Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.143
Iyad Alkroosh, Ali Al-Robay, P. Sarker, Saif Alzabeebee
This study investigated the influence of sand content on the mechanical behaviour of a low plasticity clay found in Iraq. Samples were prepared with sand contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the weight of the clay. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were carried out and the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and undrained shear strength were determined. The results showed a gradual increasing trend of the maximum dry density with the increase of the sand content up to 30%. The highest dry density reached was 1.90 gm/cm3 corresponding to an optimum moisture content of 12%. In addition, it was also found that the undrained shear strength was inversely proportional to the increase of the percentage of sand. Thus, the dry density of the clay could be increased well above 1.70 g/cm3, which is the minimum dry density accepted as a compacted subgrade according to the Iraqi General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (2003); hence, the rejected low plasticity clay could be utilised by mixing with sand. The reasons for the increase of the dry density and the decrease of the undrained shear strength has been extensively discussed in the paper.
{"title":"Effect of sand percentage on the compaction properties and undrained shear strength of low plasticity soft clay","authors":"Iyad Alkroosh, Ali Al-Robay, P. Sarker, Saif Alzabeebee","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.143","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the influence of sand content on the mechanical behaviour of a low plasticity clay found in Iraq. Samples were prepared with sand contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the weight of the clay. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were carried out and the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and undrained shear strength were determined. The results showed a gradual increasing trend of the maximum dry density with the increase of the sand content up to 30%. The highest dry density reached was 1.90 gm/cm3 corresponding to an optimum moisture content of 12%. In addition, it was also found that the undrained shear strength was inversely proportional to the increase of the percentage of sand. Thus, the dry density of the clay could be increased well above 1.70 g/cm3, which is the minimum dry density accepted as a compacted subgrade according to the Iraqi General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (2003); hence, the rejected low plasticity clay could be utilised by mixing with sand. The reasons for the increase of the dry density and the decrease of the undrained shear strength has been extensively discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91288577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.183
A. Al-kuaity
This investigation is aimed to present a simple analytical approach for predicting the ultimate strength of concrete arch using theory of plasticity. Six models of two-hinged parabolic concrete arches with and without steel reinforcement were tested under concentrated load. The observed behavior of cracking strength and collapse load of the arches tested were compared with those predicted by the analytical procedure proposed here. The arches tested were un-reinforced concrete, lightly reinforced concrete, and concrete with filing iron respectively. A Good agreement is found between the proposed analysis and test results. Tests have shown that the collapse of all arches was mainly due to the formation of two plastic hinges at a point of maximum bending moment which is similar to collapse mechanism adopted in this study. The use of light concentric steel reinforcement resulted into a significant increase in the ultimate load. This increase reaches up to three times of that without reinforcement. Ductility was also found to be greatly improved due to using steel reinforcement in arches. The procedure of analysis in this paper can give a simple guide for design of concrete arch.
