Jacqueline Lewis, E. Maticka-Tyndale, Frances M. Shaver, H. Schramm
Abstract This paper reports results from a study of sex work occupations conducted in a large city in Canada that included women, men, and transsexual/transgender (TS/TG) sex workers. Descriptions of work provided by participants (escorts, exotic dancers, masseuses, and street workers) were used to examine how risk and safety were experienced and managed within the Canadian legal context. Three dimensions of the structure of sex work were identified as factors that influenced the management of risk and safety: its location on- or off-street, its organization on an out- or in-call basis, and whether it was conducted independently or for a club, massage parlor or escort agency. Gender and perceptions of stigma and risk interacted with these dimensions in such a way that men, women and TS/TG workers experienced and managed risk and safety differently.
{"title":"Managing Risk and Safety on the Job","authors":"Jacqueline Lewis, E. Maticka-Tyndale, Frances M. Shaver, H. Schramm","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n01_09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reports results from a study of sex work occupations conducted in a large city in Canada that included women, men, and transsexual/transgender (TS/TG) sex workers. Descriptions of work provided by participants (escorts, exotic dancers, masseuses, and street workers) were used to examine how risk and safety were experienced and managed within the Canadian legal context. Three dimensions of the structure of sex work were identified as factors that influenced the management of risk and safety: its location on- or off-street, its organization on an out- or in-call basis, and whether it was conducted independently or for a club, massage parlor or escort agency. Gender and perceptions of stigma and risk interacted with these dimensions in such a way that men, women and TS/TG workers experienced and managed risk and safety differently.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"147 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n01_09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This qualitative study explored the ways in which social relations within the public (work) as opposed to the private (home) contexts shape variable condom use among female sex trade workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 68 female sex workers working in various settings in an urban center in Eastern Canada. The findings suggest that work-related social relations, and the meanings associated with condoms at work, create a strong confidence in condom use. Within the private setting, such confidence was also evident but most women reported either not using condoms or only using “sometimes.” Nevertheless, many women do engage in risk management within the private setting, and take active steps to decrease their risks of Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV)/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).
{"title":"Female Sex Trade Workers, Condoms, and the Public-Private Divide","authors":"L. Jackson, B. Sowinski, C. Bennett, D. Ryan","doi":"10.1300/J056V17N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V17N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This qualitative study explored the ways in which social relations within the public (work) as opposed to the private (home) contexts shape variable condom use among female sex trade workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 68 female sex workers working in various settings in an urban center in Eastern Canada. The findings suggest that work-related social relations, and the meanings associated with condoms at work, create a strong confidence in condom use. Within the private setting, such confidence was also evident but most women reported either not using condoms or only using “sometimes.” Nevertheless, many women do engage in risk management within the private setting, and take active steps to decrease their risks of Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV)/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"47 1","pages":"105 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V17N01_06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous studies of female sex workers engaged in prostitution have focused primarily on street-based workers, who are more visible and approachable than women working off the street. As part of a study estimating the size and characteristics of the work force of female prostitutes in Los Angeles County, we examined the hidden population of women who solicit clients in private locales off the street. Data sources included law enforcement personnel and staff in other government agencies; ethnographic informants; directories and other written materials; and the World Wide Web. Results show a high degree of racial and ethnic segmentation in the sex industry, reflecting an influx of ethnic entrepreneurs who market prostitution in culturally specific ways.
{"title":"Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of Female Prostitution in Los Angeles County","authors":"J. Lever, D. Kanouse, S. Berry","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n01_07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous studies of female sex workers engaged in prostitution have focused primarily on street-based workers, who are more visible and approachable than women working off the street. As part of a study estimating the size and characteristics of the work force of female prostitutes in Los Angeles County, we examined the hidden population of women who solicit clients in private locales off the street. Data sources included law enforcement personnel and staff in other government agencies; ethnographic informants; directories and other written materials; and the World Wide Web. Results show a high degree of racial and ethnic segmentation in the sex industry, reflecting an influx of ethnic entrepreneurs who market prostitution in culturally specific ways.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"5 1","pages":"107 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n01_07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The purpose of the current study was to explore how sex workers (specifically, gay-identified Canadian men working primarily, though not exclusively, as independent escorts) combat the pervasive negativity that surrounds their profession. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 men, a majority of whom were targeted through escort review boards. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed for themes of “stigma resistance.” Four themes were identified: (1) escorting is volitional (i.e., one isn't forced to work as an escort, rather it is a choice one makes); (2) escorting is a profession (i.e., the client is a customer and the escort a service provider); (3) the escort is in control during client/escort interchanges; and (4) escorting is distinct from, and better than, street prostitution. Directions for future research and limitations of the current study are outlined.
