Population bulletin of the United Nations最新文献

"How did...excess female child mortality evolve from the 1970s to the 1980s, during a period when mortality declined significantly? Is there a relationship between the intensity of the phenomenon and levels of mortality or certain social development indicators? These are some of the questions which the article discusses on the basis of reliable and comparable data taken from approximately 60 [developing] countries."

"This article studied sex differences in mortality among children aged 1-23 months in the cities of Bamako [Mali] and Bobo-Dioulasso [Burkina Faso] and in a rural area of Senegal. No significant differences between male and female mortality risks were found in any of the areas for the full age span of 1-23 months. For smaller age groups, patterns of excess female and male child mortality are evident. Excess female mortality, statistically significant in standard tests, exists among children aged 1-8 months in the Senegalese area and 6-15 months in the combined urban areas of Bamako and Bobo-Dioulasso. Excess male mortality occurs for ages 16-23 months in the city of Bamako."

"The concept of ¿environmental refugee' is not included in the definition of refugee as established by the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, which are the most widely used instruments providing the basis for granting asylum to persons in need of protection. Yet, it is increasingly being recognized that environmental factors interact with political, economic, social and biopsychological factors to generate mass movements of people which may require a humanitarian response by the international community. In order to improve our understanding of the role that environmental factors play in triggering migration, it is necessary to recognize the multivariate nature of the phenomenon under consideration, where the difference between internal and international migration is often accidental and there is a continuum between proactive and reactive migration."

"This article examines levels and trends of sex differentials in life expectancy at older ages for 29 developed countries. Significant sex differentials in life expectancy among the elderly have been found--but no common trend among countries.... The article concludes that it is necessary to draw more attention to old-age mortality, and to sex differentials in particular, since the size and relative weight of the elderly segment of the population continues to grow. Also, it seems to be necessary to include specific goals for old-age mortality in national health strategies aimed at reducing overall mortality and narrowing inequalities between social groups."

"This article uses the data from [a] United Nations database, supplemented in a few cases with information from local studies thought to be of particular accuracy, to examine age patterns of child mortality [in developing countries]. The focus is on the split between infant mortality--that is, mortality before the first birthday, and child mortality, between the exact ages of 1 and 5 years.... The underlying objective of the article is to identify regional patterns, both because the epidemiology and social behaviours underlying child mortality are likely to be similar across regions and because such identified patterns could then be used to guide the selection of a model life-table family when using indirect estimation methods in countries of a region."

"This article assesses the causes of the stagnation in the declining trend in world population growth rates over the past decade. Three major factors have been identified as contributing to the stagnation: age structure, fertility trends in India and China, and the fact that although the number of developing countries with sustained declines in fertility levels rose sharply in the late 1960s and 1970s, it dropped off dramatically in the 1980s. Prospects for the growth rate in the 1990s favour a decline, owing to changes in the age structure and indications that China and India have resumed their fertility declines. However, there remain some populous developing countries that continue to have high levels of fertility. Fertility trends in those countries will have a certain influence on the world's growth rate."