S. Abolhassani, C. Proff, L. Veleva, T. Karlsen, P. Bennett, B. C. Oberlander, M. Espeland, H. Jenssen, L. Hallstadius, A. Garde
{"title":"Transmission Electron Microscopy Examinations of Metal-Oxide Interface of Zirconium-Based Alloys Irradiated in Halden Reactor-IFA-638","authors":"S. Abolhassani, C. Proff, L. Veleva, T. Karlsen, P. Bennett, B. C. Oberlander, M. Espeland, H. Jenssen, L. Hallstadius, A. Garde","doi":"10.1520/STP159720160039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP159720160039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87024407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International industry standards set out requirements to mount ski bindings, test equipment functionality, provide guidelines on how to maintain the ski-binding-boot interface, and calculate correct release values. The standards call for the use of a torque testing device to assess functionality of the ski-binding with release values based on parameters of age, weight, height, boot-sole length, and skier type. To determine whether these standards were being applied in New Zealand a cross-sectional study was completed with a national survey of ski technicians and structured interviews with senior ski industry personnel. In setting up ski bindings, only 10 % of ski technicians used a torque-testing device, and substantial proportions did not take into account appropriate skier characteristics or check the boot-binding interface. Interviews of senior personnel indicated that there was good intent about quality of rental service; however, there were inconsistencies between operating procedures and international standards. The interviews also highlighted a need for better standardized questioning techniques for ski technicians to accurately determine skier type, and increased education for both ski technicians and skiers on correct setup to prevent injury related to non-release or inadvertent release. In conclusion, Ski-Binding-Boot (SBB) system inspection, routine torque testing to ensure safe functional ski-bindings, and consistent application of the international standards for correct setup of ski-binding-boot systems continues to be elusive in New Zealand. Assessment of the implementation of the international standards in other countries is also needed. KEYWORDS: alpine skiing, equipment, standards, ski-binding-boot system, torque, injury Language: en
{"title":"Translation of International Snow-Sports Equipment Standards into Injury-Prevention Practice","authors":"B. Costa-Scorse, W. Hopkins, R. Bahr, Mike Lamont","doi":"10.1520/STP158220140009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP158220140009","url":null,"abstract":"International industry standards set out requirements to mount ski bindings, test equipment functionality, provide guidelines on how to maintain the ski-binding-boot interface, and calculate correct release values. The standards call for the use of a torque testing device to assess functionality of the ski-binding with release values based on parameters of age, weight, height, boot-sole length, and skier type. To determine whether these standards were being applied in New Zealand a cross-sectional study was completed with a national survey of ski technicians and structured interviews with senior ski industry personnel. In setting up ski bindings, only 10 % of ski technicians used a torque-testing device, and substantial proportions did not take into account appropriate skier characteristics or check the boot-binding interface. Interviews of senior personnel indicated that there was good intent about quality of rental service; however, there were inconsistencies between operating procedures and international standards. The interviews also highlighted a need for better standardized questioning techniques for ski technicians to accurately determine skier type, and increased education for both ski technicians and skiers on correct setup to prevent injury related to non-release or inadvertent release. In conclusion, Ski-Binding-Boot (SBB) system inspection, routine torque testing to ensure safe functional ski-bindings, and consistent application of the international standards for correct setup of ski-binding-boot systems continues to be elusive in New Zealand. Assessment of the implementation of the international standards in other countries is also needed. KEYWORDS: alpine skiing, equipment, standards, ski-binding-boot system, torque, injury Language: en","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76133441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated release torque values for rental ski-binding-boot (S-B-B) systems that had one to four seasons use in a popular New Zealand commercial ski area. The proportions of S-B-B systems in classes of deviation from the reference release moment were determined according to the international equipment safety requirements from ASTM F1063-03, ASTM F1064-03, ASTM F939-06, ISO 13993: 2001, and ISO 11088-2006 (E). A randomly chosen sample of 9 % (124 skis/62 pairs) of S-B-B systems from the total ski rental fleet was tested using a Wintersteiger calibration machine. There were a high percentage of Class I deviations in the rental fleet: 50 % (2 seasons), 95 % (3 seasons), and 64 % (4 seasons). Class 1 deviations do not require corrective action; however, increased sampling is indicated. Based on the high percentage of Class I deviations the entire fleet should be inspected. Class II deviations that required immediate corrective action were found in 48 % of the S-B-B with two seasons of use. Only 8 % of the rental fleet had Class III deviations warranting removal from the rental fleet. The heel-pieces of S-B-B systems that had two or more seasons of use were nine times more likely to be out of tolerance than those with only one season of use; however, there was only a small increase in the proportion of toe-pieces out of tolerance for older compared to newer S-B-B systems. These differences may be due to age or to different models of S-B-B systems. The policy of retiring ski rental equipment after three or four seasons of use appears to be inadequate to ensure the supply of safe equipment. Language: en
