Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256
Calvin O. Masilela, D. Rankin
ABSTRACT Land remains a hotly contested issue within Zimbabwean society 18 years after independence. The question is why? Governments do have an important role to play in land reform and hence in agriculture restructuring. The role is often less dramatic than a rescue mission, and yet more difficult, because it requires a clear definition of objectives and criteria to be followed. Like most liberation movements ZANU-PF gave prominence to changing rural land ownership to improve access to land by the landless. In government, however, ZANU-PF has failed to deliver on the land issue. As elsewhere, when the issue is land reform, powerful social groups within ZANU-PF have been able to derail public intentions for private gains. We argue in this paper that the failure of ZANU-PF on land reform has very little to do with the perceived constraints of the Lancaster House type of Constitution. In fact, we argue that ZANU-PF never had a clear concept of land reform or any desire to move beyond non-committal politica...
{"title":"LAND REFORM IN ZIMBABWE: ZANU-PF'S RED HEERING","authors":"Calvin O. Masilela, D. Rankin","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Land remains a hotly contested issue within Zimbabwean society 18 years after independence. The question is why? Governments do have an important role to play in land reform and hence in agriculture restructuring. The role is often less dramatic than a rescue mission, and yet more difficult, because it requires a clear definition of objectives and criteria to be followed. Like most liberation movements ZANU-PF gave prominence to changing rural land ownership to improve access to land by the landless. In government, however, ZANU-PF has failed to deliver on the land issue. As elsewhere, when the issue is land reform, powerful social groups within ZANU-PF have been able to derail public intentions for private gains. We argue in this paper that the failure of ZANU-PF on land reform has very little to do with the perceived constraints of the Lancaster House type of Constitution. In fact, we argue that ZANU-PF never had a clear concept of land reform or any desire to move beyond non-committal politica...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"29 1","pages":"11-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87585866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756257
P. Mugabe
ABSTRACT This paper examines the development or evolution of land use planning approaches for Zimbabwe's communal agriculture and problems experienced in plan formulation and implementation with specific reference to the role of public institutions in facilitating or hindering the development process. It discusses the shortcomings and strengths of the identified planning systems. It is argued in this paper that new planning institutions have failed to effect their agricultural development plans in part due to their failure in acknowledging the important role of traditional leaders in regulating agricultural and grazing land resources. This fact has resulted in major conflicts between traditional authority and government institutions in the rural development process. The paper concludes by noting that for the development process to succeed in Zimbabwe there is a need to integrate activities of institutions at the national level with those of institutions at the village or community.
{"title":"INSTITUTIONS AND LAND USE PLANNING PROCESSES FOR ZIMBABWE'S COMMUNAL AGRICULTURE: A REVIEW OF EXPERIENCES","authors":"P. Mugabe","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756257","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the development or evolution of land use planning approaches for Zimbabwe's communal agriculture and problems experienced in plan formulation and implementation with specific reference to the role of public institutions in facilitating or hindering the development process. It discusses the shortcomings and strengths of the identified planning systems. It is argued in this paper that new planning institutions have failed to effect their agricultural development plans in part due to their failure in acknowledging the important role of traditional leaders in regulating agricultural and grazing land resources. This fact has resulted in major conflicts between traditional authority and government institutions in the rural development process. The paper concludes by noting that for the development process to succeed in Zimbabwe there is a need to integrate activities of institutions at the national level with those of institutions at the village or community.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"11 1","pages":"30-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81308021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1998.9756259
F. Tumwine
ABSTRACT This is a commentary on the tourist attractions Uganda offers as well as the facilities available for tourists to comfortably travel and reside in the country. Liberal economic policies put in place since the late 1980s and the prevailing peace in most parts of the country have contributed to a number of changes in the Tourism Industry. The number of National Parks has shot up from four in 1986 to the current ten. In order to enable local people get interested in tourism, they are encouraged to participate in the industry by working as guides and will soon be able to get a percentage of the revenue from the industry. The Government has become very strict on poachers and encroachers. Gorilla viewing has been given priority since 1993 as it contributes half of the earnings from Tourism. As a sign of improvement in the Tourism sector of the economy, the number of tourists and the earnings have progressively increased since 1986.
