Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000141
J. O'Donovan
{"title":"Is targeting beta-amyloid pathology, with immunotherapy, an effective treatment option for Alzheimer's disease?","authors":"J. O'Donovan","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"340-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57027395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-01DOI: 10.1017/S095925981100013X
H. Marr, G. Jones, G. Jackson, W. Osborne
{"title":"Diagnosis and management of haematological malignancies in older people","authors":"H. Marr, G. Jones, G. Jackson, W. Osborne","doi":"10.1017/S095925981100013X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095925981100013X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S095925981100013X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57027352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000062
David Jm Crosse
Humans have an intrinsic lifespan of approximately 120 years. Classic evolutionary theories of ageing explain the limit as a response to inevitable cellular damage. The theories share the notion that natural selection acts less strongly to purge deleterious genes that are expressed after reproduction. Reproduction schedules are influenced by a species' ecology and so it is ecological factors which explain interspecies variation in lifespan. Human ecology has favoured the selection of an unusually large brain that both confers advantages that promote longevity and requires longevity to make it a worthwhile investment. The relatively long human lifespan therefore co-evolved with the large human brain.
{"title":"Human lifespan: what determines the intrinsic length of human lives?","authors":"David Jm Crosse","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000062","url":null,"abstract":"Humans have an intrinsic lifespan of approximately 120 years. Classic evolutionary theories of ageing explain the limit as a response to inevitable cellular damage. The theories share the notion that natural selection acts less strongly to purge deleterious genes that are expressed after reproduction. Reproduction schedules are influenced by a species' ecology and so it is ecological factors which explain interspecies variation in lifespan. Human ecology has favoured the selection of an unusually large brain that both confers advantages that promote longevity and requires longevity to make it a worthwhile investment. The relatively long human lifespan therefore co-evolved with the large human brain.","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259810000444
M. Igase, K. Kohara, T. Miki
Summary Longer lifespans have been accompanied by an increasing number of older people suffering from impaired cognitive function (dementia) including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Some studies have suggested that hypertension in old age correlates with the pathogenesis of dementia. Since hypertension is potentially reversible, a number of randomized trials have examined whether antihypertensive treatment may help to prevent dementia. We review five studies, all using subjects aged 60 years or older, which investigated different antihypertensive pharmacological treatments and found conflicting results regarding impact on dementia. At the same time, other studies have suggested that hypotension in older people, especially those with low diastolic blood pressure, are also at higher risk for developing dementia. Four studies are reviewed here, but none is able to determine unequivocally if hypotension is a cause or a consequence of dementia in old age.
{"title":"The association between blood pressure and cognitive function","authors":"M. Igase, K. Kohara, T. Miki","doi":"10.1017/S0959259810000444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000444","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Longer lifespans have been accompanied by an increasing number of older people suffering from impaired cognitive function (dementia) including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Some studies have suggested that hypertension in old age correlates with the pathogenesis of dementia. Since hypertension is potentially reversible, a number of randomized trials have examined whether antihypertensive treatment may help to prevent dementia. We review five studies, all using subjects aged 60 years or older, which investigated different antihypertensive pharmacological treatments and found conflicting results regarding impact on dementia. At the same time, other studies have suggested that hypotension in older people, especially those with low diastolic blood pressure, are also at higher risk for developing dementia. Four studies are reviewed here, but none is able to determine unequivocally if hypotension is a cause or a consequence of dementia in old age.","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259810000444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000025
J. Jáuregui, Romina Rubin, R. Kaplan, C. Musso
Summary Argentina does not yet have a formal nationwide health programme for older people, so there are huge differences in the quality and entitlement of health care for senior citizens. Academic infrastructure is also underdeveloped and this situation slows the advance of geriatrics. Teaching and research in this field is usually unpaid. However, a committed minority of teachers and health professionals are confident that their efforts are worthwhile and a new generation of geriatricians is starting to participate actively in international forums, to publish in recognized medical journals, to participate in Latin American academic forums such as ALMA (Latin American Academy of Senior Adult Medicine) and to foster geriatrics as a speciality.
