Cheng Zhang, Futian Wang, Rongbin Xu, Xuejun Li, Yun Yang
Software design patterns are largely concerned with improving the practices and products of software development. However, there has been no systematic analysis how users' profiles influence the effectiveness of design patterns. The aim of this paper is to investigate the links between the respondents' demographic data from our previous online survey and the design patterns. In this paper we employ a statistical approach to analyse the quantitative data collected from the respondents of our previous online survey. Through analysing the demographic data from the 206 responses of the questionnaire, we find that the positive assessment percentage of using patterns increases with greater experience with design patterns. The results show that the functions of design patterns are influenced by users' experiences rather than users' roles.
{"title":"A quantitative analysis of survey data for software design patterns","authors":"Cheng Zhang, Futian Wang, Rongbin Xu, Xuejun Li, Yun Yang","doi":"10.1145/2627508.2627516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2627508.2627516","url":null,"abstract":"Software design patterns are largely concerned with improving the practices and products of software development. However, there has been no systematic analysis how users' profiles influence the effectiveness of design patterns. The aim of this paper is to investigate the links between the respondents' demographic data from our previous online survey and the design patterns. In this paper we employ a statistical approach to analyse the quantitative data collected from the respondents of our previous online survey. Through analysing the demographic data from the 206 responses of the questionnaire, we find that the positive assessment percentage of using patterns increases with greater experience with design patterns. The results show that the functions of design patterns are influenced by users' experiences rather than users' roles.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"51 1","pages":"48-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91390802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756266
P. Porter, G. M. Flay
ABSTRACT During the past 50 years, despite a number of studies, surveys, and a full scale agricultural census in 1971–72, Tanzania did not produced data on agriculture that permitted detailed mapping and analysis of the geographic pattern of crops. An alternative, qualitative method, based on the nine Agro-economic Zones studies published by Diana Conyers and her associates at the University of Dar es Salaam, is illustrated. The spatial distribution of adjectives, used systematically to characterize the importance of crops in 265 agro-economic zones, creates a descriptive geography of Tanzania's agriculture in the early 1970s. Though not without problems, use of such texts may in some cases provide an acceptable alternative way of mapping geographic information, when standard methods cannot be used. In this instance, maps of crop patterns in the early 1970s provide an historical baseline against which data from some future agricultural census of Tanzania can be compared.
{"title":"MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TANZANIAN AGRICULTURE: SOME MAPS FROM ADJECTIVES","authors":"P. Porter, G. M. Flay","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756266","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the past 50 years, despite a number of studies, surveys, and a full scale agricultural census in 1971–72, Tanzania did not produced data on agriculture that permitted detailed mapping and analysis of the geographic pattern of crops. An alternative, qualitative method, based on the nine Agro-economic Zones studies published by Diana Conyers and her associates at the University of Dar es Salaam, is illustrated. The spatial distribution of adjectives, used systematically to characterize the importance of crops in 265 agro-economic zones, creates a descriptive geography of Tanzania's agriculture in the early 1970s. Though not without problems, use of such texts may in some cases provide an acceptable alternative way of mapping geographic information, when standard methods cannot be used. In this instance, maps of crop patterns in the early 1970s provide an historical baseline against which data from some future agricultural census of Tanzania can be compared.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756268
J. Obua, W. Gombya-Ssembajjwe, G. Mugabe
ABSTRACT Provision of land and resettlement of people living illegally in protected areas are important processes in economic empowerment of local communities and conservation of natural resources. This study highlights a prevailing natural resource management problem, that is, illegal settlement and resource use in Karuma Wildlife Reserve. The aim of the study was to assess whether or not voluntary resettlement of encroachers in the reserve could help to reduce illegal use of resources. This was accomplished by carrying out household interviews and visiting the resettlement sites. It was found that provision of land alone for settlement and farming cannot reduce illegal resource use. Local communities need financial support to carry out other alternative economic activities to improve their incomes and reduce dependence on protected resources. It was concluded that people living in abject poverty cannot support conservation of resources without alternative income generating activities. Moreover, local co...
