Studies were conducted in the field to measure off-target spray deposition rates from applications of sprays under different application (nozzle/droplet size and boom height) and meteorological conditions. The results were analyzed to investigate the effects of spray quality, boom height and wind speed on spray deposition rates. Curves are presented showing that deposition rates were greater for fine sprays than medium to extra coarse sprays, and for greater boom heights. There was not a strong correlation between deposition rates and wind speed. This was probably due mainly to the relatively far distance of the first sampling location at 25 ft (7.5 m) from the edge of the application area, and to the fact that most of the wind speeds in the studies were greater than the <10 mph (<16 km/hr) where wind speed effects would be most likely to be most evident.
{"title":"Analyses of Equipment, Meteorology and Other Factors Affecting Drift from Applications of Sprays by Ground Rig Sprayers","authors":"A. Hewitt, David L. Valcore, T. Barry","doi":"10.1520/STP10433S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP10433S","url":null,"abstract":"Studies were conducted in the field to measure off-target spray deposition rates from applications of sprays under different application (nozzle/droplet size and boom height) and meteorological conditions. The results were analyzed to investigate the effects of spray quality, boom height and wind speed on spray deposition rates. Curves are presented showing that deposition rates were greater for fine sprays than medium to extra coarse sprays, and for greater boom heights. There was not a strong correlation between deposition rates and wind speed. This was probably due mainly to the relatively far distance of the first sampling location at 25 ft (7.5 m) from the edge of the application area, and to the fact that most of the wind speeds in the studies were greater than the <10 mph (<16 km/hr) where wind speed effects would be most likely to be most evident.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83369845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes studies that were conducted to investigate the effects of different surfactant and emulsion adjuvant chemistries and formulations on spray characteristics and drift potential of a commercial herbicide. Previous research has shown that surfactant, emulsion, and polymer adjuvants can affect the formation of sprays and liquid distribution patterns when atomized through flat fan nozzles. The present research involved the application of various different tank mix-adjuvant combinations through flat fan, disc-core, and air induction nozzles. The sprays were characterized using spark photography, droplet size analysis, liquid patternation, and driftability measurements in a wind tunnel. Atomization was related to the physical properties of the tank mixes and sheet breakup mechanisms. The results will help in the development of ASTM test guidelines for spray characterization and drift research, and provide valuable information for applicators to consider when selecting tank mix-nozzle combinations for the application of agricultural chemicals.
{"title":"Adjuvant effects on spray characteristics and drift potential","authors":"P. Miller, A. Hewitt, W. Bagley","doi":"10.1520/STP10727S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP10727S","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes studies that were conducted to investigate the effects of different surfactant and emulsion adjuvant chemistries and formulations on spray characteristics and drift potential of a commercial herbicide. Previous research has shown that surfactant, emulsion, and polymer adjuvants can affect the formation of sprays and liquid distribution patterns when atomized through flat fan nozzles. The present research involved the application of various different tank mix-adjuvant combinations through flat fan, disc-core, and air induction nozzles. The sprays were characterized using spark photography, droplet size analysis, liquid patternation, and driftability measurements in a wind tunnel. Atomization was related to the physical properties of the tank mixes and sheet breakup mechanisms. The results will help in the development of ASTM test guidelines for spray characterization and drift research, and provide valuable information for applicators to consider when selecting tank mix-nozzle combinations for the application of agricultural chemicals.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91173763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fitness for purpose methodology is more and more used in the oil and gas industry to evaluate the significance of pre-existing flaws and material deficiencies with regard to the suitability of continued operation of equipment. In this methodology, traditional fracture mechanics is integrated with expertise in inspection technology, material evaluation, and corrosion damage assessment, stress analysis and the mechanics of materials. Application of the fitness for purpose methodology for equipment operating in hydrogenation environments or in sour service is rather complex, in particular, due to the uncertainty in the reduction of the fracture toughness caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement is a time-dependent fracture process caused by the absorption and diffusion of atomic hydrogen into the steel, which results in a loss of ductility. An experimental study has been performed to quantify the reduction of fracture toughness of an API 5L grade X56 pipeline steel, and a numerical model has been presented to understand the experimental results.
