Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00085
Gunnar Dunnam, Jay Kay Thornton, Martha Pulido-Landinez
Enterococcus cecorum has been associated mainly with osteomyelitis of the free thoracic vertebra in chickens. However, there are reports of E. cecorum producing septicemic lesions and having tropism for cartilages, resulting in the presentation of femoral head necrosis and synovitis. This paper discusses the presentation of E. cecorum as it relates to an outbreak in one vertical integrator where the main lesions were related to septicemia. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 broiler chicken cases received at the Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory of Mississippi State University from April to December of 2021 were analyzed. The peak in cases was observed from June to August. The average age of broilers was 21 days with a range of 15-31 days. Most of these cases were related to systemic disease and leg problems, with gross lesions including characteristic pericarditis along with perihepatitis, osteomyelitis, and arthritis. In six of the 100 cases, E cecorum was isolated from the free thoracic vertebra, with the remaining being recovered from various other locations including liver, pericardium, hock/joint, femoral head, and bone marrow. Enterococcus cecorum identification was performed by using Vitek matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These results were then sent to the research-use only SARAMIS database for analysis. Once the spectra of the isolates were imported, the relative and absolute taxonomy were analyzed. Two super spectrums and three clusters by homology were identified. The minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by antimicrobial sensitivity tests were analyzed using WHONET Microbiology Laboratory Database Software. No isolates were pan-susceptible, 80% of isolates were noted to be resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics and, in general, isolates exhibited a high degree of variability when examining antimicrobial resistance patterns.
{"title":"Characterization of an Emerging <i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> Outbreak Causing Severe Systemic Disease with Concurrent Leg Problems in a Broiler Integrator in the Southern United States.","authors":"Gunnar Dunnam, Jay Kay Thornton, Martha Pulido-Landinez","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> has been associated mainly with osteomyelitis of the free thoracic vertebra in chickens. However, there are reports of <i>E. cecorum</i> producing septicemic lesions and having tropism for cartilages, resulting in the presentation of femoral head necrosis and synovitis. This paper discusses the presentation of <i>E. cecorum</i> as it relates to an outbreak in one vertical integrator where the main lesions were related to septicemia. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 broiler chicken cases received at the Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory of Mississippi State University from April to December of 2021 were analyzed. The peak in cases was observed from June to August. The average age of broilers was 21 days with a range of 15-31 days. Most of these cases were related to systemic disease and leg problems, with gross lesions including characteristic pericarditis along with perihepatitis, osteomyelitis, and arthritis. In six of the 100 cases, <i>E cecorum</i> was isolated from the free thoracic vertebra, with the remaining being recovered from various other locations including liver, pericardium, hock/joint, femoral head, and bone marrow. <i>Enterococcus cecorum</i> identification was performed by using Vitek matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These results were then sent to the research-use only SARAMIS database for analysis. Once the spectra of the isolates were imported, the relative and absolute taxonomy were analyzed. Two super spectrums and three clusters by homology were identified. The minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by antimicrobial sensitivity tests were analyzed using WHONET Microbiology Laboratory Database Software. No isolates were pan-susceptible, 80% of isolates were noted to be resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics and, in general, isolates exhibited a high degree of variability when examining antimicrobial resistance patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important respiratory pathogen of domestic chickens. Avibacterium paragallinarum has been subtyped into three serogroups and nine serovars according to the Page and revised Kume schemes. The major hemagglutinin antigen of A. paragallinarum is HMTp210, which is a large protein of about 2000 amino acids (aa), including a 70-aa signal peptide at its N-terminal end. However, the regions important for the hemagglutination (HA) activity and serotypes of HMTp210 remain unclear. In this study we constructed a series of A. paragallinarum strains expressing HMTp210 in-frame deletion mutants and determined their HA titers to identify the regions important for the HA activity and serotypes of HMTp210. Two distinct types of HA activities were found in HMTp210. The type 1 HA activity resided in the region spanning the full-length HA (aa 71-2084), whereas the type 2 resided in the region spanning aa 1003-2084. The putative ligand binding of the type 1 HA activity was located at aa 176-360, which had a structure similar to YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica. The putative ligand binding site of the type 2 HA activity was located at aa 1003-1125, which had a structure similar to UspA1 from Moraxella catarrhalis. The type 1 HA activity appeared to be Page serogroup specific, whereas type 2 appeared to be Kume serovar specific. Finally, sequence analyses of the regions spanning aa 1-400 and aa 1100-1600 of HMTp210 could be useful for the molecular serotyping (the Page and revised Kume schemes) of A. paragallinarum isolates.
