Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507783004267
A. Rutherford
{"title":"Fertility with failing ovaries","authors":"A. Rutherford","doi":"10.1258/175404507783004267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507783004267","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"194 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507783004267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507783004069
M. Armitage
{"title":"Regulating the use of hormones","authors":"M. Armitage","doi":"10.1258/175404507783004069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507783004069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"194 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507783004069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507783004122
J. Mcgarry
between 1981 and 2000 Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S Circulation 2004; 109: 1101-1107. Coronary heart disease mortality rates have been decreasing in the UK since the 1970s. The study examined how much of the decrease in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000 could be attributed to medical and surgical treatments and how much to changes in cardiovascular risk factors. The main data sources were published trials and meta-analyses, official statistics, clinical audits, and national surveys. Between 1981 and 2000, coronary heart disease mortality rates in England and Wales decreased by 62% in men and 45% in women 25-84 years old. This resulted in 68, 230 fewer deaths in 2000. More than half the coronary heart disease mortality decrease in Britain between 1981 and 2000 was attributable to reductions in major risk factors, principally smoking. This emphasises the importance of a comprehensive strategy that promotes primary prevention, particularly for tobacco and diet, and that maximises population coverage of effective treatments, especially for secondary prevention and heart failure. STAR PAPER Literature review
{"title":"Notes from the journals","authors":"J. Mcgarry","doi":"10.1258/175404507783004122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507783004122","url":null,"abstract":"between 1981 and 2000 Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S Circulation 2004; 109: 1101-1107. Coronary heart disease mortality rates have been decreasing in the UK since the 1970s. The study examined how much of the decrease in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000 could be attributed to medical and surgical treatments and how much to changes in cardiovascular risk factors. The main data sources were published trials and meta-analyses, official statistics, clinical audits, and national surveys. Between 1981 and 2000, coronary heart disease mortality rates in England and Wales decreased by 62% in men and 45% in women 25-84 years old. This resulted in 68, 230 fewer deaths in 2000. More than half the coronary heart disease mortality decrease in Britain between 1981 and 2000 was attributable to reductions in major risk factors, principally smoking. This emphasises the importance of a comprehensive strategy that promotes primary prevention, particularly for tobacco and diet, and that maximises population coverage of effective treatments, especially for secondary prevention and heart failure. STAR PAPER Literature review","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"185 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507783004122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507783004113
J. Stevenson
Online health information is most often found by using a search engine. On Google, for example, the search term ‘menopause’ will produce approximately 14,000,000 sites in under a second! Although much information is available, the quality is variable. The most well established ‘kite-marking’ system is provided by the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation and sites which comply with the HON code display a quality HON label. A high ranking in search engine listings acts as a measure of quality to some extent, but users often judge quality by aspects such as speed of download, appearance, usability and inclusion or not of advertising. Menopause information that supplements the consultation can be found on general health sites (e.g. www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk, www.onmedica.net, www. doctors.net.uk, www.medscape.com), where a small amount of menopause information is found, but the user may be directed to, for example, women’s health sites (e.g. www.womens-health-concern.org, www.rcog. org.uk) as well as to more specific menopause sites, which can be categorized as follows:
{"title":"Metabolic consequences of the menopause","authors":"J. Stevenson","doi":"10.1258/175404507783004113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507783004113","url":null,"abstract":"Online health information is most often found by using a search engine. On Google, for example, the search term ‘menopause’ will produce approximately 14,000,000 sites in under a second! Although much information is available, the quality is variable. The most well established ‘kite-marking’ system is provided by the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation and sites which comply with the HON code display a quality HON label. A high ranking in search engine listings acts as a measure of quality to some extent, but users often judge quality by aspects such as speed of download, appearance, usability and inclusion or not of advertising. Menopause information that supplements the consultation can be found on general health sites (e.g. www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk, www.onmedica.net, www. doctors.net.uk, www.medscape.com), where a small amount of menopause information is found, but the user may be directed to, for example, women’s health sites (e.g. www.womens-health-concern.org, www.rcog. org.uk) as well as to more specific menopause sites, which can be categorized as follows:","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"196 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507783004113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507783004258
E. McCloskey
