Abstract Despite pervasive discussion of “barebacking” in the HIV prevention literature, inconsistencies exist in how the term is defined. Moreover, little is known about whether gay and bisexual men concur with any of the definitions in the literature. In this study, gay and bisexual men (n = 398) were provided with four scenarios, describing various circumstances in which someone has unprotected anal intercourse. Participants were asked to indicate whether the man in each scenario was “barebacking.” Sixty-four percent did not discriminate in defining the term, indicating that barebacking includes any unprotected anal intercourse with any kind of sexual partner. Men were also asked whether they had ever tried barebacking, and if so, why. The most common reasons provided were (1) having sex with a steady partner, and (2) increased physical sensation. These findings suggest that men's definitions of “barebacking” vary widely and do not necessarily coincide with those of researchers and HIV prevention advocates.
{"title":"Do Gay and Bisexual Men Share Researchers' Definitions of Barebacking?","authors":"D. Huebner, R. J. Proeschold-Bell, C. Nemeroff","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite pervasive discussion of “barebacking” in the HIV prevention literature, inconsistencies exist in how the term is defined. Moreover, little is known about whether gay and bisexual men concur with any of the definitions in the literature. In this study, gay and bisexual men (n = 398) were provided with four scenarios, describing various circumstances in which someone has unprotected anal intercourse. Participants were asked to indicate whether the man in each scenario was “barebacking.” Sixty-four percent did not discriminate in defining the term, indicating that barebacking includes any unprotected anal intercourse with any kind of sexual partner. Men were also asked whether they had ever tried barebacking, and if so, why. The most common reasons provided were (1) having sex with a steady partner, and (2) increased physical sensation. These findings suggest that men's definitions of “barebacking” vary widely and do not necessarily coincide with those of researchers and HIV prevention advocates.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"67 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n01_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Studies of childhood sexuality are scarce and often focus on sexual abuse. In this review, an attempt is made to establish what is known, from empirical studies, about sexual behaviors (solitary and interpersonal) and feelings in pre-pubertal boys and girls. In addition, the research methods used will be described and evaluated. The findings of this review can be used to guide future research. In the conclusions, knowledge gaps with respect to sexual behavior and development of children are identified and advantages and disadvantages of different research methods to study childhood sexuality are discussed.
{"title":"Sexual Development of Prepubertal Children","authors":"H. de Graaf, J. Rademakers","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n01_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n01_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Studies of childhood sexuality are scarce and often focus on sexual abuse. In this review, an attempt is made to establish what is known, from empirical studies, about sexual behaviors (solitary and interpersonal) and feelings in pre-pubertal boys and girls. In addition, the research methods used will be described and evaluated. The findings of this review can be used to guide future research. In the conclusions, knowledge gaps with respect to sexual behavior and development of children are identified and advantages and disadvantages of different research methods to study childhood sexuality are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n01_01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A demographic questionnaire and 7 psychometric tests were administered to 32 self-identified Bondage/Domination/SadoMasochism (BDSM) practitioners. Although psychoanalytic literature suggests that high levels of certain types of psychopathology should be prevalent among BDSM practitioners, this sample failed to produce widespread, high levels of psychopathology on psychometric measures of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsion, psychological sadism, psychological masochism, or PTSD. In fact, on measures of clinical psychopathology and severe personality pathology, this sample appeared to be comparable to both published test norms and to DSM-IV-TR estimates for the general population. There were, however, some exceptions to this general pattern, most notably the higher-than-average levels of narcissism and nonspecific dissociative symptoms found in the sample. This study also raises significant concern about the appropriateness of the diagnosis of sexual masochism and sadism in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association or, minimally, the diagnostic criteria of these disorders.