{"title":"Strategies of Stigma Resistance Among Canadian Gay-Identified Sex Workers","authors":"T. Morrison, Bruce W. Whitehead","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n01_10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the current study was to explore how sex workers (specifically, gay-identified Canadian men working primarily, though not exclusively, as independent escorts) combat the pervasive negativity that surrounds their profession. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 men, a majority of whom were targeted through escort review boards. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed for themes of “stigma resistance.” Four themes were identified: (1) escorting is volitional (i.e., one isn't forced to work as an escort, rather it is a choice one makes); (2) escorting is a profession (i.e., the client is a customer and the escort a service provider); (3) the escort is in control during client/escort interchanges; and (4) escorting is distinct from, and better than, street prostitution. Directions for future research and limitations of the current study are outlined.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"169 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n01_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study examines the “Abused-to-Abuser” (AtA) hypothesis of the etiology of adult male sexual attraction to boys, which proposes that a boy who is sexually “abused” will, when older, be predisposed to become an “abuser” of other boys. An Internet survey of participants in online discussion groups and news groups oriented towards men sexually attracted to boys resulted in a convenience sample of 290 males, of whom about one-quarter reported a boyhood sexual experience with an older male. Nearly three-quarters of these experiences were not perceived as being negative either at the time they occurred or in retrospect. These results from a non-clinical/non-prison sample do not support the AtA hypothesis, and are consistent with similar findings from clinical/prison samples.
{"title":"Abused to Abuser","authors":"David L. Riegel","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n04_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n04_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the “Abused-to-Abuser” (AtA) hypothesis of the etiology of adult male sexual attraction to boys, which proposes that a boy who is sexually “abused” will, when older, be predisposed to become an “abuser” of other boys. An Internet survey of participants in online discussion groups and news groups oriented towards men sexually attracted to boys resulted in a convenience sample of 290 males, of whom about one-quarter reported a boyhood sexual experience with an older male. Nearly three-quarters of these experiences were not perceived as being negative either at the time they occurred or in retrospect. These results from a non-clinical/non-prison sample do not support the AtA hypothesis, and are consistent with similar findings from clinical/prison samples.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"39 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n04_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hoff, Cynthia A Gómez, B. Faigeles, D. Purcell, P. Halkitis, J. Parsons, R. Remien
Abstract The present study combines qualitative and quantitative data to describe sexual risk-taking behavior among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) who are in established primary relationships. Individual characteristics and beliefs, and relationship dynamics associated with having an HIV-positive primary partner (e.g., seroconcordant) versus an HIV-negative/unknown primary partner (e.g., discordant) are also discussed. Data are from the Seropositive Urban Men's Study (SUMS), where sexually active HIV-positive MSM participated in a semi-structured interview and a self-administered survey. Comparisons were made between men with HIV-positive primary partners (seroconcordant) and men with HIV-negative/unknown primary partners (serodiscordant). Unprotected anal sex with a primary partner was reported significantly more among men with seroconcordant primary partners than men with serodiscordant primary partners although there is considerable risk among both groups. Men with seroconcordant primary partners were significantly more likely than men with serodiscordant primary partners to have sex outside their relationships; however, there is no evidence to suggest they engaged in more risk. Psychosocial variables suggest men in seroconcordant and serodiscordant relationships have similar relationship and emotional characteristics. Efforts to develop messages that address the unique prevention needs of men in relationships are needed.
{"title":"Serostatus of Primary Partner Impacts Sexual Behavior Inside and Outside the Relationship","authors":"C. Hoff, Cynthia A Gómez, B. Faigeles, D. Purcell, P. Halkitis, J. Parsons, R. Remien","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n04_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n04_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study combines qualitative and quantitative data to describe sexual risk-taking behavior among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) who are in established primary relationships. Individual characteristics and beliefs, and relationship dynamics associated with having an HIV-positive primary partner (e.g., seroconcordant) versus an HIV-negative/unknown primary partner (e.g., discordant) are also discussed. Data are from the Seropositive Urban Men's Study (SUMS), where sexually active HIV-positive MSM participated in a semi-structured interview and a self-administered survey. Comparisons were made between men with HIV-positive primary partners (seroconcordant) and men with HIV-negative/unknown primary partners (serodiscordant). Unprotected anal sex with a primary partner was reported significantly more among men with seroconcordant primary partners than men with serodiscordant primary partners although there is considerable risk among both groups. Men with seroconcordant primary partners were significantly more likely than men with serodiscordant primary partners to have sex outside their relationships; however, there is no evidence to suggest they engaged in more risk. Psychosocial variables suggest men in seroconcordant and serodiscordant relationships have similar relationship and emotional characteristics. Efforts to develop messages that address the unique prevention needs of men in relationships are needed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"77 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n04_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study assessed the merits of an amended Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction (IEMSS; Lawrance & Byers, 1992, 1995) that includes a measure of relationship communality, a construct not adequately captured by existing exchange models of sexual/relationship satisfaction. A total of 189 undergraduates (102 female) in sexually active dating relationships completed measures of sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, favorability of sexual exchanges, and the extent to which their romantic relationships were characterized by mutually communal behaviors (i.e., relationship communality). Analyses revealed that relationship communality made a small but unique contribution to sexual satisfaction and a large contribution to relationship satisfaction, even after controlling for sexual satisfaction and favorability of sexual exchanges. Implications for understanding the dynamics of sexually active dating relationships are discussed.