The menopause results in certain metabolic changes that contribute to the metabolic syndrome. Loss of estrogen results in an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. While there is no immediate change in glucose tolerance or blood insulin levels, there is a decrease in pancreatic insulin secretion and a decrease in circulating insulin elimination. With time after menopause, there is a gradual increase in insulin resistance. Weight tends to increase after menopause, and there is a redistribution of body fat, with relative increases in android fat (central abdomen) and decreases in gynoid fat (around the hips and thighs). While there is no obvious immediate increase in blood pressure, the incidence of essential hypertension is increased in postmenopausal women. All these disturbances result in an increased risk for coronary heart disease, which is rare before the menopause but increases in incidence thereafter. Furthermore, the incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus also increases quite dramatically following menopause. Estrogen replacement, as part of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), reverses many of these changes. Thus, there is an improvement in insulin secretion and a reduction in insulin resistance, an increase in HDL cholesterol and a reduction in LDL cholesterol. Triglycerides may increase with oral estrogen but decrease with transdermal estradiol. The addition of a progestogen may modify some of these changes, depending in part on the androgenicity of the steroid. Blood pressure may be reduced with some HRT and central body fat increases are diminished or reversed. An HRT regimen to correct any specific features of the metabolic syndrome can be tailored to the individual, with the judicial use of appropriate doses and types of steroids and routes of administration. When given correctly, HRT can reduce the incidence of CHD and of diabetes mellitus. Management of the metabolic syndrome usually requires dietary intervention to achieve weight loss and improve insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. A diet with low glycaemic index foods, low fat and adequate protein is essential. However, it should be remembered that insulin resistance can occasionally occur in individuals who are not overweight or obese. The presence of the metabolic syndrome may also require additional medications, such as insulin sensitizers for insulin resistance, lipid-lowering agents for dyslipidaemia and antihypertensive agents for hypertension. This management is probably best left to the specialist.
{"title":"The potential impact of modern treatments for breast cancer on bone health","authors":"E. McCloskey","doi":"10.1258/175404507783004258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507783004258","url":null,"abstract":"The menopause results in certain metabolic changes that contribute to the metabolic syndrome. Loss of estrogen results in an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. While there is no immediate change in glucose tolerance or blood insulin levels, there is a decrease in pancreatic insulin secretion and a decrease in circulating insulin elimination. With time after menopause, there is a gradual increase in insulin resistance. Weight tends to increase after menopause, and there is a redistribution of body fat, with relative increases in android fat (central abdomen) and decreases in gynoid fat (around the hips and thighs). While there is no obvious immediate increase in blood pressure, the incidence of essential hypertension is increased in postmenopausal women. All these disturbances result in an increased risk for coronary heart disease, which is rare before the menopause but increases in incidence thereafter. Furthermore, the incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus also increases quite dramatically following menopause. Estrogen replacement, as part of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), reverses many of these changes. Thus, there is an improvement in insulin secretion and a reduction in insulin resistance, an increase in HDL cholesterol and a reduction in LDL cholesterol. Triglycerides may increase with oral estrogen but decrease with transdermal estradiol. The addition of a progestogen may modify some of these changes, depending in part on the androgenicity of the steroid. Blood pressure may be reduced with some HRT and central body fat increases are diminished or reversed. An HRT regimen to correct any specific features of the metabolic syndrome can be tailored to the individual, with the judicial use of appropriate doses and types of steroids and routes of administration. When given correctly, HRT can reduce the incidence of CHD and of diabetes mellitus. Management of the metabolic syndrome usually requires dietary intervention to achieve weight loss and improve insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. A diet with low glycaemic index foods, low fat and adequate protein is essential. However, it should be remembered that insulin resistance can occasionally occur in individuals who are not overweight or obese. The presence of the metabolic syndrome may also require additional medications, such as insulin sensitizers for insulin resistance, lipid-lowering agents for dyslipidaemia and antihypertensive agents for hypertension. This management is probably best left to the specialist.","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"197 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507783004258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507781605613
J. Mcgarry
Influence of sports participation and menarche on bone mineral density of female high school athletes Barkai HS, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, et al. J Sci Med Sport 2007;10:170–9 Study. Sports participation before and after menarche was investigated in 99 female high-school athletes aged 15.5 years, using an interviewer-assisted questionnaire. The average length of weight-bearing sports participation was over 7 years. Of the athletes, 72% began sports participation before menarche. Individuals were compared with those who did less sport, and bone mineral density (BMD) at spine, hip, trochanter and total body was measured in both groups. Results were adjusted for age, gynaecological age and body mass index (BMI). Results. Those with higher BMD had exercised for more years (9.2 years) than those with lower BMD (5 years). These results indicate that near year-round participation in structured weight-bearing sports during early adolescence may help young girls optimize bone mineral accrual during these critical years, and may decrease their risk of osteoporosis with advancing age. Comment JMcG. As considerable research has shown that cola-type beverages reduce BMD, it would have been more accurate if the authors had corrected for this aspect of lifestyle. ST AR P AP ER Menopause International 2007; 13: 135–136
