As the PRC government provides ambiguous support for Chinas traditionally patriarchal social order and since kinship no longer organizes local society as tightly as it once did the gender bias has been somewhat mitigated since 1949. Yet the living traditions and values of Chinese culture continue to shape and reflect a society which to an extreme degree has been organized by and around agnatic (male) kin groups groups that in a formal sense exclude females or at best define them as marginal members. In a variety of ways government policy in the post-revolutionary era has indirectly reinforced these patterns - for example by restricting the geographical mobility of the rural population and by relying on the rural family patrilineally defined as the first and preferred source of welfare and old age security. Even today in Chinese villages many people when asked about their children (haizi) (How many children do you have? What do they do? etc.) will answer as if only sons count failing even to mention the existence of daughters unless specifically asked. Similarly when relating their family histories in a North China village in the late 1970s and early 1980s informants reported a suspiciously small number of daughters and sisters. These oral family histories told primarily by native village men yielded an extremely skewed sex ratio reflecting the highly patrilineal definition of the family internalized by these informants. As a peasant woman in the documentary film Small Happiness aptly put it nearly forty years after the revolution arrived in her village Daughters are not family they are only relatives. Indeed despite some significant changes in marriage patterns (such as the increasing prevalence of intra-village marriage) dominant norms in the countryside where most of Chinas population still resides continue to dictate that young women marry patrilocally symbolically if not always literally leaving their own natal family and transferring their primary obligations to their husbands family. Therefore unlike sons people still speak of daughters as being lost at marriage or belonging to other people. These attitudes and patterns help explain why orphanages in China have long been disproportionately filled by girls. (excerpt)
{"title":"Chinese Orphanages: Saving China's Abandoned Girls","authors":"K. Johnson","doi":"10.2307/2949992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949992","url":null,"abstract":"As the PRC government provides ambiguous support for Chinas traditionally patriarchal social order and since kinship no longer organizes local society as tightly as it once did the gender bias has been somewhat mitigated since 1949. Yet the living traditions and values of Chinese culture continue to shape and reflect a society which to an extreme degree has been organized by and around agnatic (male) kin groups groups that in a formal sense exclude females or at best define them as marginal members. In a variety of ways government policy in the post-revolutionary era has indirectly reinforced these patterns - for example by restricting the geographical mobility of the rural population and by relying on the rural family patrilineally defined as the first and preferred source of welfare and old age security. Even today in Chinese villages many people when asked about their children (haizi) (How many children do you have? What do they do? etc.) will answer as if only sons count failing even to mention the existence of daughters unless specifically asked. Similarly when relating their family histories in a North China village in the late 1970s and early 1980s informants reported a suspiciously small number of daughters and sisters. These oral family histories told primarily by native village men yielded an extremely skewed sex ratio reflecting the highly patrilineal definition of the family internalized by these informants. As a peasant woman in the documentary film Small Happiness aptly put it nearly forty years after the revolution arrived in her village Daughters are not family they are only relatives. Indeed despite some significant changes in marriage patterns (such as the increasing prevalence of intra-village marriage) dominant norms in the countryside where most of Chinas population still resides continue to dictate that young women marry patrilocally symbolically if not always literally leaving their own natal family and transferring their primary obligations to their husbands family. Therefore unlike sons people still speak of daughters as being lost at marriage or belonging to other people. These attitudes and patterns help explain why orphanages in China have long been disproportionately filled by girls. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"61 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-07-01DOI: 10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950021
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"212 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60839581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-07-01DOI: 10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950020
R. Curt
BUCKLEY, Christopher, Science as Movement in Fujian and its Politics and Politics as Science: Aftermath (23) Fang Lizhi and Chinese ESHERICK, Joseph W., Xi'an Spring Intellectuals' Uncertain Road to (24) Dissent (25) FITZGERALD, Stephen, Australia's CHAN, Anita, Revolution or CorporaChina (24) tism? Workers and Trade Unions FORSTER, Keith, Impressions of the in Post-Mao China (29) Popular Protest in Hangzhou, CHAN, Anita and Jonathan Unger, April/June 1989 (23) Voices from the Protest MoveFORSTER, Keith, Spontaneous and ment, Chongqing, Sichuan (24) Institutional Rebellion in the CHEATER, A