{"title":"TOURISM: A CHANGING INDUSTRY IN UGANDA","authors":"F. Tumwine","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1998.9756259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This is a commentary on the tourist attractions Uganda offers as well as the facilities available for tourists to comfortably travel and reside in the country. Liberal economic policies put in place since the late 1980s and the prevailing peace in most parts of the country have contributed to a number of changes in the Tourism Industry. The number of National Parks has shot up from four in 1986 to the current ten. In order to enable local people get interested in tourism, they are encouraged to participate in the industry by working as guides and will soon be able to get a percentage of the revenue from the industry. The Government has become very strict on poachers and encroachers. Gorilla viewing has been given priority since 1993 as it contributes half of the earnings from Tourism. As a sign of improvement in the Tourism sector of the economy, the number of tourists and the earnings have progressively increased since 1986.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"1 1","pages":"58-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756247
E. Kalipeni
ABSTRACT In this paper Malawi is used as a case study of an implicit urban development program during the Banda regime that succeeded to a certain extent in slowing the growth of large urban areas while encouraging the proliferation and growth of small urban centers throughout the country. The paper examines the dynamics of population growth and change in Malawi's urban hierarchy during the 1966–1977 and 1977–1987 intercensal periods. An evaluation of the relative success of governmental strategies in redistributing urban population and implementing spatially balanced development across the three regions is also offered. The paper concludes that the development oriented strategies implemented during the Banda era had profound direct and indirect effects on Malawi's urban landscape resulting in a desired trend in population redistribution and urban growth throughout the country.
{"title":"Contained Urban Growth in Post-Independence Malawi","authors":"E. Kalipeni","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756247","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper Malawi is used as a case study of an implicit urban development program during the Banda regime that succeeded to a certain extent in slowing the growth of large urban areas while encouraging the proliferation and growth of small urban centers throughout the country. The paper examines the dynamics of population growth and change in Malawi's urban hierarchy during the 1966–1977 and 1977–1987 intercensal periods. An evaluation of the relative success of governmental strategies in redistributing urban population and implementing spatially balanced development across the three regions is also offered. The paper concludes that the development oriented strategies implemented during the Banda era had profound direct and indirect effects on Malawi's urban landscape resulting in a desired trend in population redistribution and urban growth throughout the country.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"1 1","pages":"49-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78842597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756249
A.K.K. Mukwaya
ABSTRACT The Arusha Conventions of 1968 and 1969 between the European Community (now European Union) and the east African states were a milestone in the association arrangements of the Community. This article examines factors and forces that favoured the Arusha arrangements at that particular time. It also examines the arguments advanced by the East African states against association with the European Union before 1968. It analyses the implications of such arrangements for the East African states within the East African Common Market and the East African Community. This paper also gives a background to the resurgence of the new East African Cooperation and the expanding European Union.
{"title":"A SURVEY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EAST AFRICAN STATES, 1961–1980","authors":"A.K.K. Mukwaya","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756249","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Arusha Conventions of 1968 and 1969 between the European Community (now European Union) and the east African states were a milestone in the association arrangements of the Community. This article examines factors and forces that favoured the Arusha arrangements at that particular time. It also examines the arguments advanced by the East African states against association with the European Union before 1968. It analyses the implications of such arrangements for the East African states within the East African Common Market and the East African Community. This paper also gives a background to the resurgence of the new East African Cooperation and the expanding European Union.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"19 3-4 1","pages":"73-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78106245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756245
Deborah R. Feder
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes deforestation in Malawi during colonial and post-colonial periods, examining demographic, agricultural, and fuelwood use practices that have influenced forestry policy. It will be hypothesized that artificial land scarcities have exacerbated deforestation pressures, forcing a significant majority of Malawi's population to subsist off a fraction of its land resources. This population-land distribution discrepancy has resulted in environmental degradation, challenging post-colonial Malawi's government to counter with appropriate forestry policy. Early post-colonial policies were “top-down” projects, however, after decades of unsuccessful results a transition has occurred in which “bottom-up” programs are advocated.
{"title":"THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF DEFORESTATION IN MALAWI","authors":"Deborah R. Feder","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756245","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes deforestation in Malawi during colonial and post-colonial periods, examining demographic, agricultural, and fuelwood use practices that have influenced forestry policy. It will be hypothesized that artificial land scarcities have exacerbated deforestation pressures, forcing a significant majority of Malawi's population to subsist off a fraction of its land resources. This population-land distribution discrepancy has resulted in environmental degradation, challenging post-colonial Malawi's government to counter with appropriate forestry policy. Early post-colonial policies were “top-down” projects, however, after decades of unsuccessful results a transition has occurred in which “bottom-up” programs are advocated.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"15 1","pages":"23-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73349680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756248
J. Obua
ABSTRACT One of the most practical initiatives undertaken to protect Uganda's biodiversity in the past few years has been the conversion of some natural forest reserves into national parks and the introduction of ecotourism as an economic activity to generate income for the parks and to benefit the local communities. The benefits of ecotourism to local communities has been widely debated and fears have been expressed about the exclusion of local people from the management and the sharing of revenue from ecotourism. A study was carried out in 1994 and 1995 to assess the local perception of ecotourism in Kibale National Park, the extent to which the local communities have benefited and whether they would be willing to participate in the management of ecotourism in the park. It was found that local people are aware, have positive attitudes and have interacted with Kibale tourists, but have not benefited much from ecotourism. Local participation in ecotourism management should therefore be promoted for the be...
