Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.368
Muazaz Al-Dulaimi, Rameez Dabre
{"title":"Develop Heritage Buildings To Support Countries Culturally And Economically","authors":"Muazaz Al-Dulaimi, Rameez Dabre","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88816381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.176
S. Sarsam
Transportation systems play a central role in a sustainable society by providing mobility for people, goods, and services. Significant sustainability benefits are being derived through the improvements in transportation network efficiency, use of alternative modes and multimodality, integration of sustainable design, better integration of land use and transportation systems. Sustainable transportation system usually refers to any means of transportation which has low impact on the environment, affordable to users and can balance the current and future needs. This work covers the implementation of surveying techniques in the route selection for Baghdad Metro Tube. The travel demand has been assessed through an extensive travel potential survey. The public bus terminals were considered as a major source of data. The number of passengers using the present public transportation system from each bus terminal and for each route to various destinations has been recorded. The passenger supply points have been indicated by latitude and longitude that define the bus stop and the proposed metro route using global positioning system GPS. A passenger counting data was collected concerning the present use of public transport. A line indicates travel from one area to another and a grid was constructed. The present bus routes were identified, and the 28 major and minor public transportation terminals, which represent the passenger trip origin and destination nodes, were detected using GPS. The bus terminals were also positioned by the GPS and affixed. The recent land use of Baghdad urban area and the existing transportation network as obtained from Google earth were utilized in the geographic information system GIS environment. Travel corridors are identified and analyzed according to their existing right-of-way conditions, transit services, land use, and demographics.The positive and negative attributes of each corridor with regards to their potential for supporting transitoriented development TOD and higher capacity transit services have been determined through optimization process in the GIS. Finally, five corridors of the highest trip potential have been selected and proposed.
{"title":"Implementation of Surveying Techniques in the Route Selection for Baghdad Metro Tube","authors":"S. Sarsam","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.176","url":null,"abstract":"Transportation systems play a central role in a sustainable society by providing mobility for people, goods, and services. Significant sustainability benefits are being derived through the improvements in transportation network efficiency, use of alternative modes and multimodality, integration of sustainable design, better integration of land use and transportation systems. Sustainable transportation system usually refers to any means of transportation which has low impact on the environment, affordable to users and can balance the current and future needs. This work covers the implementation of surveying techniques in the route selection for Baghdad Metro Tube. The travel demand has been assessed through an extensive travel potential survey. The public bus terminals were considered as a major source of data. The number of passengers using the present public transportation system from each bus terminal and for each route to various destinations has been recorded. The passenger supply points have been indicated by latitude and longitude that define the bus stop and the proposed metro route using global positioning system GPS. A passenger counting data was collected concerning the present use of public transport. A line indicates travel from one area to another and a grid was constructed. The present bus routes were identified, and the 28 major and minor public transportation terminals, which represent the passenger trip origin and destination nodes, were detected using GPS. The bus terminals were also positioned by the GPS and affixed. The recent land use of Baghdad urban area and the existing transportation network as obtained from Google earth were utilized in the geographic information system GIS environment. Travel corridors are identified and analyzed according to their existing right-of-way conditions, transit services, land use, and demographics.The positive and negative attributes of each corridor with regards to their potential for supporting transitoriented development TOD and higher capacity transit services have been determined through optimization process in the GIS. Finally, five corridors of the highest trip potential have been selected and proposed.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82612593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.205
S. Sarsam, M. Sulaiman
Initiation of Microcracks in rigid pavement usually starts within few hours of casting due to the shrinkage of concrete and casting at hot environment condition. Cracking proceeds and changes to macrocracks throughout the service life of the pavement due to repetitions of compressive, tensile, and shear stress under wheel loading. Such cracking exhibits a durability problem since the ingress of moisture and harmful chemicals such as sulphates and chlorides into the concrete through the cracks can cause premature matrix degradation and corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement at joints, which may result in the decrement of strength and service life. In this work, implementation of self-healing techniques was adopted with the aid of bacteria and healing agent to precipitate CaCo3 on the formed micro-cracks. The precipitation of calcite by continuous hydration of cement helps in production of calcium carbonate precipitation with the help of bacteria. A soil bacterium named Bacillus subtilis was cultured in the laboratory, the concentration of bacteria cell of B. subtilits in normal saline (NaCl, 9 g/l) suspension was 106 cell/ml. Concrete specimens of various type (cube of 100x100x100 mm, cylinder of 100mm diameter and 200mm height, and beam of 100 x 100 x 500 mm) size have been prepared in the laboratory, then separated to three sets. The first set of specimens were subjected to controlled compression and flexure pre-cracking, then subjected to healing and curing in a water bath which contains the prementioned bacteria at 20°C for 7 days. The second set was the control specimens cured in water bath for 7 and 28 days at 20°C. The third set of specimens were subjected to healing and curing in a water bath which contains the prementioned bacteria at 20°C for 7 and 28 days and then tested for compressive, indirect tensile, and flexure properties. It was observed that the healing process provided by the bacteria have improved the overall properties of concrete by (23, 11 and 16) % for compressive, tensile and flexure strength respectively as compared to those of control mixture after 28 days of curing. On the other hand, specimens subjected to controlled pre-cracking exhibit improvement in strength properties after the healing process provided by the bacteria by (28 and 33) % for compressive and flexure strength respectively as compared to those of control mixture after 7 days of curing. It was concluded that spraying of bacterial water for curing the concrete is beneficial and can be considered as sustainable and environment friendly solution for maintenance. Bacteria can reserve, develop and maintain the quality of rigid pavement.