{"title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement - Loading Rate Effects in Fracture Mechanics Testing","authors":"R. Koers, A. Krom, A. Bakker","doi":"10.1520/STP10226S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP10226S","url":null,"abstract":"The fitness for purpose methodology is more and more used in the oil and gas industry to evaluate the significance of pre-existing flaws and material deficiencies with regard to the suitability of continued operation of equipment. In this methodology, traditional fracture mechanics is integrated with expertise in inspection technology, material evaluation, and corrosion damage assessment, stress analysis and the mechanics of materials. Application of the fitness for purpose methodology for equipment operating in hydrogenation environments or in sour service is rather complex, in particular, due to the uncertainty in the reduction of the fracture toughness caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement is a time-dependent fracture process caused by the absorption and diffusion of atomic hydrogen into the steel, which results in a loss of ductility. An experimental study has been performed to quantify the reduction of fracture toughness of an API 5L grade X56 pipeline steel, and a numerical model has been presented to understand the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79122581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Friction on the Perceived Mode II Delamination Toughness from Three- and Four-Point Bend End-Notched Flexure Tests","authors":"C. Schuecker, B. Davidson","doi":"10.1520/STP14518S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP14518S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88546783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fatigue crack growth of a Ni-P amorphous alloy thin film","authors":"K. Takashima, M. Shimojo, Y. Higo, M. Swain","doi":"10.1520/STP10980S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP10980S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74018788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maintaining the Accuracy of Charpy Impact Machines","authors":"D. Vigliotti, T. Siewert, C. Mccowan","doi":"10.1520/STP14391S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP14391S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82519592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper was to analyze the crack-linkup behavior in riveted-stiffened lap-splice joint panels with small multiple-site damage (MSD) cracks at several adjacent rivet holes. Analyses are based on the STAGS (STructural Analysis of General Shells) code with the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion. To account for high constraint around a crack front, the "plane strain core" option in STAGS was used. The importance of modeling rivet flexibility with fastener elements that accurately model load transfer across the joint is discussed. Fastener holes are not modeled but rivet connectivity is accounted for by attaching rivets to the sheet on one side of the cracks that simulated both the rivet diameter and MSD cracks. Residual strength analyses made on 2024-T3 alloy (1.6-mm thick) riveted-lap-splice joints with a lead crack and various size MSD cracks were compared with test data from Boeing Airplane Company. Analyses were conducted for both restrained and unrestrained buckling conditions. Comparison of results from these analyses and results from lap-splice-joint test panels, which were partially restrained against buckling indicate that the test results were bounded by the failure loads predicted by the analyses with restrained and unrestrained conditions.
本文的目的是分析铆接加筋搭接板的裂纹连接行为，在几个相邻的铆钉孔处存在小的多点损伤(MSD)裂纹。分析基于STAGS (STructural Analysis of General Shells)规范，采用临界裂纹尖端开口角(CTOA)断裂准则。为了考虑裂纹前缘周围的高约束，STAGS中使用了“平面应变核心”选项。讨论了用能准确模拟载荷传递的紧固件元件对铆钉柔性建模的重要性。扣件孔没有建模，但铆钉连接是通过将铆钉连接到模拟铆钉直径和MSD裂纹的一侧板上来考虑的。对含铅裂纹和不同尺寸MSD裂纹的2024-T3合金(1.6 mm厚)铆接搭接接头进行了残余强度分析，并与波音飞机公司的试验数据进行了对比。对约束屈曲和无约束屈曲进行了分析。这些分析结果与部分抑制屈曲的搭接板试验结果的比较表明，在有约束和无约束条件下，试验结果受到分析预测的破坏载荷的限制。
{"title":"Residual Strength Analyses of Riveted Lap-Splice Joints","authors":"B. R. Seshadri, J. Newman","doi":"10.1520/STP14817S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP14817S","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to analyze the crack-linkup behavior in riveted-stiffened lap-splice joint panels with small multiple-site damage (MSD) cracks at several adjacent rivet holes. Analyses are based on the STAGS (STructural Analysis of General Shells) code with the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion. To account for high constraint around a crack front, the \"plane strain core\" option in STAGS was used. The importance of modeling rivet flexibility with fastener elements that accurately model load transfer across the joint is discussed. Fastener holes are not modeled but rivet connectivity is accounted for by attaching rivets to the sheet on one side of the cracks that simulated both the rivet diameter and MSD cracks. Residual strength analyses made on 2024-T3 alloy (1.6-mm thick) riveted-lap-splice joints with a lead crack and various size MSD cracks were compared with test data from Boeing Airplane Company. Analyses were conducted for both restrained and unrestrained buckling conditions. Comparison of results from these analyses and results from lap-splice-joint test panels, which were partially restrained against buckling indicate that the test results were bounded by the failure loads predicted by the analyses with restrained and unrestrained conditions.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79226234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. P. Gabb, P. Bonacuse, L. Ghosn, J. W. Sweeney, Amitava Chatterjee, K. Green