克里斯托弗·巴克利:《科学作为运动在福建及其政治与政治作为科学:后果》(23);方立志与中国的ESHERICK, Joseph W.，西安春季知识分子的不确定之路》(24);斯蒂芬·菲茨杰拉德，澳大利亚的陈、安妮塔:革命还是中国的企业主义(24)?(27)《中华民国》(26)《向前》，罗伊，陈健的信，《沃德案与上海》(24)《中美福克斯的出现》，约瑟芬，《对抗运动》，1948-1950(30)《民主及其后果》，程约瑟，《天津的前景》(23)《加诺特、罗斯和马国南之后的香港民主》，《北京大屠杀》(23)《中国有多富有?》——Jean CHESNEAUX，《我从食品经济看中国历史的四十年》
{"title":"Author Index: Issues 21-30","authors":"R. Curt","doi":"10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950020","url":null,"abstract":"BUCKLEY, Christopher, Science as Movement in Fujian and its Politics and Politics as Science: Aftermath (23) Fang Lizhi and Chinese ESHERICK, Joseph W., Xi'an Spring Intellectuals' Uncertain Road to (24) Dissent (25) FITZGERALD, Stephen, Australia's CHAN, Anita, Revolution or CorporaChina (24) tism? Workers and Trade Unions FORSTER, Keith, Impressions of the in Post-Mao China (29) Popular Protest in Hangzhou, CHAN, Anita and Jonathan Unger, April/June 1989 (23) Voices from the Protest MoveFORSTER, Keith, Spontaneous and ment, Chongqing, Sichuan (24) Institutional Rebellion in the CHEATER, A<P., Death Ritual as Cultural Revolution: The ExtraPolitical Trickster in the People's ordinary Case of Weng Senhe (27) Republic of China (26) FORWARD, Roy, Letter from CHEN Jian, The Ward Case and the Shanghai (24) Emergence of Sino-American FOX, Josephine, The Movement for Confrontation, 1948-1950 (30) Democracy and its Consequences CHENG, Joseph Y.S., Prospects for in Tianjin (23) Democracy in Hong Kong After GARNAUT, Ross and Guonan Ma, the Beijing Massacre (23) How Rich is China?: Evidence CHESNEAUX, Jean, My Forty Years from the Food Economy (30) of Chinese History (22)","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"213 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/austjchinaffa.30.2950020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60839873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This plaintive question, emblazoned on a banner in Beijing's Tiananmen Square days before the bloody massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators, eloquently posed two of the key problems which any political system must resolve: 'Where will our political eadership come from?' and 'What will the character of that leadership be?' As China enters the 1990s as the world's last major communist power, and as a developing country still led by many of the same individuals who helped Mao establish the People's Republic in 1949 few questions could be more pressing. Observers of Chinese politics will clearly recognize that the banner's question carried an additional, deeper message of popular criticism of the way in which China has been selecting its new leadership in recent years. Ostensibly, the question, 'Who will come after Premier Zhou Enlai?', has already been answered by the selection of Li Peng as Premier. As is well known, Li is the adopted son of Zhou Enlai and his wife Deng Yingchao. But whereas Zhou Enlai's name has been synonymous in the popular mind with rectitude and honourable public service, Li Peng's name now symbolizes those Chinese officials who owe their high positions more to family connections than to their own meritorious public service.
{"title":"Family Politics, Elite Recruitment, and Succession in Post-Mao China","authors":"M. S. Tanner, Michael J. Feder","doi":"10.2307/2949993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949993","url":null,"abstract":"This plaintive question, emblazoned on a banner in Beijing's Tiananmen Square days before the bloody massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators, eloquently posed two of the key problems which any political system must resolve: 'Where will our political eadership come from?' and 'What will the character of that leadership be?' As China enters the 1990s as the world's last major communist power, and as a developing country still led by many of the same individuals who helped Mao establish the People's Republic in 1949 few questions could be more pressing. Observers of Chinese politics will clearly recognize that the banner's question carried an additional, deeper message of popular criticism of the way in which China has been selecting its new leadership in recent years. Ostensibly, the question, 'Who will come after Premier Zhou Enlai?', has already been answered by the selection of Li Peng as Premier. As is well known, Li is the adopted son of Zhou Enlai and his wife Deng Yingchao. But whereas Zhou Enlai's name has been synonymous in the popular mind with rectitude and honourable public service, Li Peng's name now symbolizes those Chinese officials who owe their high positions more to family connections than to their own meritorious public service.","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"89 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As China's economy and society continue to experience enormous change, two concepts from political science 'corporatism' and 'civil society' are becoming increasingly relevant for analysing the country's future prospects. For a forthcoming book, China's Quiet Revolution: New Interactions between State and Society,* Anita Chan and Gordon White have employed both of these concepts to analyse the operations during recent years of China's 'transmission belt' organizations. Chan examines China's trade unions, and White the roles played by local municipal-level organizations and associations. Their conclusions are complementary, and may well stimulate debate within the China field. To enable the Journal's readers to read the papers as a pair, the book's editors, David Goodman and Beverley Hooper, have graciously permitted prior publication in the AJCA. J.U.
