Short Abstract : One of the most important goals of today’s societies is to achieve a happy society. In this regard, government expenditures and the amount of government intervention in the economy can affect the level of happiness of the society. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the effect of government size on happiness in selected developing and developed countries using the threshold panel model over the period of 2005-2016. The results of the estimation models showed that the government size has a nonlinear effect on happiness in both the developing and developed countries, but how governments influence happiness in these two categories of countries was different. In both the developing and developed countries, the size of the government in the small states did not have a significant impact on happiness, but in a large government, the size of the government had a negative impact on happiness in developing countries and it had a positive impact on happiness in developed countries. The difference in the effects of government size on happiness in both devel oping and developed countries shows that government policies in developed countries are more effective in in creasing happiness in society compared to developing countries. Abstract Introduction : One of the most important goals of today’s societies is to achieve a happy society, a society where the happiness of its people will improve the quality of life and labor productivity, will boost economic growth and, ultimately, will lead to sustainable development. In this regard, government expenditures and the amount of government intervention in the economy can affect the level of happi ness of the society. The economics of happiness addresses issues, such as measur-ing and analyzing prosperity, quality of life, life satisfaction, and the simultaneous growth of indicators of life in a person, family or community with indicators of psychology, health and sociology. The “happiness economics” is a relatively new area in the economy, which in recent years has become a major contributor to the policy equation of many countries. The relationship between happiness and government activities could be an interesting subject for researchers and policy makers. Government with its expenditures and its interventions in the economy may affect happiness of people. Therefore, the main objective of this paper was to examine the effect of government size on happiness in the selected developing and developed countries. Due to the differences between government efficiency in the countries, the results may be different in these two groups ofcountries. Method : The methodology of this research is based on the econometrics meth -odology. Based on the theories existing in the literature and the previous studies, the econometric model was determined and then inferential statistics was used to explore the research hypotheses. A threshold panel model was estimated by modeling the factors affecting
{"title":"The Study of Nonlinear Effects of Government Size on Happiness in Developing and Developed Countries by the Threshold Approach","authors":"E. Zare, M. Ebrahimi, Abbas Aminifard, H. Zare","doi":"10.29252/refahj.19.73.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/refahj.19.73.9","url":null,"abstract":"Short Abstract : One of the most important goals of today’s societies is to achieve a happy society. In this regard, government expenditures and the amount of government intervention in the economy can affect the level of happiness of the society. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the effect of government size on happiness in selected developing and developed countries using the threshold panel model over the period of 2005-2016. The results of the estimation models showed that the government size has a nonlinear effect on happiness in both the developing and developed countries, but how governments influence happiness in these two categories of countries was different. In both the developing and developed countries, the size of the government in the small states did not have a significant impact on happiness, but in a large government, the size of the government had a negative impact on happiness in developing countries and it had a positive impact on happiness in developed countries. The difference in the effects of government size on happiness in both devel oping and developed countries shows that government policies in developed countries are more effective in in creasing happiness in society compared to developing countries. Abstract Introduction : One of the most important goals of today’s societies is to achieve a happy society, a society where the happiness of its people will improve the quality of life and labor productivity, will boost economic growth and, ultimately, will lead to sustainable development. In this regard, government expenditures and the amount of government intervention in the economy can affect the level of happi ness of the society. The economics of happiness addresses issues, such as measur-ing and analyzing prosperity, quality of life, life satisfaction, and the simultaneous growth of indicators of life in a person, family or community with indicators of psychology, health and sociology. The “happiness economics” is a relatively new area in the economy, which in recent years has become a major contributor to the policy equation of many countries. The relationship between happiness and government activities could be an interesting subject for researchers and policy makers. Government with its expenditures and its interventions in the economy may affect happiness of people. Therefore, the main objective of this paper was to examine the effect of government size on happiness in the selected developing and developed countries. Due to the differences between government efficiency in the countries, the results may be different in these two groups ofcountries. Method : The methodology of this research is based on the econometrics meth -odology. Based on the theories existing in the literature and the previous studies, the econometric model was determined and then inferential statistics was used to explore the research hypotheses. A threshold panel model was estimated by modeling the factors affecting","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43590741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.73.97
Seyed Saeid Aghaei