{"title":"Ultimate Strength of Parabolic Concrete Arches","authors":"A. Al-kuaity","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.183","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation is aimed to present a simple analytical approach for predicting the ultimate strength of concrete arch using theory of plasticity. Six models of two-hinged parabolic concrete arches with and without steel reinforcement were tested under concentrated load. The observed behavior of cracking strength and collapse load of the arches tested were compared with those predicted by the analytical procedure proposed here. The arches tested were un-reinforced concrete, lightly reinforced concrete, and concrete with filing iron respectively. A Good agreement is found between the proposed analysis and test results. Tests have shown that the collapse of all arches was mainly due to the formation of two plastic hinges at a point of maximum bending moment which is similar to collapse mechanism adopted in this study. The use of light concentric steel reinforcement resulted into a significant increase in the ultimate load. This increase reaches up to three times of that without reinforcement. Ductility was also found to be greatly improved due to using steel reinforcement in arches. The procedure of analysis in this paper can give a simple guide for design of concrete arch.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90885140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.293
A. Daraei, Dlshad K. Ahmed
Earth and rock are the principal materials from which dams are constructed, these kinds of dams are called embankment dams. The conventional limit equilibrium method has dominated use over any other method for analyzing slope stability. In this paper, Spence, Morgenstern-price, the Ordinary method of slices, and Janbu simplified methods are used in order to find out how near, far Aquban dam from the verge failure which is located in Erbil-Kurdistan/Iraq. In present study, the focus is mainly drawn on analyses of steady-state condition. To compute the factor of safety, the study utilized SLOPE/W software. The results show that there is no major difference in a safety factor and a critical slip surface position between all the methods which are used in the study. In addition, all used methods offered a more than the minimum required safety factory which is given by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers so this ensures that the dam against slope instability is on the safe side. According to the results obtained from this study, Janbu simplified method which considers only force equilibrium condition produced the lowest factor of safety, while the highest and almost identical factor of safety generated from the methods that satisfy all the static equilibrium condition (Spencer and Morgenstern-Price methods) give. Therefore, a reasonably reliable and higher value of safety factor is given by the methods which satisfy all static equilibrium conditions.
{"title":"Slope Stability Analyses of Zoned Dam Under Steady State Condition/Case Study","authors":"A. Daraei, Dlshad K. Ahmed","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.293","url":null,"abstract":"Earth and rock are the principal materials from which dams are constructed, these kinds of dams are called embankment dams. The conventional limit equilibrium method has dominated use over any other method for analyzing slope stability. In this paper, Spence, Morgenstern-price, the Ordinary method of slices, and Janbu simplified methods are used in order to find out how near, far Aquban dam from the verge failure which is located in Erbil-Kurdistan/Iraq. In present study, the focus is mainly drawn on analyses of steady-state condition. To compute the factor of safety, the study utilized SLOPE/W software. The results show that there is no major difference in a safety factor and a critical slip surface position between all the methods which are used in the study. In addition, all used methods offered a more than the minimum required safety factory which is given by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers so this ensures that the dam against slope instability is on the safe side. According to the results obtained from this study, Janbu simplified method which considers only force equilibrium condition produced the lowest factor of safety, while the highest and almost identical factor of safety generated from the methods that satisfy all the static equilibrium condition (Spencer and Morgenstern-Price methods) give. Therefore, a reasonably reliable and higher value of safety factor is given by the methods which satisfy all static equilibrium conditions.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84141094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.260
N. Ali, P. Abdullah
Several constructional projects in Sulaimani face to the delay, during the stages of designing and implementation. The delay refers to various causes. There are several key persons) resources) (templates) (clients) (factors) (characteristics) (parameters) that have direct effects on delay of the projects. The study was conducted and depended on two different methods practical and theoretical parts, for performing practical part two specific elites were chose, the first elite was the expert engineers that had actual practical involvement in construction projects and the second elite was the contractors that had a real suffering from delays of their projects. While the theoretical part was depended on reviews for the existing studies to collect information. The practical result showed that the five most effective key persons were the (1-Laws and Regulations, 2-Contractor, 3-Designer, 4-Resident Engineer, 5-Site Location) seriously. While the reviewed results for the existing studies showed (1-Designer, 2-Finance/payment, 3-Weather, 4-Unforseen circumstances, 5-Lack of Site management by Contractor). Keywords: Constructional projects delay, Time extension, Mistakes of design, Plan and scheduling, Variation order.