{"title":"Psychological Functioning of Bondage/Domination/Sado-Masochism (BDSM) Practitioners","authors":"Pamela H. Connolly","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n01_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A demographic questionnaire and 7 psychometric tests were administered to 32 self-identified Bondage/Domination/SadoMasochism (BDSM) practitioners. Although psychoanalytic literature suggests that high levels of certain types of psychopathology should be prevalent among BDSM practitioners, this sample failed to produce widespread, high levels of psychopathology on psychometric measures of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsion, psychological sadism, psychological masochism, or PTSD. In fact, on measures of clinical psychopathology and severe personality pathology, this sample appeared to be comparable to both published test norms and to DSM-IV-TR estimates for the general population. There were, however, some exceptions to this general pattern, most notably the higher-than-average levels of narcissism and nonspecific dissociative symptoms found in the sample. This study also raises significant concern about the appropriateness of the diagnosis of sexual masochism and sadism in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association or, minimally, the diagnostic criteria of these disorders.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"120 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n01_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gideon A. Feldstein, J. Parsons, D. Bimbi, José E. Nanín, Cynthia A Gómez
Abstract An ethnically diverse sample (N = 250) of HIV seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the New York City and San Francisco metropolitan areas were interviewed in depth to elicit their experiences regarding living with HIV and their sexuality. Topics included coping with HIV, factors influencing partner selection, and sexual risk behaviors. Analyses of these responses revealed several interrelated themes regarding age and physical appearance that naturally emerged. These themes included: (1) protecting younger sexual partners from HIV infection compared with older partners; (2) assumptions regarding the HIV status of younger casual sex partners; (3) disclosure of HIV serostatus by older men; and (4) issues regarding sexual desirability and physical appearance. These findings point to the direct impact that age and sexual desirability have on sexual decision-making on intergenerational sexual encounters among HIV-seropositive MSM.
{"title":"Age and Judgments of Attractiveness as Factors of HIV Preventive Behavior Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men","authors":"Gideon A. Feldstein, J. Parsons, D. Bimbi, José E. Nanín, Cynthia A Gómez","doi":"10.1300/J056V18N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V18N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An ethnically diverse sample (N = 250) of HIV seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the New York City and San Francisco metropolitan areas were interviewed in depth to elicit their experiences regarding living with HIV and their sexuality. Topics included coping with HIV, factors influencing partner selection, and sexual risk behaviors. Analyses of these responses revealed several interrelated themes regarding age and physical appearance that naturally emerged. These themes included: (1) protecting younger sexual partners from HIV infection compared with older partners; (2) assumptions regarding the HIV status of younger casual sex partners; (3) disclosure of HIV serostatus by older men; and (4) issues regarding sexual desirability and physical appearance. These findings point to the direct impact that age and sexual desirability have on sexual decision-making on intergenerational sexual encounters among HIV-seropositive MSM.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"43 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V18N01_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We surveyed 157 college women regarding sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, reactions to first intercourse, sexual attitudes, and sexual risk behavior outcomes to clarify the relationship between early sexual experiences and risky sexual behavior. Women who had been sexually abused in childhood reported greater numbers of lifetime sexual partners. This relationship was partially explained by adolescent/adult sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, permissive sexual attitudes, and reaction to first intercourse. Childhood sexual abuse was indirectly associated with more frequent use of alcohol or drugs during sexual activity through its relationships with adolescent/adult sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, permissive sexual attitudes, and reaction to first intercourse. Implications for therapists are discussed.