{"title":"ILLEGAL RESOURCE USE AND RESETTLEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM KARUMA WILDLIFE RESERVE IN UGANDA","authors":"J. Obua, W. Gombya-Ssembajjwe, G. Mugabe","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Provision of land and resettlement of people living illegally in protected areas are important processes in economic empowerment of local communities and conservation of natural resources. This study highlights a prevailing natural resource management problem, that is, illegal settlement and resource use in Karuma Wildlife Reserve. The aim of the study was to assess whether or not voluntary resettlement of encroachers in the reserve could help to reduce illegal use of resources. This was accomplished by carrying out household interviews and visiting the resettlement sites. It was found that provision of land alone for settlement and farming cannot reduce illegal resource use. Local communities need financial support to carry out other alternative economic activities to improve their incomes and reduce dependence on protected resources. It was concluded that people living in abject poverty cannot support conservation of resources without alternative income generating activities. Moreover, local co...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"7 1","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89596163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756267
B. Bakamanume
Uganda inherited a socialized medical services system from the British colonial rule. The government through the ministry of health is the main provider of health services in the country. Besides the government, missionary health organizations also provide health services in rural and urban areas of Uganda through cost sharing. Socialized medicine provision is influenced by several factors. The most important factors affecting provision of socialized health services are the prevailing economic and political conditions in the country. This paper examines the relationship between health services provision and political instability in Uganda in the last 25 years (1972-1997). It is argued that political instability and lack of proper planning on the part of the government(s) contributed to the decline in health services. The resurgence and emergence of old and new diseases is one of the indicators of inadequate health services. Malaria, upper and lower respiratory diseases, and measles prevalence and incidences show an upward trend; the outmigration of medical personnel is also indicative of the less than attractive working conditions prevailing in the country. This paper contributes to the literature and calls for the reshaping of priorities in the developing countries’ health research, funding, and decentralization of the health sector.
{"title":"POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND HEALTH SERVICES IN UGANDA, 1972-1997","authors":"B. Bakamanume","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756267","url":null,"abstract":"Uganda inherited a socialized medical services system from the British colonial rule. The government through the ministry of health is the main provider of health services in the country. Besides the government, missionary health organizations also provide health services in rural and urban areas of Uganda through cost sharing. Socialized medicine provision is influenced by several factors. The most important factors affecting provision of socialized health services are the prevailing economic and political conditions in the country. This paper examines the relationship between health services provision and political instability in Uganda in the last 25 years (1972-1997). It is argued that political instability and lack of proper planning on the part of the government(s) contributed to the decline in health services. The resurgence and emergence of old and new diseases is one of the indicators of inadequate health services. Malaria, upper and lower respiratory diseases, and measles prevalence and incidences show an upward trend; the outmigration of medical personnel is also indicative of the less than attractive working conditions prevailing in the country. This paper contributes to the literature and calls for the reshaping of priorities in the developing countries’ health research, funding, and decentralization of the health sector.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"6 4","pages":"58-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72457614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756270
H. Sengendo
The goals of this paper is to introduce the reader to the key geographical research areas relevant to development strategies in Uganda. Special emphasis has been put on key environmental issues which are topical today and these are presented in a manner which can seek the contribution of a geographer in the actual decisions concerning policy or practice with regard to environmental issues. It is being emphasised that the geographers are best placed to undertake researches towards the discovery of the man-environment relationship, seeks to make people understand the fundamental characteristics of natural resources and processes through which thy can be utilised. A key consideration in this paper is to show what distinctive roles the geographer can play and has played in developing geographical inquiry and research in reconciling conflicting economic, political, ecological perception and as a resource analyst and ultimate utilisation of environmental resources.
