using Lorna Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASE!) circum lex model. Incest familiesy communications were compared to familes who had daughters classified as 0 positional and to Nonclinical families. In light of current research t R e study examined the concepts of mother1 daughter role-reversal, controlling incest fathers, and conflictual motherldaughter relationships. Implications of the findings as applied to treatment are discussed.
{"title":"Interactional Cornmaanmication Patterns in Father/Daughter Incest Families","authors":"Curtis A. Levang","doi":"10.1300/J056V01N02_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V01N02_05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on a broad spectrum of interactional communication patterns in fatherldaughter incest families. \"Live communications\" were analyzed using Lorna Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASE!) circum lex model. Incest familiesy communications were compared to familes who had daughters classified as 0 positional and to Nonclinical families. In light of current research t R e study examined the concepts of mother1 daughter role-reversal, controlling incest fathers, and conflictual motherldaughter relationships. Implications of the findings as applied to treatment are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"1 1","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V01N02_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66441644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A case report of a 36-year old female-to-male transsexual who was attracted to males prior to and following sex reassignment is described. For many years, even before hormonal and sex reassignment, this individual considered himself to be a gay male. This represents an unusual clinical finding with import to theories of sexual development, our definition of gender identity and sexual orientation and the relationship between gender identity and sexual orientation. This case may increase awareness that tenninology is flawed. Gender identity and sexual orientation are separate phenomena and theories of sexual orientation are inadequate. It also lmproves understanding of the special problems associated with cases such as these.
{"title":"\"Heterosexual\" Prior to Sex Reassignment - \"Homosexual\" Afterwards:","authors":"E. Coleman, Walter O. Bockting Drs","doi":"10.1300/J056V01N02_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V01N02_06","url":null,"abstract":"A case report of a 36-year old female-to-male transsexual who was attracted to males prior to and following sex reassignment is described. For many years, even before hormonal and sex reassignment, this individual considered himself to be a gay male. This represents an unusual clinical finding with import to theories of sexual development, our definition of gender identity and sexual orientation and the relationship between gender identity and sexual orientation. This case may increase awareness that tenninology is flawed. Gender identity and sexual orientation are separate phenomena and theories of sexual orientation are inadequate. It also lmproves understanding of the special problems associated with cases such as these.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"35 1","pages":"69-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V01N02_06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66441696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of sexual abuse in recovering chemically dependent lesbians and gay men was studied by a retrospective chart review of inpatients at Pride Institute, a center designed to provide treatment for chemical dependency in this population. Nearly 50% of the 201 inpatients studied reporled being sexually abused. The researchers postulate that comprehensive chemical dependency treatment programs must recognize and support their clients' need lo address sexual abuse in order to prevent relapse and to improve their gcncral emotional well-being. Most treatment centers arc reluctant to address sexuality and its problems. Pride Institute maintnins a sharp focus on the homosexual culture and staff are sensitive to my difficulties with sexuality, ranging from society's disapproval of a minority lifestyle to overt rape and assault. As a consequence, clients are open to iscussion oft ese problems and staff are able to collect data confirming the extent and nature of sexual abuse in this population. The resea...
{"title":"Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse in a Gay/Lesbian Population:: Related to Victimization?","authors":"J. Ma, H. Sandall","doi":"10.1300/J056V03N01_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V03N01_08","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of sexual abuse in recovering chemically dependent lesbians and gay men was studied by a retrospective chart review of inpatients at Pride Institute, a center designed to provide treatment for chemical dependency in this population. Nearly 50% of the 201 inpatients studied reporled being sexually abused. The researchers postulate that comprehensive chemical dependency treatment programs must recognize and support their clients' need lo address sexual abuse in order to prevent relapse and to improve their gcncral emotional well-being. Most treatment centers arc reluctant to address sexuality and its problems. Pride Institute maintnins a sharp focus on the homosexual culture and staff are sensitive to my difficulties with sexuality, ranging from society's disapproval of a minority lifestyle to overt rape and assault. As a consequence, clients are open to iscussion oft ese problems and staff are able to collect data confirming the extent and nature of sexual abuse in this population. The resea...","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"3 1","pages":"151-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V03N01_08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66443102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The following paper is a review of research studies examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and subsequent involvement in sex work. The vast majority of research studies in this area are conducted on primarily female street-based prostitutes; however, there has been a recent emergence of studies focused on male, predominantly gay/bisexual, participants. Also, more studies have begun to include mixed gender samples and non-sex worker comparison groups. Highlights of the paper include a critique of studies reporting a prevalence of CSA, the intervening effects of family environment, runaway behavior, and abuse characteristics, and a brief overview of research on other sex worker populations. Limitations as well as contributions of current studies are underscored and directions for future research are indicated.