{"title":"Regions Important for Hemagglutination Activity and Serotypes of <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> HMTp210 Protein.","authors":"K-P Li, D-H Tan, S-J Ou, Y-S Gong, J-H Shien, P-C Chang","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> is an important respiratory pathogen of domestic chickens. <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> has been subtyped into three serogroups and nine serovars according to the Page and revised Kume schemes. The major hemagglutinin antigen of <i>A. paragallinarum</i> is HMTp210, which is a large protein of about 2000 amino acids (aa), including a 70-aa signal peptide at its N-terminal end. However, the regions important for the hemagglutination (HA) activity and serotypes of HMTp210 remain unclear. In this study we constructed a series of <i>A. paragallinarum</i> strains expressing HMTp210 in-frame deletion mutants and determined their HA titers to identify the regions important for the HA activity and serotypes of HMTp210. Two distinct types of HA activities were found in HMTp210. The type 1 HA activity resided in the region spanning the full-length HA (aa 71-2084), whereas the type 2 resided in the region spanning aa 1003-2084. The putative ligand binding of the type 1 HA activity was located at aa 176-360, which had a structure similar to YadA of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>. The putative ligand binding site of the type 2 HA activity was located at aa 1003-1125, which had a structure similar to UspA1 from <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>. The type 1 HA activity appeared to be Page serogroup specific, whereas type 2 appeared to be Kume serovar specific. Finally, sequence analyses of the regions spanning aa 1-400 and aa 1100-1600 of HMTp210 could be useful for the molecular serotyping (the Page and revised Kume schemes) of <i>A. paragallinarum</i> isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9979984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00088
Yu-Yang Tsai, Monique Franca, Alvin Camus, Lisa J Stabler, Nicolle Barbieri, Catherine M Logue
SUMMARY: Focal duodenal necrosis (FDN) is a common intestinal disease of table egg layers. In this research we aimed to identify the bacteria commonly found in FDN lesions as seen with histopathological analysis. Fifty-nine ethanol-fixed duodenum samples were collected from egg layers on eight FDN-affected farms, and 42 samples had typical FDN lesions. Excision of bacteria-containing lesions using laser capture microdissection was performed, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of extracted DNA for bacterial identification. Bacterial sequencing analysis revealed no consistent bacterial species identified from samples with FDN. However, analysis of the relative phylum abundance revealed differences in the duodenal microbiota between layers with FDN and healthy birds. There were differences in the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria between FDN-positive and FDN-negative control samples compatible with intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, 10 duodenal samples with FDN lesions were collected for bacteriological analysis, yielding 47 colonies on tryptone soy agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar plates. Using 16S rRNA gene PCR, 39/47 (53.8%) colonies were identified as Escherichia coli. PCR for E. coli virulence genes identified 21/39 (53.8%) E. coli isolates as avian pathogenic E. coli–like. PCR analysis for 19 E. coli virulence genes associated with intestinal disease strains including inflammatory bowel disease found 11/39 (28.2%) isolates containing more than 10 of these virulence genes. In conclusion, FDN appears to be a multifactorial inflammatory intestinal disease associated with intestinal dysbiosis, and Gram-negative bacteria including E. coli may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. RESUMEN. Microdisección por captura láser, análisis de cultivos y secuenciación bacteriana para evaluar la microbiota de la necrosis duodenal focal en aves de postura de huevo comercial. La necrosis duodenal focal (FDN) es una enfermedad intestinal común en las gallinas de postura de huevo comercial. En esta investigación, el objetivo fue identificar las bacterias que se encuentran comúnmente en las lesiones provocadas por la necrosis duodenal focal tal como se aprecian con el análisis histopatológico. Se recolectaron 59 muestras de duodeno fijadas con etanol de gallinas de postura de ocho granjas afectadas por necrosis duodenal focal, y 42 muestras tenían lesiones típicas de dicha enfermedad. Se realizó la escisión de las lesiones que contenían bacterias mediante microdisección por captura láser, seguida de la secuenciación del gene 16S rRNA del ADN extraído para la identificación bacteriana. El análisis de secuenciación bacteriana no reveló especies bacterianas consistentes identificadas a partir de muestras con necrosis duodenal focal. Sin embargo, el análisis de la abundancia relativa del phylum reveló diferencias en el microbiota duodenal entre gallinas de postura con necrosis duodenal focal y aves sanas. Hubo diferencias en l