{"title":"SOME KEY GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH AREAS RELEVANT TO DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UGANDA: AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE","authors":"H. Sengendo","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756270","url":null,"abstract":"The goals of this paper is to introduce the reader to the key geographical research areas relevant to development strategies in Uganda. Special emphasis has been put on key environmental issues which are topical today and these are presented in a manner which can seek the contribution of a geographer in the actual decisions concerning policy or practice with regard to environmental issues. It is being emphasised that the geographers are best placed to undertake researches towards the discovery of the man-environment relationship, seeks to make people understand the fundamental characteristics of natural resources and processes through which thy can be utilised. A key consideration in this paper is to show what distinctive roles the geographer can play and has played in developing geographical inquiry and research in reconciling conflicting economic, political, ecological perception and as a resource analyst and ultimate utilisation of environmental resources.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"174 1","pages":"87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80728607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756265
G. Rugalema
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the role of adult mortality in household formation, fragmentation and dissolution. It is argued that in times of high adult mortality, as is presently the case in communities heavily affected by the HIV epidemic in Africa, household demography undergoes rapid change and results into other forms of households that cannot be explained within the framework of the ‘normative demographic cycle.’ Even though household studies have proliferated throughout the good part of this century, the role of adult mortality in household formation and dissolution has scarcely attracted any attention. However, discussion in this paper reveals that adult mortality is a significant cause of household instability. Premature death of an adult member of a household (notably husband and/or wife) implies a change in household composition by the sheer fact that a member is lost. But such death has a knock-on effect on membership of a household befallen by death as well as other househol...
{"title":"HIV/AIDS, ADULT MORTALITY AND HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION IN RURAL TANZANIA","authors":"G. Rugalema","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756265","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the role of adult mortality in household formation, fragmentation and dissolution. It is argued that in times of high adult mortality, as is presently the case in communities heavily affected by the HIV epidemic in Africa, household demography undergoes rapid change and results into other forms of households that cannot be explained within the framework of the ‘normative demographic cycle.’ Even though household studies have proliferated throughout the good part of this century, the role of adult mortality in household formation and dissolution has scarcely attracted any attention. However, discussion in this paper reveals that adult mortality is a significant cause of household instability. Premature death of an adult member of a household (notably husband and/or wife) implies a change in household composition by the sheer fact that a member is lost. But such death has a knock-on effect on membership of a household befallen by death as well as other househol...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"26 1","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78101790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756269
P. Musali
This paper addresses one of the most challenging issues in protected area management in modern times, that is, people's participation. It attempts to highlight issues, challenges and, to a limited extent, prospects of collaborative management using the case of Mt. Elgon National Park in Eastern Uganda. To give a clear picture of challenges and issues the paper presents collaborative management in the context of rural development and then provides information on the historical background of the National park. Much of the information on activities of the park was collected during a field work study in the Mt. Elgon Region in July 1997.
{"title":"ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS: A CASE OF INTRODUCING PEOPLES PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MT. ELGON NATIONAL PARK","authors":"P. Musali","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756269","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses one of the most challenging issues in protected area management in modern times, that is, people's participation. It attempts to highlight issues, challenges and, to a limited extent, prospects of collaborative management using the case of Mt. Elgon National Park in Eastern Uganda. To give a clear picture of challenges and issues the paper presents collaborative management in the context of rural development and then provides information on the historical background of the National park. Much of the information on activities of the park was collected during a field work study in the Mt. Elgon Region in July 1997.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"13 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88542691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756264
J. Owusu
ABSTRACT A number of studies have focused on the Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, but just a few have focused on the issue of spatial structural transformation under those programs. This paper focuses on such transformation with respect to Ghana's formal wood processing industry. Using an empirically- based qualitative analysis, the paper utilizes the government's industrial locational incentives under Ghana's program to explore post-adjustment spatial structural transformation involving the location pattern of formal wood processing firms, relative to regional development within the national framework. The extent to which the pre-adjustment geographical distribution pattern of firms, deemed as a structural problem, changed in response to the locational incentives is examined. It is shown that for those firms, adjustment was essentially a program which fashioned export sector rehabilitation, using new financial resources, and not for spatial structural transformation. The pre-adjustme...