{"title":"Reservation and Development of Rigid Pavement Quality with the Aid of Bacteria","authors":"S. Sarsam, M. Sulaiman","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.205","url":null,"abstract":"Initiation of Microcracks in rigid pavement usually starts within few hours of casting due to the shrinkage of concrete and casting at hot environment condition. Cracking proceeds and changes to macrocracks throughout the service life of the pavement due to repetitions of compressive, tensile, and shear stress under wheel loading. Such cracking exhibits a durability problem since the ingress of moisture and harmful chemicals such as sulphates and chlorides into the concrete through the cracks can cause premature matrix degradation and corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement at joints, which may result in the decrement of strength and service life. In this work, implementation of self-healing techniques was adopted with the aid of bacteria and healing agent to precipitate CaCo3 on the formed micro-cracks. The precipitation of calcite by continuous hydration of cement helps in production of calcium carbonate precipitation with the help of bacteria. A soil bacterium named Bacillus subtilis was cultured in the laboratory, the concentration of bacteria cell of B. subtilits in normal saline (NaCl, 9 g/l) suspension was 106 cell/ml. Concrete specimens of various type (cube of 100x100x100 mm, cylinder of 100mm diameter and 200mm height, and beam of 100 x 100 x 500 mm) size have been prepared in the laboratory, then separated to three sets. The first set of specimens were subjected to controlled compression and flexure pre-cracking, then subjected to healing and curing in a water bath which contains the prementioned bacteria at 20°C for 7 days. The second set was the control specimens cured in water bath for 7 and 28 days at 20°C. The third set of specimens were subjected to healing and curing in a water bath which contains the prementioned bacteria at 20°C for 7 and 28 days and then tested for compressive, indirect tensile, and flexure properties. It was observed that the healing process provided by the bacteria have improved the overall properties of concrete by (23, 11 and 16) % for compressive, tensile and flexure strength respectively as compared to those of control mixture after 28 days of curing. On the other hand, specimens subjected to controlled pre-cracking exhibit improvement in strength properties after the healing process provided by the bacteria by (28 and 33) % for compressive and flexure strength respectively as compared to those of control mixture after 7 days of curing. It was concluded that spraying of bacterial water for curing the concrete is beneficial and can be considered as sustainable and environment friendly solution for maintenance. Bacteria can reserve, develop and maintain the quality of rigid pavement.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77019513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.252
Husam M. Al-Faris, M. Al-Obaidi
Speed, flow, and density are the most effectiveness traffic parameters. For the study area, all required speed-flow data were collected manually by special team using the necessary survey equipment from 11:00am-6:00pm during one week within different days for each direction of Al-Doura Expressway in Baghdad city. Greenshield Model (GSM) and Greenberg Model (GBM) have been analyzed using EXCEL software to compare the implementation results of the real data. The calibration of regression analysis studies were used and the statistical coefficient of person's correlation (R) and coefficient of determination (R2) were computed. It was found the following: For the direction of Baghdad greater bridge to Al-Rasheed camp, models according to GSM and GBM are us=110.84–0.37k and us=59.24ln(320.72/k) respectively. For the second direction, the models are us=64.04–0.10k and us=11.99ln(2937.5/k) respectively. All models are achieved strong correlation between variables ( between 0.88-0.98, and high R2 between 0.77-0.97). The models according to Greenberg ascertain better fit due to values between 0.95-0.98 and due to R2 values between 0.90-0.97 which are closest to 1.00 and these represent the coefficients for the first and second directions respectively. Finally, u0 and k0 at maximum flow have been considered based on GBM showing that the traffic capacity equal to 6990.08 and 12959.17 vph for the two sides. This mean that Al-Doura Expressway serve the study area with a 35-65 of directional split. This distribution of traffic between the two directions is nearly coincide with the distribution of the real data 34.6-65.4.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Traffic Flow Models: A Case study for Al-Doura Expressway in Baghdad City","authors":"Husam M. Al-Faris, M. Al-Obaidi","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.252","url":null,"abstract":"Speed, flow, and density are the most effectiveness traffic parameters. For the study area, all required speed-flow data were collected manually by special team using the necessary survey equipment from 11:00am-6:00pm during one week within different days for each direction of Al-Doura Expressway in Baghdad city. Greenshield Model (GSM) and Greenberg Model (GBM) have been analyzed using EXCEL software to compare the implementation results of the real data. The calibration of regression analysis studies were used and the statistical coefficient of person's correlation (R) and coefficient of determination (R2) were computed. It was found the following: For the direction of Baghdad greater bridge to Al-Rasheed camp, models according to GSM and GBM are us=110.84–0.37k and us=59.24ln(320.72/k) respectively. For the second direction, the models are us=64.04–0.10k and us=11.99ln(2937.5/k) respectively. All models are achieved strong correlation between variables ( between 0.88-0.98, and high R2 between 0.77-0.97). The models according to Greenberg ascertain better fit due to values between 0.95-0.98 and due to R2 values between 0.90-0.97 which are closest to 1.00 and these represent the coefficients for the first and second directions respectively. Finally, u0 and k0 at maximum flow have been considered based on GBM showing that the traffic capacity equal to 6990.08 and 12959.17 vph for the two sides. This mean that Al-Doura Expressway serve the study area with a 35-65 of directional split. This distribution of traffic between the two directions is nearly coincide with the distribution of the real data 34.6-65.4.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"61 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88454267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.321