{"title":"ECOTOURISM IN KIBALE NATIONAL PARK, WESTERN UGANDA","authors":"J. Obua","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756248","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the most practical initiatives undertaken to protect Uganda's biodiversity in the past few years has been the conversion of some natural forest reserves into national parks and the introduction of ecotourism as an economic activity to generate income for the parks and to benefit the local communities. The benefits of ecotourism to local communities has been widely debated and fears have been expressed about the exclusion of local people from the management and the sharing of revenue from ecotourism. A study was carried out in 1994 and 1995 to assess the local perception of ecotourism in Kibale National Park, the extent to which the local communities have benefited and whether they would be willing to participate in the management of ecotourism in the park. It was found that local people are aware, have positive attitudes and have interacted with Kibale tourists, but have not benefited much from ecotourism. Local participation in ecotourism management should therefore be promoted for the be...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"38 1","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82575158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756244
J. Oppong
ABSTRACT Geographical inaccessibility to health services persists as a major problem in many African countries, but resources to extend geographic coverage are extremely limited due to extremely difficult economic crises. Current research shows that better spatial organization of existing health facilities through application of location-allocation methods is an effective and less expensive means to improve geographical accessibility to health and other services. While many studies demonstrate the utility of these methods in the African context, the application of location-allocation methods in African health planning is rare. This paper explores the obstacles to the acceptance of location-allocation methodology in Africa and suggests how they may be overcome.
{"title":"Obstacles to Acceptance of Location-Allocation Models in Health Care Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"J. Oppong","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756244","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Geographical inaccessibility to health services persists as a major problem in many African countries, but resources to extend geographic coverage are extremely limited due to extremely difficult economic crises. Current research shows that better spatial organization of existing health facilities through application of location-allocation methods is an effective and less expensive means to improve geographical accessibility to health and other services. While many studies demonstrate the utility of these methods in the African context, the application of location-allocation methods in African health planning is rare. This paper explores the obstacles to the acceptance of location-allocation methodology in Africa and suggests how they may be overcome.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"1 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83132003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756243
B. Bakamanume, Matthews Mutabuza
This paper traces the life and accomplishments of the late Professor Bryan W. Langlands and his unparalleled contributions in both the academic and administration arenas in colonial and post-colonial Uganda. Professor Langlands was one of the early founders of The East African Geographical Review. His untiring efforts in the evolution of the field of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning in Uganda were truly remarkable. As we resurrect The East African Geographical Review, this paper is a tribute and celebration of the contributions this remarkable scholar made in the advancement of Ugandan Geography.
{"title":"BRYAN WOOLESTON LANGLANDS: UGANDAN GEOGRAPHY AND THE GOSPELS OF ST. LANGLANDS, 1953-1976","authors":"B. Bakamanume, Matthews Mutabuza","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper traces the life and accomplishments of the late Professor Bryan W. Langlands and his unparalleled contributions in both the academic and administration arenas in colonial and post-colonial Uganda. Professor Langlands was one of the early founders of The East African Geographical Review. His untiring efforts in the evolution of the field of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning in Uganda were truly remarkable. As we resurrect The East African Geographical Review, this paper is a tribute and celebration of the contributions this remarkable scholar made in the advancement of Ugandan Geography.","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"337 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76584378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00707961.1997.9756246
H. Sengendo
ABSTRACT It is estimated that 60% of the Gross National product in developing countries is generated by cities. However, many of these cities have fundamental obstacles that need to be overcome if they are to be more productive. One of the most visible problem in an African city is its deteriorated environmental condition. While this poses a critical health hazard to the populace, it is also a key factor that hinders economic growth and development. In this paper, it is argued that a complex set of factors such as the unparalleled rate of urban expansion, high population growth rates and high incidents of poverty have all contributed to the less than desired environmental condition of most African cities. It is further argued that there are other fundamental issues that underlie the unhealthy urban environment. These include the lack of public awareness, an inappropriate policy framework, inadequate political commitment, insufficient investments in infrastructure, and the lack of capacities within the gov...
{"title":"FORMULATION OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY OF KAMPALA, UGANDA","authors":"H. Sengendo","doi":"10.1080/00707961.1997.9756246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756246","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is estimated that 60% of the Gross National product in developing countries is generated by cities. However, many of these cities have fundamental obstacles that need to be overcome if they are to be more productive. One of the most visible problem in an African city is its deteriorated environmental condition. While this poses a critical health hazard to the populace, it is also a key factor that hinders economic growth and development. In this paper, it is argued that a complex set of factors such as the unparalleled rate of urban expansion, high population growth rates and high incidents of poverty have all contributed to the less than desired environmental condition of most African cities. It is further argued that there are other fundamental issues that underlie the unhealthy urban environment. These include the lack of public awareness, an inappropriate policy framework, inadequate political commitment, insufficient investments in infrastructure, and the lack of capacities within the gov...","PeriodicalId":85683,"journal":{"name":"The East African geographical review","volume":"27 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80241635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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