{"title":"Evaluation of Ski-Binding-Boot System Safety Using Torque Testing","authors":"B. Costa-Scorse, W. Hopkins, R. Bahr","doi":"10.1520/STP158220130158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP158220130158","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated release torque values for rental ski-binding-boot (S-B-B) systems that had one to four seasons use in a popular New Zealand commercial ski area. The proportions of S-B-B systems in classes of deviation from the reference release moment were determined according to the international equipment safety requirements from ASTM F1063-03, ASTM F1064-03, ASTM F939-06, ISO 13993: 2001, and ISO 11088-2006 (E). A randomly chosen sample of 9 % (124 skis/62 pairs) of S-B-B systems from the total ski rental fleet was tested using a Wintersteiger calibration machine. There were a high percentage of Class I deviations in the rental fleet: 50 % (2 seasons), 95 % (3 seasons), and 64 % (4 seasons). Class 1 deviations do not require corrective action; however, increased sampling is indicated. Based on the high percentage of Class I deviations the entire fleet should be inspected. Class II deviations that required immediate corrective action were found in 48 % of the S-B-B with two seasons of use. Only 8 % of the rental fleet had Class III deviations warranting removal from the rental fleet. The heel-pieces of S-B-B systems that had two or more seasons of use were nine times more likely to be out of tolerance than those with only one season of use; however, there was only a small increase in the proportion of toe-pieces out of tolerance for older compared to newer S-B-B systems. These differences may be due to age or to different models of S-B-B systems. The policy of retiring ski rental equipment after three or four seasons of use appears to be inadequate to ensure the supply of safe equipment. Language: en","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78344677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Krishna, D. Prakash, D. Srivastava, N. Saibaba, J. Q. D. Fonseca, G. K. Dey, M. Preuss
Role of Sn on the deformation mechanisms of Zr was investigated using in situ neutron diffraction and complementary electron microscopy techniques. Binary Zr-Sn alloys having fully recrystallized microstructure and typical rolling texture were subjected to in situ loading and diffraction experiments along the rolling direction of the sample. Significant twinning activity was observed and the twins were observed to be {101 ̅2}〈101 ̅1〉 type tensile twins. Critical stress for the twin nucleation and the extent of twinning were found to be strongly influenced by the Sn content. Critical plastic strain for the nucleation of twining, however, was observed to be weakly dependent on the Sn content. Results indicate significant plastic slip activity to be a necessary condition for the onset of twinning. http://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/astm-stp STP: Selected Technical Papers
{"title":"Influence of Sn on Deformation Mechanisms During Room Temperature Compression of Binary Zr–Sn Alloys","authors":"K. Krishna, D. Prakash, D. Srivastava, N. Saibaba, J. Q. D. Fonseca, G. K. Dey, M. Preuss","doi":"10.1520/STP154320130044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP154320130044","url":null,"abstract":"Role of Sn on the deformation mechanisms of Zr was investigated using in situ neutron diffraction and complementary electron microscopy techniques. Binary Zr-Sn alloys having fully recrystallized microstructure and typical rolling texture were subjected to in situ loading and diffraction experiments along the rolling direction of the sample. Significant twinning activity was observed and the twins were observed to be {101 ̅2}〈101 ̅1〉 type tensile twins. Critical stress for the twin nucleation and the extent of twinning were found to be strongly influenced by the Sn content. Critical plastic strain for the nucleation of twining, however, was observed to be weakly dependent on the Sn content. Results indicate significant plastic slip activity to be a necessary condition for the onset of twinning. http://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/astm-stp STP: Selected Technical Papers","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78862800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-23DOI: 10.1002/9780470294499.CH13
S. Case, N. Iyengar, K. Reifsnider
A life prediction method for ceramic matrix composites is developed. This model is based upon damage mechanics concepts included in the framework of the critical element model. One unique feature of the model is its ability to include general variations of temperature and applied loads as functions of time. A detailed description of application of the model to elevated temperature fatigue is given. In addition, a validation example is presented that includes the combined effects of rupture and fatigue. The comparison with the experimental data is shown to be good, although the result does appear to be dominated by the rupture effect.
{"title":"Life Prediction Tool for Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures","authors":"S. Case, N. Iyengar, K. Reifsnider","doi":"10.1002/9780470294499.CH13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470294499.CH13","url":null,"abstract":"A life prediction method for ceramic matrix composites is developed. This model is based upon damage mechanics concepts included in the framework of the critical element model. One unique feature of the model is its ability to include general variations of temperature and applied loads as functions of time. A detailed description of application of the model to elevated temperature fatigue is given. In addition, a validation example is presented that includes the combined effects of rupture and fatigue. The comparison with the experimental data is shown to be good, although the result does appear to be dominated by the rupture effect.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73112740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing amount of structures presenting distress due to reinforcement corrosion is urging the establishment of more accurate calculation methods for the service life of concrete structures. In the present paper, a summary of the different approaches is presented that are able to calculate the expected life of new structures, in certain aggressive environments or the residual life of already corroding structures. The methods are based on the proper calculation of the carbonation front or chloride penetration and on the steel corrosion rate.