{"title":"ime Overrun in Construction Projects of Sulaimani City","authors":"N. Ali, P. Abdullah","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.260","url":null,"abstract":"Several constructional projects in Sulaimani face to the delay, during the stages of designing and implementation. The delay refers to various causes. There are several key persons) resources) (templates) (clients) (factors) (characteristics) (parameters) that have direct effects on delay of the projects. The study was conducted and depended on two different methods practical and theoretical parts, for performing practical part two specific elites were chose, the first elite was the expert engineers that had actual practical involvement in construction projects and the second elite was the contractors that had a real suffering from delays of their projects. While the theoretical part was depended on reviews for the existing studies to collect information. The practical result showed that the five most effective key persons were the (1-Laws and Regulations, 2-Contractor, 3-Designer, 4-Resident Engineer, 5-Site Location) seriously. While the reviewed results for the existing studies showed (1-Designer, 2-Finance/payment, 3-Weather, 4-Unforseen circumstances, 5-Lack of Site management by Contractor). Keywords: Constructional projects delay, Time extension, Mistakes of design, Plan and scheduling, Variation order.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74124687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.224
A. Al-haddad, Dhuha Mahdi
Engineers have employed various ways to protect drain openings from the entry of sediment with varying degrees of success. This study aims to compare and evaluate the hydraulic performance and efficiency of using natural graded gravel filter and crushed gravel filter in drainage systems. An aquifer tank (sand tank) 70 cm long, 50 cm wide and 80 cm high, a perforated drain pipe of 50 mm diameter was used in the laboratory work. The laboratory study was performed with two types of soil: loam and loamy sand. These two soils were used with the two types of gravel filters after taking the particle size distribution test for the two soils. For each case, the inflow was applied to the model from the soil surface (to represent irrigation condition) and from the sides of the tank (to represent sub –surface flow condition and effluence of the groundwater). Each case involved ten runs; for each run, discharge, total head loss, and amount of sediment were recorded. It was found that crushed gravel filter would work similarly to natural graded gravel filter after a certain time from the beginning of runs. It was also found that the discharge and sediment when using crushed gravel filter were close to or equal to that with natural graded gravel filter. The hydraulic conductivity and the exit gradient values were calculated in this research. It was found that their values were so different between the two types of filters, but at the end of the laboratory work, the hydraulic conductivity would be approximately the same. The exit gradient of crushed gravel filter was lower than that of natural graded gravel filter due to the large pores between the filter particles. Finally, the results showed that, it is possible to use crushed gravel filter material in drainage systems, which is less costly and easier to place than natural graded gravel filter.
{"title":"Evaluating the Efficiency of Crushed Gravel Filters around Field Drains","authors":"A. Al-haddad, Dhuha Mahdi","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.224","url":null,"abstract":"Engineers have employed various ways to protect drain openings from the entry of sediment with varying degrees of success. This study aims to compare and evaluate the hydraulic performance and efficiency of using natural graded gravel filter and crushed gravel filter in drainage systems. An aquifer tank (sand tank) 70 cm long, 50 cm wide and 80 cm high, a perforated drain pipe of 50 mm diameter was used in the laboratory work. The laboratory study was performed with two types of soil: loam and loamy sand. These two soils were used with the two types of gravel filters after taking the particle size distribution test for the two soils. For each case, the inflow was applied to the model from the soil surface (to represent irrigation condition) and from the sides of the tank (to represent sub –surface flow condition and effluence of the groundwater). Each case involved ten runs; for each run, discharge, total head loss, and amount of sediment were recorded. It was found that crushed gravel filter would work similarly to natural graded gravel filter after a certain time from the beginning of runs. It was also found that the discharge and sediment when using crushed gravel filter were close to or equal to that with natural graded gravel filter. The hydraulic conductivity and the exit gradient values were calculated in this research. It was found that their values were so different between the two types of filters, but at the end of the laboratory work, the hydraulic conductivity would be approximately the same. The exit gradient of crushed gravel filter was lower than that of natural graded gravel filter due to the large pores between the filter particles. Finally, the results showed that, it is possible to use crushed gravel filter material in drainage systems, which is less costly and easier to place than natural graded gravel filter.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"35 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78397543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.150
M. Al-jumaili
Rutting in flexible pavement is one of the main permanent deformation which appears in most Iraqi roads owing to high temperature and the increase in axial excessive heavy trucks load, these combined conditions cause a major impact on the road performance. The polymers used as additives to improve the properties of asphalt and, that leads to achieve high quality asphalt mixture. This humble research focused on finding the suitable treatment for such issue by using SBS and HDPE. Whereas 5 percent for each polymer was used (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) by weight of total mix. A different percentage of polymers were used in order to achieve the best additive percent which was proved to be (8% HDPE, 6% SBS) for wearing (III A) layer and (6% HDPE, 2% SBS) for binder layer. As well as the results showed that using the optimum percent of additives for each layer of asphaltic mixture and test it as one specimen formed from two layers, has decreased the rutting percent by (72%, 65%) for (HDPE, SBS) respectively for each type of additives at (40ºC).