A. Abbas, Muhannad Abbas, I. Al-Ani, H. Salman
Shatt al-Arab River is the only international navigational river in Iraq, extending from the city of Qurna to its mouth in the Arabian Gulf at the city of Al-Fao within the governorate of Basrah for a length of approximately 204 km. Its width ranges from 400 m to 2000 m and its depth ranges from 8 m to 20 m. Since many years Shatt al-Arab River suffer from scouring at the right side (Iraqi side), that is led to displace the borders between Iraq and Iran (Al- Thalweg Line) towards Iraqi territory and thus led to loss of Iraqi land to Iran. Reducing flow velocity along the Iraqi side can led to reducing or preventing erosion in the right bank. Increasing the riverbed roughness will reduce the velocity of flow and then reducing the erosion. This principle was adopted in this study. In this research, a reach of Shatt Al-Arab with a length of 2.5 km located at 34 km northern Fao city was selected to represent the study area. A small area at the upstream of the reach mentioned earlier (700 m length) was selected and called strip in order to change the bed roughness for three different heights. This scenario was simulated with full scale (prototype scale) to investigate the effect of increasing the bed roughness on the velocity pattern at river cross sections and along the reach. The simulation done by using 3D numerical modeling CFD solver (ANSYS fluent 19). For each allocated area, as increasing the roughness height (ks), the longitudinal velocity (v) decreased at the right side by about 10% to 70% and increased by about 5% to 260% at left side along the river reach.
{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Different Roughness on Velocity Pattern at a Reach of Shatt-Al-Arab","authors":"A. Abbas, Muhannad Abbas, I. Al-Ani, H. Salman","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.321","url":null,"abstract":"Shatt al-Arab River is the only international navigational river in Iraq, extending from the city of Qurna to its mouth in the Arabian Gulf at the city of Al-Fao within the governorate of Basrah for a length of approximately 204 km. Its width ranges from 400 m to 2000 m and its depth ranges from 8 m to 20 m. Since many years Shatt al-Arab River suffer from scouring at the right side (Iraqi side), that is led to displace the borders between Iraq and Iran (Al- Thalweg Line) towards Iraqi territory and thus led to loss of Iraqi land to Iran. Reducing flow velocity along the Iraqi side can led to reducing or preventing erosion in the right bank. Increasing the riverbed roughness will reduce the velocity of flow and then reducing the erosion. This principle was adopted in this study. In this research, a reach of Shatt Al-Arab with a length of 2.5 km located at 34 km northern Fao city was selected to represent the study area. A small area at the upstream of the reach mentioned earlier (700 m length) was selected and called strip in order to change the bed roughness for three different heights. This scenario was simulated with full scale (prototype scale) to investigate the effect of increasing the bed roughness on the velocity pattern at river cross sections and along the reach. The simulation done by using 3D numerical modeling CFD solver (ANSYS fluent 19). For each allocated area, as increasing the roughness height (ks), the longitudinal velocity (v) decreased at the right side by about 10% to 70% and increased by about 5% to 260% at left side along the river reach.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86682379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-28DOI: 10.17265/1934-7359/2020.06.001
I. Al-Ani, W. Hamidon, N. Al-Ansari, W. Mohtar
Concrete is a major material used in the construction of buildings and structures in the world. Gravel and sand are the major ingredients of concrete but are non-renewable natural materials. Therefore, the utilisation of palm oil clinker (POC), a solid waste generated from palm oil industry is proposed to replace natural aggregate in this research to reduce the demand for natural aggregates. One mix of ordinary concrete as control concrete; while four mix proportions of oil palm clinker concrete were obtained by replacing 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of gravel and sand of control concrete with coarse and fine oil palm clinker respectively by volume, with same cement content and water cement ratio. Compressive strength test was carried out of concretes with different percentages of oil palm clinker; whereas water absorption test according to respective standard, were carried out to determine the durability properties of various mixes. Based on the results obtained, the study on the effect of percentage of clinker on strength and durability properties was drawn. According to ACI classification of light weight concrete only the 100 percentage replacement can achieve the definition of light weight concrete since its density less than 1900 kg/m3 and strength larger than 17 MPa. Eventually the 25 % replacement of the normal aggregate by the OPC will improve the strength and durability of the concrete.