{"title":"Progress on design and residual life calculation with regard to rebar corrosion of reinforced concrete","authors":"C. Andrade, C. Alonso","doi":"10.1520/STP16965S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP16965S","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing amount of structures presenting distress due to reinforcement corrosion is urging the establishment of more accurate calculation methods for the service life of concrete structures. In the present paper, a summary of the different approaches is presented that are able to calculate the expected life of new structures, in certain aggressive environments or the residual life of already corroding structures. The methods are based on the proper calculation of the carbonation front or chloride penetration and on the steel corrosion rate.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86012118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foamed concrete, comprising a cementitious paste or mortar together with preformed foam, has many attractive properties, perhaps the most useful being its excellent thermal insulation properties, and therefore it can be classified as controlled thermal fill (CTF). Although widely used as a simple backfill, foamed concrete can be designed easily for particular densities (800–1600 kg/m3), flow characteristics (100–300 mm spread), strength (typically less than 10 MPa), and thermal insulation performance (0.2–0.6 W/mK). These properties make it an ideal material for house construction, in particular, for enhancing the thermal efficiency of the foundations and ground slab. This paper examines the performance of a range of foamed concretes for trench fill foundations and ground slabs in terms of thermal performance and main engineering, permeation, and durability properties. The consonant advantages of using fly ash (low-lime, fine, and coarse) technology will also be discussed.
{"title":"Thermally Insulating Foundations and Ground Slabs Using Highly-Foamed Concrete","authors":"Jones, A. Giannakou","doi":"10.1520/STP11967S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11967S","url":null,"abstract":"Foamed concrete, comprising a cementitious paste or mortar together with preformed foam, has many attractive properties, perhaps the most useful being its excellent thermal insulation properties, and therefore it can be classified as controlled thermal fill (CTF). Although widely used as a simple backfill, foamed concrete can be designed easily for particular densities (800–1600 kg/m3), flow characteristics (100–300 mm spread), strength (typically less than 10 MPa), and thermal insulation performance (0.2–0.6 W/mK). These properties make it an ideal material for house construction, in particular, for enhancing the thermal efficiency of the foundations and ground slab. This paper examines the performance of a range of foamed concretes for trench fill foundations and ground slabs in terms of thermal performance and main engineering, permeation, and durability properties. The consonant advantages of using fly ash (low-lime, fine, and coarse) technology will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83018221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aynsley M. Smith, S. Finnie, M. Stuart, J. Meis, Kevin M. Beaver, E. Laskowski, W. Young
Studying goalies, who play a key position in hockey requires examining psychophysiologic variables and their relationship to performance during games when the outcome is important [15]. This investigation tested all three aspects of emotion (subjective, physiologic changes, and performance). Nine male goalies completed questionnaires and provided salivary cortisol before, during, and after each game. Heart rate (ECG signal) was integrated with the goalie's performance video. Goalies rated on Likert Scales; headaches, stomach aches, insomnia, nervousness, and awareness of heart pounding. Data from 16 games were obtained. Of nine, two goalies provided data on three games each; one goalie was classified as a responder and the other a non-responder, based on salivary cortisol levels (SCL). The responder's SCL increased 572 % between baseline and post-period assessments, whereas SCL in the non-responder increased 50 % above baseline. The responder's SCL increased eight times baseline when he faced 16 shots in a period. The responder goalie's game heart rates (HRs) were 160, 152, and 167 beats per minute (bpm) and the non-responder's HRs were 147, 132, and 142 bpm for three games. Game performance was similar for both goalies.
{"title":"Psychophysiologic Factors and Performance in Ice Hockey Goalies During Competition","authors":"Aynsley M. Smith, S. Finnie, M. Stuart, J. Meis, Kevin M. Beaver, E. Laskowski, W. Young","doi":"10.1520/STP11623S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11623S","url":null,"abstract":"Studying goalies, who play a key position in hockey requires examining psychophysiologic variables and their relationship to performance during games when the outcome is important [15]. This investigation tested all three aspects of emotion (subjective, physiologic changes, and performance). Nine male goalies completed questionnaires and provided salivary cortisol before, during, and after each game. Heart rate (ECG signal) was integrated with the goalie's performance video. Goalies rated on Likert Scales; headaches, stomach aches, insomnia, nervousness, and awareness of heart pounding. Data from 16 games were obtained. Of nine, two goalies provided data on three games each; one goalie was classified as a responder and the other a non-responder, based on salivary cortisol levels (SCL). The responder's SCL increased 572 % between baseline and post-period assessments, whereas SCL in the non-responder increased 50 % above baseline. The responder's SCL increased eight times baseline when he faced 16 shots in a period. The responder goalie's game heart rates (HRs) were 160, 152, and 167 beats per minute (bpm) and the non-responder's HRs were 147, 132, and 142 bpm for three games. Game performance was similar for both goalies.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90418329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Method for Real-Time and In-Situ Characterization of the Mechanical and Material Properties of Biological Tissue Constructs","authors":"Guigen Zhang, J. Gilbert","doi":"10.1520/STP11641S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP11641S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74869609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laboratory Measurement of GCL Shear Strength","authors":"P. Fox, T. Stark, R. Swan","doi":"10.1520/STP12200S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP12200S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91428988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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