{"title":"Geriatric care and gerontological research in Argentina","authors":"J. Jáuregui, Romina Rubin, R. Kaplan, C. Musso","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000025","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Argentina does not yet have a formal nationwide health programme for older people, so there are huge differences in the quality and entitlement of health care for senior citizens. Academic infrastructure is also underdeveloped and this situation slows the advance of geriatrics. Teaching and research in this field is usually unpaid. However, a committed minority of teachers and health professionals are confident that their efforts are worthwhile and a new generation of geriatricians is starting to participate actively in international forums, to publish in recognized medical journals, to participate in Latin American academic forums such as ALMA (Latin American Academy of Senior Adult Medicine) and to foster geriatrics as a speciality.","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"270-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000050
I. Gunawardena
This research paper is a realist review on the effectiveness of medical care for older people in the geriatric day hospital (GDH), based on trial data from a Cochrane review published in 2008. The Cochrane review indicated no overall difference between GDH care and alternative services. However, health care management and policy interventions are quite complex and methodologically more diverse than clinical treatments. Hence a ‘realist review’ is a more suitable explanatory analysis, aimed at discerning what works for whom, in what circumstances, in what respect, and how. This realist review on GDH care provides an explanatory analysis and has aimed to identify where GDH care is and is not effective.
{"title":"Effectiveness of the geriatric day hospital – a realist review","authors":"I. Gunawardena","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000050","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper is a realist review on the effectiveness of medical care for older people in the geriatric day hospital (GDH), based on trial data from a Cochrane review published in 2008. The Cochrane review indicated no overall difference between GDH care and alternative services. However, health care management and policy interventions are quite complex and methodologically more diverse than clinical treatments. Hence a ‘realist review’ is a more suitable explanatory analysis, aimed at discerning what works for whom, in what circumstances, in what respect, and how. This realist review on GDH care provides an explanatory analysis and has aimed to identify where GDH care is and is not effective.","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"267-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57027005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000074
T. Maguire, D. Tincello, A. Mistri
{"title":"An overview of surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence","authors":"T. Maguire, D. Tincello, A. Mistri","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"246-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000037
Christopher M. Jones
Cancer incidence rates rise exponentially with age, previously considered to be due to increased exposure to mutagenic agents. Refined statistical analysis has, however, highlighted a plateau in cancer incidence rates amongst the general population post eighty-five years of age. This, coupled with the peak of numerous malignant pathologies during early or middle life, indicates a crucial role for other factors in controlling the timing and nature of cancer development. Immune function is known to decrease with age, indicating that increased chronic infection amongst the elderly may, in part, give rise to increased cancer incidence. Further, the chronic low grade inflammatory environment created as one ages may also initiate malignant neoplastic progression. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, Il-6 and prostaglandins (increased through TNF-alpha induced COX increases) increase during ageing and cause malignant transformation through inducing cellular proliferation, angiogenesis and the inhibition of apoptosis. This article will discuss these changes in detail and show that centenarians possess key polymorphisms, responsible for decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production amongst other changes, that act as survival advantages; protecting them from age-induced malignant neoplastic transformation. The need to transition to reviewing cancer as a disorder at the tissue, rather than cellular, level will thus be highlighted.
{"title":"Failing to adapt – the ageing immune system's role in cancer pathogenesis","authors":"Christopher M. Jones","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000037","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer incidence rates rise exponentially with age, previously considered to be due to increased exposure to mutagenic agents. Refined statistical analysis has, however, highlighted a plateau in cancer incidence rates amongst the general population post eighty-five years of age. This, coupled with the peak of numerous malignant pathologies during early or middle life, indicates a crucial role for other factors in controlling the timing and nature of cancer development. Immune function is known to decrease with age, indicating that increased chronic infection amongst the elderly may, in part, give rise to increased cancer incidence. Further, the chronic low grade inflammatory environment created as one ages may also initiate malignant neoplastic progression. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, Il-6 and prostaglandins (increased through TNF-alpha induced COX increases) increase during ageing and cause malignant transformation through inducing cellular proliferation, angiogenesis and the inhibition of apoptosis. This article will discuss these changes in detail and show that centenarians possess key polymorphisms, responsible for decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production amongst other changes, that act as survival advantages; protecting them from age-induced malignant neoplastic transformation. The need to transition to reviewing cancer as a disorder at the tissue, rather than cellular, level will thus be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"209-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-01DOI: 10.1017/S0959259811000049
R. Jay, Sarah Marrinan
{"title":"Osteoporosis treatment and the older patient","authors":"R. Jay, Sarah Marrinan","doi":"10.1017/S0959259811000049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259811000049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85413,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in clinical gerontology","volume":"21 1","pages":"233-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0959259811000049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57026862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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