{"title":"Laser Capture Microdissection, Culture Analysis, and Bacterial Sequencing to Evaluate the Microbiota of Focal Duodenal Necrosis in Egg Layers.","authors":"Yu-Yang Tsai, Monique Franca, Alvin Camus, Lisa J Stabler, Nicolle Barbieri, Catherine M Logue","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00088","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY: Focal duodenal necrosis (FDN) is a common intestinal disease of table egg layers. In this research we aimed to identify the bacteria commonly found in FDN lesions as seen with histopathological analysis. Fifty-nine ethanol-fixed duodenum samples were collected from egg layers on eight FDN-affected farms, and 42 samples had typical FDN lesions. Excision of bacteria-containing lesions using laser capture microdissection was performed, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of extracted DNA for bacterial identification. Bacterial sequencing analysis revealed no consistent bacterial species identified from samples with FDN. However, analysis of the relative phylum abundance revealed differences in the duodenal microbiota between layers with FDN and healthy birds. There were differences in the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria between FDN-positive and FDN-negative control samples compatible with intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, 10 duodenal samples with FDN lesions were collected for bacteriological analysis, yielding 47 colonies on tryptone soy agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar plates. Using 16S rRNA gene PCR, 39/47 (53.8%) colonies were identified as Escherichia coli. PCR for E. coli virulence genes identified 21/39 (53.8%) E. coli isolates as avian pathogenic E. coli–like. PCR analysis for 19 E. coli virulence genes associated with intestinal disease strains including inflammatory bowel disease found 11/39 (28.2%) isolates containing more than 10 of these virulence genes. In conclusion, FDN appears to be a multifactorial inflammatory intestinal disease associated with intestinal dysbiosis, and Gram-negative bacteria including E. coli may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. RESUMEN. Microdisección por captura láser, análisis de cultivos y secuenciación bacteriana para evaluar la microbiota de la necrosis duodenal focal en aves de postura de huevo comercial. La necrosis duodenal focal (FDN) es una enfermedad intestinal común en las gallinas de postura de huevo comercial. En esta investigación, el objetivo fue identificar las bacterias que se encuentran comúnmente en las lesiones provocadas por la necrosis duodenal focal tal como se aprecian con el análisis histopatológico. Se recolectaron 59 muestras de duodeno fijadas con etanol de gallinas de postura de ocho granjas afectadas por necrosis duodenal focal, y 42 muestras tenían lesiones típicas de dicha enfermedad. Se realizó la escisión de las lesiones que contenían bacterias mediante microdisección por captura láser, seguida de la secuenciación del gene 16S rRNA del ADN extraído para la identificación bacteriana. El análisis de secuenciación bacteriana no reveló especies bacterianas consistentes identificadas a partir de muestras con necrosis duodenal focal. Sin embargo, el análisis de la abundancia relativa del phylum reveló diferencias en el microbiota duodenal entre gallinas de postura con necrosis duodenal focal y aves sanas. Hubo diferencias en l","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9979987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-61.2.fmii
Suzanne Y. Dougherty
The passage of landmark deregulatory reforms in the Motor Carrier of Act of 1980 has constantly pressured the U.S. trucking industry to reduce transportation costs. Thanks to such pressure, total logistics costs have declined from 16.5% in 1980 to 10.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000. In particular, transportation costs have fallen from 7.6% to 5.9% of GDP in 2000. Transportation cost savings definitely benefit shippers, while jeopardizing the viability of carriers. To help transportation carriers cope with enormous cost pressure, this paper examines the impact that “lumper” costs, empty miles, and shipment size have on the very competitive trucking industry. Through an actual case study of a firm based in the Southeast U.S., we illustrate how lumper costs, empty front-haul and backhaul, and shipping weight and pieces can adversely affect the trucking firm’s profitability.