{"title":"Study Enhancing the Rutting of Flexible Pavement by Adding Selected Polymers into Asphalt Mixes","authors":"M. Al-jumaili","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.150","url":null,"abstract":"Rutting in flexible pavement is one of the main permanent deformation which appears in most Iraqi roads owing to high temperature and the increase in axial excessive heavy trucks load, these combined conditions cause a major impact on the road performance. The polymers used as additives to improve the properties of asphalt and, that leads to achieve high quality asphalt mixture. This humble research focused on finding the suitable treatment for such issue by using SBS and HDPE. Whereas 5 percent for each polymer was used (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) by weight of total mix. A different percentage of polymers were used in order to achieve the best additive percent which was proved to be (8% HDPE, 6% SBS) for wearing (III A) layer and (6% HDPE, 2% SBS) for binder layer. As well as the results showed that using the optimum percent of additives for each layer of asphaltic mixture and test it as one specimen formed from two layers, has decreased the rutting percent by (72%, 65%) for (HDPE, SBS) respectively for each type of additives at (40ºC).","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85426741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.351
Ahmed Younus, H. Hekmet, Abeer Al-Shami
As one of the most important topics that have not been sufficiently studied to investigate the structural behavior of concrete columns is the mechanical properties of concrete members resulting from the torsional effects that caused mainly from the exposure of buildings to earthquakes, especially the cracks resulting in the structural members and overall torque-twist behavior. However, concrete columns are elements that are difficult to replace when exposed to earthquakes, so the role of developing applicable and useful methods for maintaining and strengthening columns has emerged after exposure to torsion. FRP laminates like CFRP and GFRP are one of the most successful and widespread of these methods nowadays. To achieve the goal of this paper, a finite element 3D model suitable for analyzing square RC columns strengthened with GFRP under combined torsional moment and axial loads has been adopted and a reasonable method for calculating angles of twist for square concrete columns using the finite element method has been developed. [ANSYS] software as a useful tool is used to solve the problem and to predict the Torque – Twist relationships of the columns under investigation. The results are compared and verified with an experimental study and the numerical results showed acceptable agreement with the experimental results. Several important parameters affecting the torsional capacity of square columns strengthened with GFRP and subjected to combined torque & axial load are studied in parametric study. These parameters include, GFRP distribution, GFRP thickness, and GFRP schemes (orientation). The results showed the efficiency of finite element software to estimate the torque twist relationships after developing modified formulas to calculate the angles of twist, on the other hand, the fixing of GFRP sheets in 45 degree opposite to the cracks orientation is the best way to increase the torsional capacity of RC columns.