{"title":"Childhood Sexual Abuse as a Risk Factor for Subsequent Involvement in Sex Work","authors":"Evelyn Abramovich Ms","doi":"10.1300/J056V17N01_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V17N01_08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following paper is a review of research studies examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and subsequent involvement in sex work. The vast majority of research studies in this area are conducted on primarily female street-based prostitutes; however, there has been a recent emergence of studies focused on male, predominantly gay/bisexual, participants. Also, more studies have begun to include mixed gender samples and non-sex worker comparison groups. Highlights of the paper include a critique of studies reporting a prevalence of CSA, the intervening effects of family environment, runaway behavior, and abuse characteristics, and a brief overview of research on other sex worker populations. Limitations as well as contributions of current studies are underscored and directions for future research are indicated.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"131-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V17N01_08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Multicultural counseling has emerged as the fourth force in American Psychology. To provide a nonclinical, multicultural framework with which to facilitate assessment and treatment of transgender (TG) clients, 73 North American TG respondents were compared to six groups. The comparison groups included 1,083 heterosexual females, 1,077 heterosexual males, 73 psychosocially matched females, 73 psycho-socially matched males, 256 homosexual females, and 356 homosexual males. Comparisons were made on psychosocial characteristics, past and present psychotherapy, past and present medication for a psychiatric condition, and past or present difficulties controlling potentially problematic behaviors. The TG respondents were more similar than different relative to lesbians and more different than similar in comparison to every other group. The similarities between TG respondents and lesbians suggest the dual influences of gender and sexual orientation minority status significantly compound the burden of ada...
{"title":"A Nonclinical Comparison of Transgender Identity and Sexual Orientation","authors":"Lgsw MSc MSt Ma Robin M. Mathy Msw","doi":"10.1300/J056V13N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V13N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Multicultural counseling has emerged as the fourth force in American Psychology. To provide a nonclinical, multicultural framework with which to facilitate assessment and treatment of transgender (TG) clients, 73 North American TG respondents were compared to six groups. The comparison groups included 1,083 heterosexual females, 1,077 heterosexual males, 73 psychosocially matched females, 73 psycho-socially matched males, 256 homosexual females, and 356 homosexual males. Comparisons were made on psychosocial characteristics, past and present psychotherapy, past and present medication for a psychiatric condition, and past or present difficulties controlling potentially problematic behaviors. The TG respondents were more similar than different relative to lesbians and more different than similar in comparison to every other group. The similarities between TG respondents and lesbians suggest the dual influences of gender and sexual orientation minority status significantly compound the burden of ada...","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"13 1","pages":"31-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V13N01_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66451809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This article provides an overview of important themes in European research regarding sexual behavior and the risk for HIV infection. There is a growing critique of HIV prevention among European theorists which focuses on four themes: (1) That current models over-emphasize the role of rational decision-making in sexual behavior; (2) That the [individual is viewed as the unit of research and intervention; (3) That the person is assumed to be static, having qualities which remain unchanged over time; and, (4) That the social/ cultural context of human interaction is ignored in relation to sexual behavior. To counteract these perceived deficiencies, it is proposed that future research and practice incorporate the following elements: sexual behavior as being primarily an interaction between persons as opposed to a decision of individuals; the effects of time on sexual decision-making; the cultural context and its influence on sexuality; the subjective experience of love as relates to sex; the role of p...