Short Abstract The major aim of the current study was on confirmed hypothesis in the previously conducted studies: the re lationship between the social status and the tendency to homelessness among homeless people in Tehran. Mixed methods research design was used to collect data. In the quantitative part of the study, the survey method was used, and the data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire. In this section, the participants con sisted of 12048 people. According to Cochran formula, 372 individuals were selected using a random sampling method. In the qualitative part of the research, the data were collected through interviewing 34 homeless people. The results of the survey in quantitative and quantitative section showed that the relationship between the home less and the social base was not significant at 95% con fidence level. Subsequently, based on the collected data, three social bases of high, medium, and low social were distinguished from one another, with a relationship be tween the orientation towards the low and moderate social base and homelessness in the 95% confidence level. Thus, the components of the social base and its role in the orientation to the homelessness and the findings of interview with the subjects showed that in the lower so cial base, immigration and marginalization, presence in dangerous situations increased. At the top of the social base, the diversity of leisure opportunities also increases the chance of being in high-risk situations, leading to ad diction and homelessness. Abstract Introduction: The existing presumption among sociologists, the existence of the relationship between the low economic classes and the social status, and the de gree of tendency to social deviations express the tendency towards the confliction ism paradigm in this branch of Sociology. Since the researcher has encountered violations of this proposition in his studies as regards homelessness, the major aim of the current study was decided to be based on confirmed hypothesis in the previously conducted studies; the relationship between the social status and the tendency to homelessness- among homeless people in Tehran. This hypothesis has been confirmed among a large statistical community of homeless people, but observations show that if the components of the social base are identified on the basis of life opportunities, this concept can be redefined. Redefining concepts that affect social transformations can change the results deriving out of the collected data. Therefore, after integrating existing theories, the researcher measured the social base by finding the relationships between and among the various compo -nents. Then the relationship between the components and the homeless people was measured. Method: The research method was a combination method consisting of quantita tive and qualitative methods. The sequential combination was based on hypothesis testing in the quantitative section and exploratory response to the resea
{"title":"Recognition of the Components of the Social Base and Its Relation with the Tendency to the Homelessness in Tehran","authors":"Seyed Saeid Aghaei","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.73.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.73.97","url":null,"abstract":"Short Abstract The major aim of the current study was on confirmed hypothesis in the previously conducted studies: the re lationship between the social status and the tendency to homelessness among homeless people in Tehran. Mixed methods research design was used to collect data. In the quantitative part of the study, the survey method was used, and the data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire. In this section, the participants con sisted of 12048 people. According to Cochran formula, 372 individuals were selected using a random sampling method. In the qualitative part of the research, the data were collected through interviewing 34 homeless people. The results of the survey in quantitative and quantitative section showed that the relationship between the home less and the social base was not significant at 95% con fidence level. Subsequently, based on the collected data, three social bases of high, medium, and low social were distinguished from one another, with a relationship be tween the orientation towards the low and moderate social base and homelessness in the 95% confidence level. Thus, the components of the social base and its role in the orientation to the homelessness and the findings of interview with the subjects showed that in the lower so cial base, immigration and marginalization, presence in dangerous situations increased. At the top of the social base, the diversity of leisure opportunities also increases the chance of being in high-risk situations, leading to ad diction and homelessness. Abstract Introduction: The existing presumption among sociologists, the existence of the relationship between the low economic classes and the social status, and the de gree of tendency to social deviations express the tendency towards the confliction ism paradigm in this branch of Sociology. Since the researcher has encountered violations of this proposition in his studies as regards homelessness, the major aim of the current study was decided to be based on confirmed hypothesis in the previously conducted studies; the relationship between the social status and the tendency to homelessness- among homeless people in Tehran. This hypothesis has been confirmed among a large statistical community of homeless people, but observations show that if the components of the social base are identified on the basis of life opportunities, this concept can be redefined. Redefining concepts that affect social transformations can change the results deriving out of the collected data. Therefore, after integrating existing theories, the researcher measured the social base by finding the relationships between and among the various compo -nents. Then the relationship between the components and the homeless people was measured. Method: The research method was a combination method consisting of quantita tive and qualitative methods. The sequential combination was based on hypothesis testing in the quantitative section and exploratory response to the resea","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45472828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.195
karam Habib habibpourgatabi, S. Ghaderi, Z. Amiri
{"title":"The Fields and Consequences of Friendship with the Opposite Sex: A Phenomenological Study among Students at Kharazmi University","authors":"karam Habib habibpourgatabi, S. Ghaderi, Z. Amiri","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45202125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.29252/refahj.19.72.323
M. Karoubi
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fear of crime and the security of tourists and the re-orientation of their residence and their loyalty to the desti-nation in the historical and cultural context of Shiraz. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed among 380 for-eign tourists staying in the historical and cultural context of Shiraz. The reliability of the in-struments was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha, which was more than 0.7, and the content va-lidity of the instrument was confirmed by experts’ opinions and the validity of the question-naire structure was verified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: For data anal-ysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used at significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed that most tourists from Europe visited Iran, with France and Ita-ly having the largest share of incoming tourists. The maximum period of stay in Shiraz was 3 days. Descriptive findings also show that there is a significant relationship between age, mari-tal status, education, occupation, country of origin and loyalty to tourists. Besides, there is a significant relationship between fear of crime (T = -2.541) and disorder of places (T = -3. 952) and loyalty of foreign tourists to destinations in Shiraz. Discussion: It should be mentioned that setting up tourism and tourism police stations for tourist destinations is one of the ways to reduce fear of crime and local disorder and thus increase tourism destinations in Shiraz. 1Mehdi Karoubi Ph.D. Tourism Management, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran (corresponding author) The Relationship between Fear of Crime and Local Disorder with Loyalty to Destination among Foreign Tourists in the Historical Context of Shiraz