{"title":"Torque – Twist Behavior of RC Columns Retrofitted with GFRP Laminates Under Combined Torque & Axial Loads: A Parametric Study","authors":"Ahmed Younus, H. Hekmet, Abeer Al-Shami","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.351","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most important topics that have not been sufficiently studied to investigate the structural behavior of concrete columns is the mechanical properties of concrete members resulting from the torsional effects that caused mainly from the exposure of buildings to earthquakes, especially the cracks resulting in the structural members and overall torque-twist behavior. However, concrete columns are elements that are difficult to replace when exposed to earthquakes, so the role of developing applicable and useful methods for maintaining and strengthening columns has emerged after exposure to torsion. FRP laminates like CFRP and GFRP are one of the most successful and widespread of these methods nowadays. To achieve the goal of this paper, a finite element 3D model suitable for analyzing square RC columns strengthened with GFRP under combined torsional moment and axial loads has been adopted and a reasonable method for calculating angles of twist for square concrete columns using the finite element method has been developed. [ANSYS] software as a useful tool is used to solve the problem and to predict the Torque – Twist relationships of the columns under investigation. The results are compared and verified with an experimental study and the numerical results showed acceptable agreement with the experimental results. Several important parameters affecting the torsional capacity of square columns strengthened with GFRP and subjected to combined torque & axial load are studied in parametric study. These parameters include, GFRP distribution, GFRP thickness, and GFRP schemes (orientation). The results showed the efficiency of finite element software to estimate the torque twist relationships after developing modified formulas to calculate the angles of twist, on the other hand, the fixing of GFRP sheets in 45 degree opposite to the cracks orientation is the best way to increase the torsional capacity of RC columns.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86737650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.289
A. Al-Obaidi, M. Mahmoud, R. Hummadi, D. Thieban
The power production industries often use gas turbines running on diesel oil, crude oil, or heavy fuel oil (HFO); the use of HFO in the gas power plants needs a sequence of treating processes in a particular treating unit. The HFO processes for treating produce large quantities of the wastewater due to the different treatment stages that, in most, are physical, and the resulted wastewater is called the HFO Waste. The common disposal method that majorly used in getting rid of the HFO waste is the ground pits or pools (directly on the natural soil surface) that work as large reservoirs to keep the large quantities of the outcome HFO Waste in order to re-consuming it for another utility or as a permanent disposing method. In this research, an extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the effects of HFO waste on some of the geotechnical properties of different gypsum soils (slightly, moderately, and highly gypseous soil). The samples were extruded from different positions around the pool area at the Baiji Power Plant site and at different depths (1.0-3.0 m). The testing program includes basic soil properties, direct shear, compressibility, and collapsibility on natural and polluted soil samples at the same densities. The polluted samples were chosen at different saturation levels (10, 50, and 100) % respectively. The results showed an increase in the internal friction angle to its maximum value at a low degree of waste saturation, then going down, the cohesion is zero or negligible. Polluted soil had a compression index less than the compression index for non-polluted soil. The collapse potential for HFO waste flooded soils is higher than that of soils flooded with water.
{"title":"Engineering Properties of Soil Immersed in Heavy Fuel Oil Waste","authors":"A. Al-Obaidi, M. Mahmoud, R. Hummadi, D. Thieban","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.289","url":null,"abstract":"The power production industries often use gas turbines running on diesel oil, crude oil, or heavy fuel oil (HFO); the use of HFO in the gas power plants needs a sequence of treating processes in a particular treating unit. The HFO processes for treating produce large quantities of the wastewater due to the different treatment stages that, in most, are physical, and the resulted wastewater is called the HFO Waste. The common disposal method that majorly used in getting rid of the HFO waste is the ground pits or pools (directly on the natural soil surface) that work as large reservoirs to keep the large quantities of the outcome HFO Waste in order to re-consuming it for another utility or as a permanent disposing method. In this research, an extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the effects of HFO waste on some of the geotechnical properties of different gypsum soils (slightly, moderately, and highly gypseous soil). The samples were extruded from different positions around the pool area at the Baiji Power Plant site and at different depths (1.0-3.0 m). The testing program includes basic soil properties, direct shear, compressibility, and collapsibility on natural and polluted soil samples at the same densities. The polluted samples were chosen at different saturation levels (10, 50, and 100) % respectively. The results showed an increase in the internal friction angle to its maximum value at a low degree of waste saturation, then going down, the cohesion is zero or negligible. Polluted soil had a compression index less than the compression index for non-polluted soil. The collapse potential for HFO waste flooded soils is higher than that of soils flooded with water.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81088886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.156
M. Akram, Mayasa Aloobaidi, Luma Mohamed
The technological and digital developments witnessed in the twenty-first century have affected the components of cities, including the transport sector, as it represents an important factor and influences the development of social life.It is also the most important engine for progress and achieving urban sustainability with its environmental and economic indicators. many studies, especially in developing cities , including Mosul, and many studies have tended to find smart and innovative solutions to avoid and address this problem within the concept of sustainability, hence the importance of paper in the role of smart parks as one of these solutions to the problem of crowding Traffic and in accordance with the concepts of sustainability and urban , the paper approach adopteds analytical patterns of parks and smart access to study applied by selecting the appropriate style and apply it to the city of Mosul to achieve urban sustainability and contributes to the improvement of the urban image of the city according to sustainability indicators.