{"title":"Factors Mediating the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Risky Sexual Behavior Among College Women","authors":"Mary E. Randolph, K. Mosack","doi":"10.1300/J056v18n01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n01_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We surveyed 157 college women regarding sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, reactions to first intercourse, sexual attitudes, and sexual risk behavior outcomes to clarify the relationship between early sexual experiences and risky sexual behavior. Women who had been sexually abused in childhood reported greater numbers of lifetime sexual partners. This relationship was partially explained by adolescent/adult sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, permissive sexual attitudes, and reaction to first intercourse. Childhood sexual abuse was indirectly associated with more frequent use of alcohol or drugs during sexual activity through its relationships with adolescent/adult sexual abuse, age at first intercourse, permissive sexual attitudes, and reaction to first intercourse. Implications for therapists are discussed.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"18 1","pages":"23 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v18n01_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The DSM-IV-TR (2000) sets its own standards for inclusion of diagnoses and for changes in its text. The Paraphilia section is analyzed from the perspective of how well the DSM meets those standards. The concept of Paraphilias as psychopathology was analyzed and assessed critically to determine if it meets the definition of a mental disorder presented in the DSM; it does not. The Paraphilia diagnostic category was critiqued for logic, consistency, clarity, and whether it constitutes a distinct mental disorder. The DSM presents “facts” to substantiate various points made in the text. The veracity of these “facts” was scrutinized. Little evidence was found in their support. Problems with the tradition of equating particular sexual interests with psychopathology were highlighted. It was concluded that the Paraphilia section is so severely flawed that its removal from the DSM is advocated.
{"title":"DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias","authors":"C. Moser, Peggy J. Kleinplatz","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n03_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n03_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The DSM-IV-TR (2000) sets its own standards for inclusion of diagnoses and for changes in its text. The Paraphilia section is analyzed from the perspective of how well the DSM meets those standards. The concept of Paraphilias as psychopathology was analyzed and assessed critically to determine if it meets the definition of a mental disorder presented in the DSM; it does not. The Paraphilia diagnostic category was critiqued for logic, consistency, clarity, and whether it constitutes a distinct mental disorder. The DSM presents “facts” to substantiate various points made in the text. The veracity of these “facts” was scrutinized. Little evidence was found in their support. Problems with the tradition of equating particular sexual interests with psychopathology were highlighted. It was concluded that the Paraphilia section is so severely flawed that its removal from the DSM is advocated.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"109 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n03_05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Payne, E. Reissing, Marie-Andrée Lahaie, Y. Binik, R. Amsel, S. Khalifé
Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) introduced the term “sexual pain disorder” to classify dyspareunia and vaginismus as sexual dysfunctions (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). However, the notion of sexual pain as well as the diagnostic criteria for dyspareunia and vaginismus are questionable both on theoretical and empirical grounds. Recent studies support the view that dyspareunia is better classified as a pain disorder and challenge the validity of the vaginal spasm criterion for vaginismus. Alternative conceptualizations of these conditions are presented.
{"title":"What Is Sexual Pain? A Critique of DSM's Classification of Dyspareunia and Vaginismus","authors":"K. Payne, E. Reissing, Marie-Andrée Lahaie, Y. Binik, R. Amsel, S. Khalifé","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n03_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n03_10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) introduced the term “sexual pain disorder” to classify dyspareunia and vaginismus as sexual dysfunctions (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). However, the notion of sexual pain as well as the diagnostic criteria for dyspareunia and vaginismus are questionable both on theoretical and empirical grounds. Recent studies support the view that dyspareunia is better classified as a pain disorder and challenge the validity of the vaginal spasm criterion for vaginismus. Alternative conceptualizations of these conditions are presented.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"141 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n03_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The author responds to Hill et al.'s “Gender Identity Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: A Critical Inquiry,” Winters' “Gender Dissonance: Diagnostic Reform of Gender Identity Disorder for Adults,” and Moser and Kleinplatz's “DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias: An Argument for Removal.” As a clinician, the author is loathe to relegate these conditions to mere legal problems and have those affected by them go to jail as the only consequence where they will not get treated as they would by psychiatry or other mental health professions. The author, who has evaluated over 40 transsexuals for sex reassignment surgery, believes psychiatrists should remain the patient's ombudsman in these procedures. He also does not believe that the diagnosis stigmatizes anyone worse than the stigma that the transsexuals receive every single day. In regard to paraphilias, the author believes there must be some way of differentiating between the normal and abnormal ways in which people get aroused, excited, and fulfilled. The author argues that psychiatrists have multiple roles and even though a diagnosis may be offensive to some, it is still important that society maintain the diagnosis in order for psychiatrists to find a way to save some people from jail and others from themselves.