{"title":"Beyond Risk Factors","authors":"Michael T. Wright Licsw","doi":"10.1300/J056V10N03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V10N03_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This article provides an overview of important themes in European research regarding sexual behavior and the risk for HIV infection. There is a growing critique of HIV prevention among European theorists which focuses on four themes: (1) That current models over-emphasize the role of rational decision-making in sexual behavior; (2) That the [individual is viewed as the unit of research and intervention; (3) That the person is assumed to be static, having qualities which remain unchanged over time; and, (4) That the social/ cultural context of human interaction is ignored in relation to sexual behavior. To counteract these perceived deficiencies, it is proposed that future research and practice incorporate the following elements: sexual behavior as being primarily an interaction between persons as opposed to a decision of individuals; the effects of time on sexual decision-making; the cultural context and its influence on sexuality; the subjective experience of love as relates to sex; the role of p...","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V10N03_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66449213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The across-species genetic conservation of intercellular and extracellular chemical communication enables unicellular and multicellular organisms to functionally distinguish between self and non-self. Non-self olfactory/pheromonal input from the social environment elicits a vertebrate neuroendocrine response. The organization and activation of this neuroendocrine response modulates the concurrent maturation of the mammalian neuroendocrine system, the reproductive system, and the central nervous system during the development of sexual preferences that may be expressed in sexual behavior. Psycho-physiological mechanisms for the development of these sexual preferences include focus on unconscious affects that are detailed in reciprocal cause and effect relationships. Olfactory/pheromonal conditioning elicits neuroendocrine effects accompanied by unconscious affects on the development of sexual preferences. Integrating these unconscious affects extends to humans a developmental model of behavior that includes the development of male sexual preferences for other males. doi:10.1300/J056v18n04_03
{"title":"The Mind's Eyes","authors":"J. Kohl","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n04_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n04_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The across-species genetic conservation of intercellular and extracellular chemical communication enables unicellular and multicellular organisms to functionally distinguish between self and non-self. Non-self olfactory/pheromonal input from the social environment elicits a vertebrate neuroendocrine response. The organization and activation of this neuroendocrine response modulates the concurrent maturation of the mammalian neuroendocrine system, the reproductive system, and the central nervous system during the development of sexual preferences that may be expressed in sexual behavior. Psycho-physiological mechanisms for the development of these sexual preferences include focus on unconscious affects that are detailed in reciprocal cause and effect relationships. Olfactory/pheromonal conditioning elicits neuroendocrine effects accompanied by unconscious affects on the development of sexual preferences. Integrating these unconscious affects extends to humans a developmental model of behavior that includes the development of male sexual preferences for other males. doi:10.1300/J056v18n04_03","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"313 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n04_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66460920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sexual pleasure is an innate component of human sexuality. Although disdained throughout history by religious groups and variably explained by theories, philosophers, and societies, sexual pleasure permeates human experience. Traditional evolutionists explain this preoccupation via the development of sexual mating strategies and the human desire to propagate one's genes; however, here I will argue that the saturation of sexual pleasure suggests that sexual activity is no longer pursued solely to ensure reproductive success. Rather, humans engage in sexual behavior to achieve sexual pleasure—a proposition supported by widespread non-procreative sex in mammals, divergent cultural norms, and humans' evolved capacity to experience heightened sexual pleasure. I will address the nature and evolution of sexual pleasure with a cross-cultural findings culled from ethology, anthropology, primatology, and evolutionary theories.
{"title":"The Evolution of Sexual Pleasure","authors":"Felicia De la Garza-Mercer","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual pleasure is an innate component of human sexuality. Although disdained throughout history by religious groups and variably explained by theories, philosophers, and societies, sexual pleasure permeates human experience. Traditional evolutionists explain this preoccupation via the development of sexual mating strategies and the human desire to propagate one's genes; however, here I will argue that the saturation of sexual pleasure suggests that sexual activity is no longer pursued solely to ensure reproductive success. Rather, humans engage in sexual behavior to achieve sexual pleasure—a proposition supported by widespread non-procreative sex in mammals, divergent cultural norms, and humans' evolved capacity to experience heightened sexual pleasure. I will address the nature and evolution of sexual pleasure with a cross-cultural findings culled from ethology, anthropology, primatology, and evolutionary theories.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"107 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n02_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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