1980年《汽车运输法》(Motor Carrier of Act)中具有里程碑意义的放松管制改革的通过，不断给美国卡车运输业施加压力，要求其降低运输成本。在这种压力下，物流费用占国内生产总值(GDP)的比重从1980年的16.5%下降到2000年的10.1%。特别是2000年，运输成本从GDP的7.6%下降到5.9%。运输成本的节省无疑使托运人受益，但却危及承运人的生存能力。为了帮助运输公司应对巨大的成本压力，本文研究了“集运”成本、空载里程和货运规模对竞争激烈的卡车运输业的影响。通过对一家位于美国东南部的公司的实际案例研究，我们说明了总成本、空前运和回程以及运输重量和件数如何对卡车运输公司的盈利能力产生不利影响。
{"title":"Full Issue","authors":"Suzanne Y. Dougherty","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-61.2.fmii","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-61.2.fmii","url":null,"abstract":"The passage of landmark deregulatory reforms in the Motor Carrier of Act of 1980 has constantly pressured the U.S. trucking industry to reduce transportation costs. Thanks to such pressure, total logistics costs have declined from 16.5% in 1980 to 10.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000. In particular, transportation costs have fallen from 7.6% to 5.9% of GDP in 2000. Transportation cost savings definitely benefit shippers, while jeopardizing the viability of carriers. To help transportation carriers cope with enormous cost pressure, this paper examines the impact that “lumper” costs, empty miles, and shipment size have on the very competitive trucking industry. Through an actual case study of a firm based in the Southeast U.S., we illustrate how lumper costs, empty front-haul and backhaul, and shipping weight and pieces can adversely affect the trucking firm’s profitability.","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1637/0005-2086-61.2.fmii","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43519574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.134
A D J M R V Abbasi J. A. Darwish S. M. Jahanzaib M. Ma N. Rani H. P. Vijaya P. Abdelshahid G. Das A. Jang J. H. Ma T. Ren Y. Abid A. Debnath K. Jaw J. J. Madhaiyan V. Revana G. W Abiyev R. Djebbar A. B. Jayasankar V. N. Mahanty R. Rout J. K. Wang C. K. Afshari M. Domaneschi M. Jeng J. T. Mahbub M. Wang H. Ahmad S. Dong Y. Jia X. Makul N. S Wang J. C. Ajmi C. Du B. Jiang S. Mandolini M. Sahu A. K. Wang J. C. Akıncıoğlu S. Jubori A. M. A. Maqsood A. Sajid M. Wang K. C. Alami H. E. E Marei M. I. Salleh M. S. Wang T. T. Altemimi A. B. Emam M. K Marques G. Santra S. B. Wang Y. Amin R. Esmailzadeh M. Kahali S. Masi M. Sapuan S. Wei H. Atmanli A. Kamel M. A. Murad S. A. Z. Shakaib M. Wong C. C. Aurangzeb K. F Kanchanaharuthai A. Myneni H. Shamsudeen S. Wu D. Aydin G. Fan C. M. Kang S. W. Mystkowski A. Shao H. Wu H. Fattah I. M. R. Khanakornsuksan C. Shiau B. S. Wu P. H. B Fawzi M. Khoo B. E. N Shih M. Wu Y. Badiger P. V. Feng L. Kuan Y. Naresh Babu M. Shirazi B. Wu Y. R. Balasubramanian R. Fenili A. Kulandaivel A. Nawab Y. Shyu J. C. Bao Z. Kumar A. Nguyen N. Shyu W. S. X Baranowski J. G Kumar N. Nwufo O. C. Sindhu T. Xiang J. Barczewski M. Gao X. Kumar S. S. Sirqueira A. D. S. Xu W. Barron Y. Garduño Olvera I. E. Kumar S. S. O Soares B. G. Basak H. Kumar V. Onan A. Sohani A. Y Beidokhti B. H Kumaran S. S. Ou Yang C. Sohrabi M. K. Yadav A. Biolzi L. Han J. Kuo C. M. Somkun S. Yan L. Bokde N. D. Han J. Y. P Subramanian S. Yang C. Burra R. K. He D. L Pai K. C. Sun J. Yang G. He J. Lai C. M. Paidar M. Sun L. Yang I. T. C Ho H. C. Lan H. Q. Pardeshi M. Sung Y. C. Yang J. Cao H. Hou Z. Lee J. Paturi U. M. R Szabo L. Yang J. B. Chakraborty A. K. Hsiao G. Lee S. Paul L. Yang K. H. Chan H. C. Hsiao P. C. Lee Y. H. Pires V. F. T Yang N. C. Chan Y. J. Hsieh H. I. Li Y. Tama B. A. Yang S. Y. Chang C. K. Hsieh Y. C. Li Y. Q Tang X. Young K. Y. Chang H. H. Hsu I. Li Z. Qi J. Tao X. Yu C. C. Chang H. Y. Hsu Q. C. Lian F. L. Qin D. Teh J. Yue D. Chang R. S. Hsu W. S. Lian R. Qin Y. Tetteh E. K. Chang T. P. Hua L. Liao W. C. Qiu H. Tornabene F. Z Chang T. W. Huang B. W. Lin W. Y. Tsai C. C. Zhang W. Chang W. J. Huang S. C. Lin J. C. Tsai J. C. Zhang S. Chee P. S. Hui Y. Lin P. H. Tsai P. C. Zhao X. Cheepu M. Huminic A. Lin S. C. Tsai C. H. Zhao Z. Chen C. C. Hung C. H. Lin T. K. Tseng S. M. Zhou J. Chen C. H. Hung P. H. Lin W. Y. Tung K. L. Zhou J. W. Chen C. M. Hwang F. H. Ling J. M. Zhou M. Chen F. Liu C. W. Zhou M. Chen F. K. Liu K. Y. Zhou Y. Chen H. Liu S. H. Zhu D. Chen H. Liu W. C. Zhu Y. Chen J. Liu Z. Zhuang Z. W.