{"title":"Notes from the journals","authors":"J. Mcgarry","doi":"10.1258/175404507781605613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507781605613","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of sports participation and menarche on bone mineral density of female high school athletes Barkai HS, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, et al. J Sci Med Sport 2007;10:170–9 Study. Sports participation before and after menarche was investigated in 99 female high-school athletes aged 15.5 years, using an interviewer-assisted questionnaire. The average length of weight-bearing sports participation was over 7 years. Of the athletes, 72% began sports participation before menarche. Individuals were compared with those who did less sport, and bone mineral density (BMD) at spine, hip, trochanter and total body was measured in both groups. Results were adjusted for age, gynaecological age and body mass index (BMI). Results. Those with higher BMD had exercised for more years (9.2 years) than those with lower BMD (5 years). These results indicate that near year-round participation in structured weight-bearing sports during early adolescence may help young girls optimize bone mineral accrual during these critical years, and may decrease their risk of osteoporosis with advancing age. Comment JMcG. As considerable research has shown that cola-type beverages reduce BMD, it would have been more accurate if the authors had corrected for this aspect of lifestyle. ST AR P AP ER Menopause International 2007; 13: 135–136","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"135 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507781605613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507780796334
{"title":"Note from the Editor","authors":"","doi":"10.1258/175404507780796334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507780796334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"47 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507780796334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66394986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507780796352
J. Mcgarry
Safety and efficacy of a Ginkgo biloba-containing dietary supplement on cognitive function, quality of life, and platelet function in healthy, cognitively intact older adults Carlson JJ, Farquhar JW, Dinucci E, et al. J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107:422–32 Objective. To see if a supplement containing extracts of Ginkgo biloba improves cognitive function and quality of life. Does it alter primary haemostasis, and is it safe in healthy, cognitively intact older adults? Methods. Ninety subjects (aged 65–84 years) were randomly assigned to placebo or a supplement containing 160 mg Ginkgo biloba, 68 mg gotu kola and 180 mg decosahexaenoic acid per day for four months. Results and conclusions. This study does not support the use of a supplement containing Ginkgo biloba for improving cognitive function or quality of life in cognitively intact, older, healthy adults. The preparations seem safe and did not alter platelet function. ST AR P AP ER Menopause International 2007; 13: 90
{"title":"Notes from the journals","authors":"J. Mcgarry","doi":"10.1258/175404507780796352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507780796352","url":null,"abstract":"Safety and efficacy of a Ginkgo biloba-containing dietary supplement on cognitive function, quality of life, and platelet function in healthy, cognitively intact older adults Carlson JJ, Farquhar JW, Dinucci E, et al. J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107:422–32 Objective. To see if a supplement containing extracts of Ginkgo biloba improves cognitive function and quality of life. Does it alter primary haemostasis, and is it safe in healthy, cognitively intact older adults? Methods. Ninety subjects (aged 65–84 years) were randomly assigned to placebo or a supplement containing 160 mg Ginkgo biloba, 68 mg gotu kola and 180 mg decosahexaenoic acid per day for four months. Results and conclusions. This study does not support the use of a supplement containing Ginkgo biloba for improving cognitive function or quality of life in cognitively intact, older, healthy adults. The preparations seem safe and did not alter platelet function. ST AR P AP ER Menopause International 2007; 13: 90","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"90 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507780796352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66395036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.1258/175404507780456737
J. Mcgarry
Lifetime adult weight gain, central adiposity, and the risk of preand postmenopausal breast cancer in the Western New York exposures and breast cancer study Han D, Nie J, Bonner MR, et al. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2931–7 Introduction. Weight gain in adult life is more predict ive of risk for breast cancer than absolute body weight. Methods. Over 1000 women with primary, histo logically confirmed breast cancer were matched with 2000 controls of similar age, race and residence. Results. There was an increased risk of breast cancer associated with lifetime adult weight gain among post but not premenopausal women, with a 4% increase in risk for each 5 kg increase in adult weight. There was a stronger association for those with higher waist circum ference and those with positive estrogen or progesterone status, and who had never used hormone replacement therapy. There was also an association with risk for weight gain since first pregnancy and for weight gain between the time of the first pregnancy and menopause, independent of body mass index and lifetime adult weight gain.