{"title":"Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders","authors":"P. Fink","doi":"10.1300/J056V17N03_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056V17N03_07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The author responds to Hill et al.'s “Gender Identity Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: A Critical Inquiry,” Winters' “Gender Dissonance: Diagnostic Reform of Gender Identity Disorder for Adults,” and Moser and Kleinplatz's “DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias: An Argument for Removal.” As a clinician, the author is loathe to relegate these conditions to mere legal problems and have those affected by them go to jail as the only consequence where they will not get treated as they would by psychiatry or other mental health professions. The author, who has evaluated over 40 transsexuals for sex reassignment surgery, believes psychiatrists should remain the patient's ombudsman in these procedures. He also does not believe that the diagnosis stigmatizes anyone worse than the stigma that the transsexuals receive every single day. In regard to paraphilias, the author believes there must be some way of differentiating between the normal and abnormal ways in which people get aroused, excited, and fulfilled. The author argues that psychiatrists have multiple roles and even though a diagnosis may be offensive to some, it is still important that society maintain the diagnosis in order for psychiatrists to find a way to save some people from jail and others from themselves.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"117 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056V17N03_07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) continues to be controversial. Three papers by Hill et al. (2005), Lev (2005), and Winters (2005) each offer a critique of this diagnosis. Drawing from our clinical experience and research with transgender youth and adults as well as the scientific literature on gender dysphoria, we will comment on the main issues raised by these authors: the criteria reflect bias, who needs this diagnosis, and how can we lessen the associated stigma. Our discussion will clarify the rationale behind GID, and illustrate the dilemmas inherent in reform or removal of the diagnosis from the DSM.
{"title":"Commentary","authors":"W. Bockting, R. Ehrbar","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n03_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n03_08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) continues to be controversial. Three papers by Hill et al. (2005), Lev (2005), and Winters (2005) each offer a critique of this diagnosis. Drawing from our clinical experience and research with transgender youth and adults as well as the scientific literature on gender dysphoria, we will comment on the main issues raised by these authors: the criteria reflect bias, who needs this diagnosis, and how can we lessen the associated stigma. Our discussion will clarify the rationale behind GID, and illustrate the dilemmas inherent in reform or removal of the diagnosis from the DSM.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"125 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n03_08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66459028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since its appearance in 1980, the diagnostic category “gender identity disorder” (GID) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has sparked concern among gender variant people and their advocates that it contributes to hurtful stigma and social barriers faced by gender variant individuals, while at the same time it contradicts the medical legitimacy of sex reassignment for the treatment of gender dysphoria. This paper examines the GID diagnosis of adults and adolescents and the social and medical consequences posed by its implication of “disordered” gender identity. Parallels are drawn to the removal of homosexuality and ego dystonic homosexuality from the DSM in the 1970s and '80s. At issue is the label of mental illness for behaviors that are otherwise ordinary or even exemplary based only on natal anatomical sex. Finally, a path forward is proposed to replace GID with a new diagnosis unambiguously defined by chronic distress rather than social nonconformity.
{"title":"Gender Dissonance","authors":"Kelley Winters","doi":"10.1300/J056v17n03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n03_04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since its appearance in 1980, the diagnostic category “gender identity disorder” (GID) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has sparked concern among gender variant people and their advocates that it contributes to hurtful stigma and social barriers faced by gender variant individuals, while at the same time it contradicts the medical legitimacy of sex reassignment for the treatment of gender dysphoria. This paper examines the GID diagnosis of adults and adolescents and the social and medical consequences posed by its implication of “disordered” gender identity. Parallels are drawn to the removal of homosexuality and ego dystonic homosexuality from the DSM in the 1970s and '80s. At issue is the label of mental illness for behaviors that are otherwise ordinary or even exemplary based only on natal anatomical sex. Finally, a path forward is proposed to replace GID with a new diagnosis unambiguously defined by chronic distress rather than social nonconformity.","PeriodicalId":85015,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychology & human sexuality","volume":"17 1","pages":"71 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J056v17n03_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66458658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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