{"title":"Revolution or Corporatism? Workers and Trade Unions in Post-Mao China","authors":"A. Chan","doi":"10.2307/2949951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949951","url":null,"abstract":"As China's economy and society continue to experience enormous change, two concepts from political science 'corporatism' and 'civil society' are becoming increasingly relevant for analysing the country's future prospects. For a forthcoming book, China's Quiet Revolution: New Interactions between State and Society,* Anita Chan and Gordon White have employed both of these concepts to analyse the operations during recent years of China's 'transmission belt' organizations. Chan examines China's trade unions, and White the roles played by local municipal-level organizations and associations. Their conclusions are complementary, and may well stimulate debate within the China field. To enable the Journal's readers to read the papers as a pair, the book's editors, David Goodman and Beverley Hooper, have graciously permitted prior publication in the AJCA. J.U.","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"31 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68703958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society.Rubie S. Watson , Patricia Buckley Ebrey","authors":"D. Schak","doi":"10.2307/2949970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949970","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"29 1","pages":"186-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.1086/austjchinaffa.29.2949987
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/austjchinaffa.29.2949987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/austjchinaffa.29.2949987","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"219 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/austjchinaffa.29.2949987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60839612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the background of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the Sino-American rapprochement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, some State Department documents were released, which suggest that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1944 and 1945 sought American support and friendship. The impact of these releases on Sino-American studies was sensational. The question asked then was 'What if Mao had come to Washington', of which the underlying message was that the US 'lost a chance' to win over the Chinese Communists from Moscow. As one scholar put it, 'Mao bid for American support as a counterweight to exclusive dependence on the Soviet Union right up to the middle of 1949." But Washington rejected Mao's bid for 'American friendship' in 1945-46, and again rebuffed the CCP's friendly overture in 1949. Thus, the 'short-sighted American policy... forced Peking into Moscow's embrace'.2 It has become a widely-accepted assumption that 'the Chinese Communists acted not according to some ideology or vision of world order, but simply in response to the situation they found themselves in'.3 Since the CCP was non-ideological and flexible, this line of argument inevitably leads to the conclusion that: had Washington dealt with the Communists even-
{"title":"America's Lost Chance in China? A Reappraisal of Chinese Communist Policy Toward the United States Before 1945","authors":"Michael M. Sheng","doi":"10.2307/2949955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949955","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the Sino-American rapprochement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, some State Department documents were released, which suggest that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1944 and 1945 sought American support and friendship. The impact of these releases on Sino-American studies was sensational. The question asked then was 'What if Mao had come to Washington', of which the underlying message was that the US 'lost a chance' to win over the Chinese Communists from Moscow. As one scholar put it, 'Mao bid for American support as a counterweight to exclusive dependence on the Soviet Union right up to the middle of 1949.\" But Washington rejected Mao's bid for 'American friendship' in 1945-46, and again rebuffed the CCP's friendly overture in 1949. Thus, the 'short-sighted American policy... forced Peking into Moscow's embrace'.2 It has become a widely-accepted assumption that 'the Chinese Communists acted not according to some ideology or vision of world order, but simply in response to the situation they found themselves in'.3 Since the CCP was non-ideological and flexible, this line of argument inevitably leads to the conclusion that: had Washington dealt with the Communists even-","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"135 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949955","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mongolia Today.Shirin Akiner","authors":"M. Underdown","doi":"10.2307/2949982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949982","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"29 1","pages":"211-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
'Civil society', 'the market' and 'democracy' are the conceptual 'good guys' that dominate current Western thinking about China's present and future in the social, economic and political realms respectively. Though these ideas are often used in imprecise and tendentious ways, they have considerable analytical and practical power; they reflect real processes and point toward real solutions. This paper sets out to examine how useful the notion of 'civil society' is in describing and explaining social change in contemporary Chinese society. I shall proceed, flrst, by clarifying the specific way in which I intend to use the term 'civil society' and, second, by investigating the empirical utility of the idea through a case-study of one Chinese city.
{"title":"Prospects for Civil Society in China: A Case Study of Xiaoshan City","authors":"Gordon White","doi":"10.2307/2949952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2949952","url":null,"abstract":"'Civil society', 'the market' and 'democracy' are the conceptual 'good guys' that dominate current Western thinking about China's present and future in the social, economic and political realms respectively. Though these ideas are often used in imprecise and tendentious ways, they have considerable analytical and practical power; they reflect real processes and point toward real solutions. This paper sets out to examine how useful the notion of 'civil society' is in describing and explaining social change in contemporary Chinese society. I shall proceed, flrst, by clarifying the specific way in which I intend to use the term 'civil society' and, second, by investigating the empirical utility of the idea through a case-study of one Chinese city.","PeriodicalId":85646,"journal":{"name":"The Australian journal of Chinese affairs = Ao chung","volume":"1 1","pages":"63 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2949952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68703969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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