{"title":"List of Reviewers for 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.134","url":null,"abstract":"A D J M R V Abbasi J. A. Darwish S. M. Jahanzaib M. Ma N. Rani H. P. Vijaya P. Abdelshahid G. Das A. Jang J. H. Ma T. Ren Y. Abid A. Debnath K. Jaw J. J. Madhaiyan V. Revana G. W Abiyev R. Djebbar A. B. Jayasankar V. N. Mahanty R. Rout J. K. Wang C. K. Afshari M. Domaneschi M. Jeng J. T. Mahbub M. Wang H. Ahmad S. Dong Y. Jia X. Makul N. S Wang J. C. Ajmi C. Du B. Jiang S. Mandolini M. Sahu A. K. Wang J. C. Akıncıoğlu S. Jubori A. M. A. Maqsood A. Sajid M. Wang K. C. Alami H. E. E Marei M. I. Salleh M. S. Wang T. T. Altemimi A. B. Emam M. K Marques G. Santra S. B. Wang Y. Amin R. Esmailzadeh M. Kahali S. Masi M. Sapuan S. Wei H. Atmanli A. Kamel M. A. Murad S. A. Z. Shakaib M. Wong C. C. Aurangzeb K. F Kanchanaharuthai A. Myneni H. Shamsudeen S. Wu D. Aydin G. Fan C. M. Kang S. W. Mystkowski A. Shao H. Wu H. Fattah I. M. R. Khanakornsuksan C. Shiau B. S. Wu P. H. B Fawzi M. Khoo B. E. N Shih M. Wu Y. Badiger P. V. Feng L. Kuan Y. Naresh Babu M. Shirazi B. Wu Y. R. Balasubramanian R. Fenili A. Kulandaivel A. Nawab Y. Shyu J. C. Bao Z. Kumar A. Nguyen N. Shyu W. S. X Baranowski J. G Kumar N. Nwufo O. C. Sindhu T. Xiang J. Barczewski M. Gao X. Kumar S. S. Sirqueira A. D. S. Xu W. Barron Y. Garduño Olvera I. E. Kumar S. S. O Soares B. G. Basak H. Kumar V. Onan A. Sohani A. Y Beidokhti B. H Kumaran S. S. Ou Yang C. Sohrabi M. K. Yadav A. Biolzi L. Han J. Kuo C. M. Somkun S. Yan L. Bokde N. D. Han J. Y. P Subramanian S. Yang C. Burra R. K. He D. L Pai K. C. Sun J. Yang G. He J. Lai C. M. Paidar M. Sun L. Yang I. T. C Ho H. C. Lan H. Q. Pardeshi M. Sung Y. C. Yang J. Cao H. Hou Z. Lee J. Paturi U. M. R Szabo L. Yang J. B. Chakraborty A. K. Hsiao G. Lee S. Paul L. Yang K. H. Chan H. C. Hsiao P. C. Lee Y. H. Pires V. F. T Yang N. C. Chan Y. J. Hsieh H. I. Li Y. Tama B. A. Yang S. Y. Chang C. K. Hsieh Y. C. Li Y. Q Tang X. Young K. Y. Chang H. H. Hsu I. Li Z. Qi J. Tao X. Yu C. C. Chang H. Y. Hsu Q. C. Lian F. L. Qin D. Teh J. Yue D. Chang R. S. Hsu W. S. Lian R. Qin Y. Tetteh E. K. Chang T. P. Hua L. Liao W. C. Qiu H. Tornabene F. Z Chang T. W. Huang B. W. Lin W. Y. Tsai C. C. Zhang W. Chang W. J. Huang S. C. Lin J. C. Tsai J. C. Zhang S. Chee P. S. Hui Y. Lin P. H. Tsai P. C. Zhao X. Cheepu M. Huminic A. Lin S. C. Tsai C. H. Zhao Z. Chen C. C. Hung C. H. Lin T. K. Tseng S. M. Zhou J. Chen C. H. Hung P. H. Lin W. Y. Tung K. L. Zhou J. W. Chen C. M. Hwang F. H. Ling J. M. Zhou M. Chen F. Liu C. W. Zhou M. Chen F. K. Liu K. Y. Zhou Y. Chen H. Liu S. H. Zhu D. Chen H. Liu W. C. Zhu Y. Chen J. Liu Z. Zhuang Z. W.","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43390054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.135
{"title":"Avian Pathology Volume 52 Number 2 April 2023 Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-67.1.135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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