{"title":"Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Satisfaction in Dating Couples","authors":"Sarah R. Peck, D. R. Shaffer, G. Williamson","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n04_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n04_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study assessed the merits of an amended Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction (IEMSS; Lawrance & Byers, 1992, 1995) that includes a measure of relationship communality, a construct not adequately captured by existing exchange models of sexual/relationship satisfaction. A total of 189 undergraduates (102 female) in sexually active dating relationships completed measures of sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, favorability of sexual exchanges, and the extent to which their romantic relationships were characterized by mutually communal behaviors (i.e., relationship communality). Analyses revealed that relationship communality made a small but unique contribution to sexual satisfaction and a large contribution to relationship satisfaction, even after controlling for sexual satisfaction and favorability of sexual exchanges. Implications for understanding the dynamics of sexually active dating relationships are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"17 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n04_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Noar, Eric M. Anderman, R. Zimmerman, Pamela K. Cupp
Abstract Though HIV preventive and other health interventions in educational settings have often been grounded in health behavior theory, such interventions have rarely taken into account achievement motivation theory. The purpose of this article is to discuss how and why theories of both health behavior and achievement motivation have the potential to play an important part in the design and delivery of HIV preventive interventions in school settings. First, we briefly discuss health behavior theories, with a primary focus on their commonalties. Next, we discuss theories of achievement motivation and what is known about motivating students to learn and excel in the classroom, specifically applying these theories to safer sexual education. The complementary aspects of these theoretical perspectives are then considered. Finally, implications for improving the design of HIV preventive and other health interventions in school settings are discussed. Such interventions may be vastly improved if they pay greater attention to the motivational tenets of achievement motivation theories and their associated classroom dynamics.
{"title":"Fostering Achievement Motivation in Health Education","authors":"S. Noar, Eric M. Anderman, R. Zimmerman, Pamela K. Cupp","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n04_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n04_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Though HIV preventive and other health interventions in educational settings have often been grounded in health behavior theory, such interventions have rarely taken into account achievement motivation theory. The purpose of this article is to discuss how and why theories of both health behavior and achievement motivation have the potential to play an important part in the design and delivery of HIV preventive interventions in school settings. First, we briefly discuss health behavior theories, with a primary focus on their commonalties. Next, we discuss theories of achievement motivation and what is known about motivating students to learn and excel in the classroom, specifically applying these theories to safer sexual education. The complementary aspects of these theoretical perspectives are then considered. Finally, implications for improving the design of HIV preventive and other health interventions in school settings are discussed. Such interventions may be vastly improved if they pay greater attention to the motivational tenets of achievement motivation theories and their associated classroom dynamics.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"59 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n04_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract For many heterosexual males, heterosexual male sexual identity is unmarked. That is, although it may motivate actions and behaviors (it is central), it does not appear to be cognitively available as an identity category (it is not salient). This contrasts with the marked sexual identity of most gay and bisexual males. By reviewing the scant research and theories about heterosexual male sexual identity development, and incorporating relevant studies of gay and bisexual male identity development, about masculinity, about puberty, and about general identity development, this article provides specific explanations for the unmarked nature of heterosexual male sexual identity and advocates for future research on this topic.
{"title":"An Appeal for Additional Research About the Development of Heterosexual Male Sexual Identity","authors":"Loren Frankel","doi":"10.1300/J056v16n04_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n04_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For many heterosexual males, heterosexual male sexual identity is unmarked. That is, although it may motivate actions and behaviors (it is central), it does not appear to be cognitively available as an identity category (it is not salient). This contrasts with the marked sexual identity of most gay and bisexual males. By reviewing the scant research and theories about heterosexual male sexual identity development, and incorporating relevant studies of gay and bisexual male identity development, about masculinity, about puberty, and about general identity development, this article provides specific explanations for the unmarked nature of heterosexual male sexual identity and advocates for future research on this topic.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v16n04_01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Age of Consent throughout history has usually coincided with the age of puberty although at sometimes it has been as early as seven. Early on age of consent was a familial or tribal matter and only became a legal one in the Greco-Roman period. The Roman tradition served as the base for Christian Europe as well as the Christian Church itself which generally, essentially based upon biological development, set it at 12 or 14 but continued to set the absolute minimum at seven. In the past century there has been a tendency to raise the age of consent but the reasons for the change have not always been clear and the issue has been further complicated by the reluctance of many contemporary historians to recognize what the actual age of consent in the past has been. This failure has distorted the importance of biology on age of consent in the past.
{"title":"Age of Consent","authors":"V. Bullough","doi":"10.1300/J056V16N02_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V16N02_03","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Age of Consent throughout history has usually coincided with the age of puberty although at sometimes it has been as early as seven. Early on age of consent was a familial or tribal matter and only became a legal one in the Greco-Roman period. The Roman tradition served as the base for Christian Europe as well as the Christian Church itself which generally, essentially based upon biological development, set it at 12 or 14 but continued to set the absolute minimum at seven. In the past century there has been a tendency to raise the age of consent but the reasons for the change have not always been clear and the issue has been further complicated by the reluctance of many contemporary historians to recognize what the actual age of consent in the past has been. This failure has distorted the importance of biology on age of consent in the past.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"16 1","pages":"25 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V16N02_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66457585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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