Timothy P. GabbGlenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioPeter J. BonacuseU.S. Army Research Laboratory, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioLouis J. GhosnGlenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioJoseph W. SweeneyGilcrest Electric Company, Brook Park, OhioAmit Chatterjee and Kenneth A. GreenAllison Engine Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
Timothy P. GabbGlenn研究中心，克利夫兰，俄亥俄州。陆军研究实验室，格伦研究中心，克利夫兰，俄亥俄州J. GhosnGlenn研究中心，克利夫兰，俄亥俄州约瑟夫W.斯威尼吉尔克雷斯特电气公司，布鲁克公园，俄亥俄州阿米特查特吉和肯尼斯A.格林艾利森发动机公司，印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯
{"title":"Assessments of Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Alloy U720","authors":"T. P. Gabb, P. Bonacuse, L. Ghosn, J. W. Sweeney, Amitava Chatterjee, K. Green","doi":"10.1520/STP14797S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP14797S","url":null,"abstract":"Timothy P. GabbGlenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioPeter J. BonacuseU.S. Army Research Laboratory, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioLouis J. GhosnGlenn Research Center, Cleveland, OhioJoseph W. SweeneyGilcrest Electric Company, Brook Park, OhioAmit Chatterjee and Kenneth A. GreenAllison Engine Company, Indianapolis, Indiana","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85337512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Kincaid, M. Bergeron, C. Cole, M. Freshley, V. Johnson, D. Kaplan, R. Serne, G. P. Streile, D. Strenge, P. Thorne, L. Vail, G. Whyatt, S. Wurstner
A composite analysis of low-level radioactive waste disposal and other radioactive sources was recently completed for the Hanford Site in Southeast Washington State. Impacts from source release and environmental transportwere estimated for a 1 000-year period following Site closure in a multi-step process involving 1) estimation of radiological inventories and releases, 2) assessment of contaminant migration through the vadose zone, groundwater, and atmospheric pathways, 3) and estimation of doses. The analysis showed that most of the radionuclide inventory in past-practice liquid discharge sites and pre-1988 solid waste burial grounds on the 200 Area Plateau will be released in the first several hundred years following Hanford Site closure, well before projected releases from active and planned disposals of solid waste. The maximum predicted agricultural dose was less than 6 mrem/y in 2050 and declined thereafter. The maximum doses for the residential, industrial, and recreational scenarios, were 2.2, 0.7, and 0.04 mrem/y, respectively, and also declined after 2050.
{"title":"Composite Analysis for Low-Level Waste Disposal in the 200 Area Plateau of the Hanford Site, Southeast Washington","authors":"C. Kincaid, M. Bergeron, C. Cole, M. Freshley, V. Johnson, D. Kaplan, R. Serne, G. P. Streile, D. Strenge, P. Thorne, L. Vail, G. Whyatt, S. Wurstner","doi":"10.1520/STP14417S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP14417S","url":null,"abstract":"A composite analysis of low-level radioactive waste disposal and other radioactive sources was recently completed for the Hanford Site in Southeast Washington State. Impacts from source release and environmental transportwere estimated for a 1 000-year period following Site closure in a multi-step process involving 1) estimation of radiological inventories and releases, 2) assessment of contaminant migration through the vadose zone, groundwater, and atmospheric pathways, 3) and estimation of doses. The analysis showed that most of the radionuclide inventory in past-practice liquid discharge sites and pre-1988 solid waste burial grounds on the 200 Area Plateau will be released in the first several hundred years following Hanford Site closure, well before projected releases from active and planned disposals of solid waste. The maximum predicted agricultural dose was less than 6 mrem/y in 2050 and declined thereafter. The maximum doses for the residential, industrial, and recreational scenarios, were 2.2, 0.7, and 0.04 mrem/y, respectively, and also declined after 2050.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80868252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, February 1999.
毕业论文(S.M.)——麻省理工学院航空航天系，1999年2月
{"title":"Mechanical properties of degraded PMR-15 resin","authors":"Luis Tsuji, H. Mcmanus, K. Bowles","doi":"10.1520/STP15826S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP15826S","url":null,"abstract":"Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, February 1999.","PeriodicalId":8583,"journal":{"name":"ASTM special technical publications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86197290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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