{"title":"Notes from the journals","authors":"J. Mcgarry","doi":"10.1258/175404507780456737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507780456737","url":null,"abstract":"Lifetime adult weight gain, central adiposity, and the risk of preand postmenopausal breast cancer in the Western New York exposures and breast cancer study Han D, Nie J, Bonner MR, et al. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2931–7 Introduction. Weight gain in adult life is more predict ive of risk for breast cancer than absolute body weight. Methods. Over 1000 women with primary, histo logically confirmed breast cancer were matched with 2000 controls of similar age, race and residence. Results. There was an increased risk of breast cancer associated with lifetime adult weight gain among post but not premenopausal women, with a 4% increase in risk for each 5 kg increase in adult weight. There was a stronger association for those with higher waist circum ference and those with positive estrogen or progesterone status, and who had never used hormone replacement therapy. There was also an association with risk for weight gain since first pregnancy and for weight gain between the time of the first pregnancy and menopause, independent of body mass index and lifetime adult weight gain.","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"46 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/175404507780456737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66394855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-12-01DOI: 10.1258/136218006779160436
Norman F Boyd, Lisa J Martin, Martin J Yaffe, Salomon Minkin
Mammographic density refers to radiologically dense breast tissue, and reflects variations in the tissue composition of the breast. It is positively associated with collagen and epithelial and non-epithelial cells, and negatively associated with fat. There is extensive evidence that mammographic density is a risk factor for breast cancer, independent of other risk factors, and is associated with large relative and attributable risks for the disease. The epidemiology of mammographic density, notably the inverse association with age, is consistent with it being a marker of susceptibility to breast cancer. Cumulative exposure to mammographic density may be an important determinant of the age-specific incidence of breast cancer in the population. All risk factors for breast cancer must ultimately exert their influence by an effect on the breast, and these findings suggest that, for at least some risk factors, this influence includes an effect on the number of cells and the quantity of collagen in the breast, which is reflected in differences in mammographic density. Many of the genetic and environmental factors that influence the risk of breast cancer affect the proliferative activity and quantity of stromal and epithelial tissue in the breast, and these effects are reflected in differences in mammographic density among women of the same age. Some of these influences include endogenous and exogenous hormones, and the menopause. A better understanding of the factors that influence the response of breast tissue to these hormonal exposures may lead to an improved understanding of the aetiology of mammographic density and of breast cancer.
{"title":"Mammographic density: a hormonally responsive risk factor for breast cancer.","authors":"Norman F Boyd, Lisa J Martin, Martin J Yaffe, Salomon Minkin","doi":"10.1258/136218006779160436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1258/136218006779160436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammographic density refers to radiologically dense breast tissue, and reflects variations in the tissue composition of the breast. It is positively associated with collagen and epithelial and non-epithelial cells, and negatively associated with fat. There is extensive evidence that mammographic density is a risk factor for breast cancer, independent of other risk factors, and is associated with large relative and attributable risks for the disease. The epidemiology of mammographic density, notably the inverse association with age, is consistent with it being a marker of susceptibility to breast cancer. Cumulative exposure to mammographic density may be an important determinant of the age-specific incidence of breast cancer in the population. All risk factors for breast cancer must ultimately exert their influence by an effect on the breast, and these findings suggest that, for at least some risk factors, this influence includes an effect on the number of cells and the quantity of collagen in the breast, which is reflected in differences in mammographic density. Many of the genetic and environmental factors that influence the risk of breast cancer affect the proliferative activity and quantity of stromal and epithelial tissue in the breast, and these effects are reflected in differences in mammographic density among women of the same age. Some of these influences include endogenous and exogenous hormones, and the menopause. A better understanding of the factors that influence the response of breast tissue to these hormonal exposures may lead to an improved understanding of the aetiology of mammographic density and of breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":85745,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the British Menopause Society","volume":"12 4","pages":"186-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1258/136218006779160436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26451276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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