{"title":"ADJUSTMENT, INDUSTRIAL LOCATIONAL INCENTIVES AND STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN GHANA","authors":"J. Owusu","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756264","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A number of studies have focused on the Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, but just a few have focused on the issue of spatial structural transformation under those programs. This paper focuses on such transformation with respect to Ghana's formal wood processing industry. Using an empirically- based qualitative analysis, the paper utilizes the government's industrial locational incentives under Ghana's program to explore post-adjustment spatial structural transformation involving the location pattern of formal wood processing firms, relative to regional development within the national framework. The extent to which the pre-adjustment geographical distribution pattern of firms, deemed as a structural problem, changed in response to the locational incentives is examined. It is shown that for those firms, adjustment was essentially a program which fashioned export sector rehabilitation, using new financial resources, and not for spatial structural transformation. The pre-adjustme...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72935327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756258
Deborah R. Feder
ABSTRACT Between 1985 and 1992 political instability in Mozambique caused large-scale out-migration of Mozambicans to Malawi. Malawi was sought as a place of refuge since it neighbored Mozambique, was politically stable, and seemed to be better equipped with food and health resources. Such factors encouraged close to one million Mozambican refugees to seek refuge in Malawi. The growth of Malawi's refugee population strained Malawi's already densely populated, ecologically degraded, and economically troubled landscape, creating stress within its health care system. By the 1990s Malawi's limited health care facilities showed signs of collapse. This paper argues that Malawi's experience with Mozambican refugees upset the stability of its health care system, burdening resources and leading to degradation of health care for Malawians and refugees alike. It is suggested that political instability has profound effects on health care systems, as a host country attempts to address the combined health care needs of...
{"title":"POLITICAL INSTABILITY, REFUGEES, AND A HEALTH CARE CRISIS IN MALAWI","authors":"Deborah R. Feder","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756258","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Between 1985 and 1992 political instability in Mozambique caused large-scale out-migration of Mozambicans to Malawi. Malawi was sought as a place of refuge since it neighbored Mozambique, was politically stable, and seemed to be better equipped with food and health resources. Such factors encouraged close to one million Mozambican refugees to seek refuge in Malawi. The growth of Malawi's refugee population strained Malawi's already densely populated, ecologically degraded, and economically troubled landscape, creating stress within its health care system. By the 1990s Malawi's limited health care facilities showed signs of collapse. This paper argues that Malawi's experience with Mozambican refugees upset the stability of its health care system, burdening resources and leading to degradation of health care for Malawians and refugees alike. It is suggested that political instability has profound effects on health care systems, as a host country attempts to address the combined health care needs of...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"21 1","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88914248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256
Calvin O. Masilela, D. Rankin
ABSTRACT Land remains a hotly contested issue within Zimbabwean society 18 years after independence. The question is why? Governments do have an important role to play in land reform and hence in agriculture restructuring. The role is often less dramatic than a rescue mission, and yet more difficult, because it requires a clear definition of objectives and criteria to be followed. Like most liberation movements ZANU-PF gave prominence to changing rural land ownership to improve access to land by the landless. In government, however, ZANU-PF has failed to deliver on the land issue. As elsewhere, when the issue is land reform, powerful social groups within ZANU-PF have been able to derail public intentions for private gains. We argue in this paper that the failure of ZANU-PF on land reform has very little to do with the perceived constraints of the Lancaster House type of Constitution. In fact, we argue that ZANU-PF never had a clear concept of land reform or any desire to move beyond non-committal politica...
{"title":"LAND REFORM IN ZIMBABWE: ZANU-PF'S RED HEERING","authors":"Calvin O. Masilela, D. Rankin","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Land remains a hotly contested issue within Zimbabwean society 18 years after independence. The question is why? Governments do have an important role to play in land reform and hence in agriculture restructuring. The role is often less dramatic than a rescue mission, and yet more difficult, because it requires a clear definition of objectives and criteria to be followed. Like most liberation movements ZANU-PF gave prominence to changing rural land ownership to improve access to land by the landless. In government, however, ZANU-PF has failed to deliver on the land issue. As elsewhere, when the issue is land reform, powerful social groups within ZANU-PF have been able to derail public intentions for private gains. We argue in this paper that the failure of ZANU-PF on land reform has very little to do with the perceived constraints of the Lancaster House type of Constitution. In fact, we argue that ZANU-PF never had a clear concept of land reform or any desire to move beyond non-committal politica...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"29 1","pages":"11-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87585866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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