{"title":"The role of smart parking in achieving the urban sustainability of Mosul city","authors":"M. Akram, Mayasa Aloobaidi, Luma Mohamed","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.156","url":null,"abstract":"The technological and digital developments witnessed in the twenty-first century have affected the components of cities, including the transport sector, as it represents an important factor and influences the development of social life.It is also the most important engine for progress and achieving urban sustainability with its environmental and economic indicators. many studies, especially in developing cities , including Mosul, and many studies have tended to find smart and innovative solutions to avoid and address this problem within the concept of sustainability, hence the importance of paper in the role of smart parks as one of these solutions to the problem of crowding Traffic and in accordance with the concepts of sustainability and urban , the paper approach adopteds analytical patterns of parks and smart access to study applied by selecting the appropriate style and apply it to the city of Mosul to achieve urban sustainability and contributes to the improvement of the urban image of the city according to sustainability indicators.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84415049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.24086/aces2020/paper.256
A. Al-dabbagh
The expressive systems in architecture consists of two components: the system of forms and the system of meanings, these systems are linked together by unwritten rules, which are a matrix of correlations / implications that determine any meanings associated with any forms. The designer remains unsure of the possible interpretations of his design, because of the variation in the nature of meaning, discovered by the recipient, and this stems from the variation of reliance on the theory of interpretation in this regard. Many studies of architectural semiology indicate some of these theories; Classical theory believes in the natural meaning, which influenced by form's geometry, Pragmatic theory believes in the common meaning, which stems from the use of form within different contexts and according to social custom. The research attempts to explore the aspects of interpretation adopted by two critics, in order to determine the theory adopted by them, so the designer will be aware to the nature and type of meaning comprehended by viewers. The results showed the adoption of common and inclusive meanings, also showed the variation in the role of architectural Expressions in confirming or multiplying the meaning, influenced by contexts and signal types. The conclusion emphasized the importance of historical references, stylistic trend, and spatial contexts in form interpretation.
{"title":"The Nature of Interpretation in Architectural criticism","authors":"A. Al-dabbagh","doi":"10.24086/aces2020/paper.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.256","url":null,"abstract":"The expressive systems in architecture consists of two components: the system of forms and the system of meanings, these systems are linked together by unwritten rules, which are a matrix of correlations / implications that determine any meanings associated with any forms. The designer remains unsure of the possible interpretations of his design, because of the variation in the nature of meaning, discovered by the recipient, and this stems from the variation of reliance on the theory of interpretation in this regard. Many studies of architectural semiology indicate some of these theories; Classical theory believes in the natural meaning, which influenced by form's geometry, Pragmatic theory believes in the common meaning, which stems from the use of form within different contexts and according to social custom. The research attempts to explore the aspects of interpretation adopted by two critics, in order to determine the theory adopted by them, so the designer will be aware to the nature and type of meaning comprehended by viewers. The results showed the adoption of common and inclusive meanings, also showed the variation in the role of architectural Expressions in confirming or multiplying the meaning, influenced by contexts and signal types. The conclusion emphasized the importance of historical references, stylistic trend, and spatial contexts in form interpretation.","PeriodicalId":85616,"journal":{"name":"The ACES bulletin. Association for Comparative Economic Studies (U.S.)","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89938806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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