{"title":"The Relationship between Fear of Crime and Local Disorder with Loyalty to Destination among Foreign Tourists in the Historical Context of Shiraz","authors":"M. Karoubi","doi":"10.29252/refahj.19.72.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/refahj.19.72.323","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fear of crime and the security of tourists and the re-orientation of their residence and their loyalty to the desti-nation in the historical and cultural context of Shiraz. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed among 380 for-eign tourists staying in the historical and cultural context of Shiraz. The reliability of the in-struments was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha, which was more than 0.7, and the content va-lidity of the instrument was confirmed by experts’ opinions and the validity of the question-naire structure was verified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: For data anal-ysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used at significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed that most tourists from Europe visited Iran, with France and Ita-ly having the largest share of incoming tourists. The maximum period of stay in Shiraz was 3 days. Descriptive findings also show that there is a significant relationship between age, mari-tal status, education, occupation, country of origin and loyalty to tourists. Besides, there is a significant relationship between fear of crime (T = -2.541) and disorder of places (T = -3. 952) and loyalty of foreign tourists to destinations in Shiraz. Discussion: It should be mentioned that setting up tourism and tourism police stations for tourist destinations is one of the ways to reduce fear of crime and local disorder and thus increase tourism destinations in Shiraz. 1Mehdi Karoubi Ph.D. Tourism Management, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran (corresponding author) <drkaroubi@gmail.com> The Relationship between Fear of Crime and Local Disorder with Loyalty to Destination among Foreign Tourists in the Historical Context of Shiraz","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47772687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.131
Alipour Fardin, Hassan Rafie, Aysha Aliyar, M. Bahrami
{"title":"Development and Validation of a Short Form Questionnaire to Measuring Wife Abuse","authors":"Alipour Fardin, Hassan Rafie, Aysha Aliyar, M. Bahrami","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49031086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.283
Abbas Khosravani, R. Mohseni, H. Khosroshahi
{"title":"The Relationship between Urban Poverty and Poverty Culture in the Slum Areas of Arak","authors":"Abbas Khosravani, R. Mohseni, H. Khosroshahi","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42070152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.55
fereydoun ghorbani, R. Mohseni, H. Ansari
{"title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Needs and Priorities of Life for Women-Headed Households with a Sociological Approach","authors":"fereydoun ghorbani, R. Mohseni, H. Ansari","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.55","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41842908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Capitals on Female Labour Force Participation: a Comparative Study on European :::::union::::: and Middle East Countries","authors":"Gholamreza Ghafari, Farshad Momeni, Nariman Yousefi","doi":"10.29252/refahj.19.72.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/refahj.19.72.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41336928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.91
M. Riahi, khadijeh pouralmasi
Introduction: the present research, have been aimed to study amount of the experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace and the social analysis of the causes of sexual harassment. Method : In this research, the theory of Routine activities has been used as a theoretical framework and has been surveyed by a questionnaire tool among 400 women working in hospitals in Karaj. Findings : The descriptive results of this study show that 67% of respondents experienced at least one occurrence of sexual harassment (verbal and non-verbal) at work. It was also found that the proportion of non-verbal distur bances (such as Hayes’s look, etc.) was slightly higher compared to the verbal disturbance (reverberation, etc.). Discussion : Thus, according to the results of this study, the amount of experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace was greater among those women who, on the one hand, had some demographic and personal characteristics that made them more suit able for the victim of harassment Sexual orientation, sec -ondly, at work, there were men who had more motivated men to engage in sexual harassment, and, thirdly, at work there was not enough organizational and personal protection to prevent sexual harassment. This result sug-gests that the theory of routine activities is predictive of sexual harassment in the workplace.
{"title":"A Sociological Study of Sexual Harassment Experience by Women in Workplace (Empirical Test of Routine Activity Theory)","authors":"M. Riahi, khadijeh pouralmasi","doi":"10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/REFAHJ.19.72.91","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: the present research, have been aimed to study amount of the experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace and the social analysis of the causes of sexual harassment. Method : In this research, the theory of Routine activities has been used as a theoretical framework and has been surveyed by a questionnaire tool among 400 women working in hospitals in Karaj. Findings : The descriptive results of this study show that 67% of respondents experienced at least one occurrence of sexual harassment (verbal and non-verbal) at work. It was also found that the proportion of non-verbal distur bances (such as Hayes’s look, etc.) was slightly higher compared to the verbal disturbance (reverberation, etc.). Discussion : Thus, according to the results of this study, the amount of experience of sexual harassment of employed women in the workplace was greater among those women who, on the one hand, had some demographic and personal characteristics that made them more suit able for the victim of harassment Sexual orientation, sec -ondly, at work, there were men who had more motivated men to engage in sexual harassment, and, thirdly, at work there was not enough organizational and personal protection to prevent sexual harassment. This result sug-gests that the theory of routine activities is predictive of sexual harassment in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":85537,"journal":{"name":"Social welfare","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42264400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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