{"title":"Development of Lightweight Concrete using Industrial Waste Palm Oil Clinker","authors":"I. Al-Ani, W. Hamidon, N. Al-Ansari, W. Mohtar","doi":"10.17265/1934-7359/2020.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2020.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is a major material used in the construction of buildings and structures in the world. Gravel and sand are the major ingredients of concrete but are non-renewable natural materials. Therefore, the utilisation of palm oil clinker (POC), a solid waste generated from palm oil industry is proposed to replace natural aggregate in this research to reduce the demand for natural aggregates. One mix of ordinary concrete as control concrete; while four mix proportions of oil palm clinker concrete were obtained by replacing 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of gravel and sand of control concrete with coarse and fine oil palm clinker respectively by volume, with same cement content and water cement ratio. Compressive strength test was carried out of concretes with different percentages of oil palm clinker; whereas water absorption test according to respective standard, were carried out to determine the durability properties of various mixes. Based on the results obtained, the study on the effect of percentage of clinker on strength and durability properties was drawn. According to ACI classification of light weight concrete only the 100 percentage replacement can achieve the definition of light weight concrete since its density less than 1900 kg/m3 and strength larger than 17 MPa. Eventually the 25 % replacement of the normal aggregate by the OPC will improve the strength and durability of the concrete.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88058814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commuting and urbanization in the socialist countries of Europe.","authors":"R J Fuchs, G J Demko","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"19 1","pages":"21-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22003892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.230
N. Yahya, R. Al-Ali
The way that buildings are designed and constructed today has a negative impact on building energy consumption. Facade components are essential in determining the building energy demand during the operational phase. This paper aims to investigate what role the building façade plays in improving the energy efficiency of a low rise office buildings in a Mediterranean climate. Verification of the façade energy performance for one of the Eastern Mediterranean University buildings in Northern Cyprus, namely Rector’s Office Building is the second phase of the study. To conduct the present study, a literature review is used, as well as, an analyze for a group of contemporary low rise office buildings with LEED certification from the Mediterranean climatic zone is achieved to attain the investigation and to set the verification checklist. The study has established the important role that building facade can play to reduce the annual building demand for energy in the Mediterranean low rise office buildings through a set of strategies. Different techniques were used to apply these strategies. According to the verification, the study revealed an attempt to achieve an energy efficient building through the façade design by using specific techniques. Some suggestions have been recommended in order to improve the facade energy performance for this type of buildings.
{"title":"Investigation of Façade Contribution in Energy Efficiency of a Low Rise Office Building in Mediterranean Climate","authors":"N. Yahya, R. Al-Ali","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.230","url":null,"abstract":"The way that buildings are designed and constructed today has a negative impact on building energy consumption. Facade components are essential in determining the building energy demand during the operational phase. This paper aims to investigate what role the building façade plays in improving the energy efficiency of a low rise office buildings in a Mediterranean climate. Verification of the façade energy performance for one of the Eastern Mediterranean University buildings in Northern Cyprus, namely Rector’s Office Building is the second phase of the study. To conduct the present study, a literature review is used, as well as, an analyze for a group of contemporary low rise office buildings with LEED certification from the Mediterranean climatic zone is achieved to attain the investigation and to set the verification checklist. The study has established the important role that building facade can play to reduce the annual building demand for energy in the Mediterranean low rise office buildings through a set of strategies. Different techniques were used to apply these strategies. According to the verification, the study revealed an attempt to achieve an energy efficient building through the façade design by using specific techniques. Some suggestions have been recommended in order to improve the facade energy performance for this type of buildings.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82142332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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