Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00069
Irene Bueno, Isabel Ricke, Haejin Hwang, Emily Smith, André Nault, Timothy J Johnson, Randall S Singer
The objective of this systematic review was to compare the efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic alternatives in the prevention and treatment of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. In vivo experimental and observational studies that compared the administration of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics to prevent or treat NE in broiler chickens and that evaluated mortality and/or clinical or subclinical NE outcome measures were eligible. Four electronic databases were searched in December 2019 and updated in October 2021. Retrieved studies were evaluated in two phases: abstract and design screening. Data were then extracted from included studies. Risk of bias was assessed by outcome following the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity across interventions and outcomes. The non-antibiotic and antibiotic groups were compared at the outcome level for individual studies using the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated post hoc from raw data. In total, 1282 studies were originally identified, and 40 were included in the final review. The overall risk of bias for the 89 outcomes was either "high" (n = 34) or "some concerns" (n = 55). Individual study comparisons showed a beneficial trend toward the antibiotic group for reduced mortality, NE lesion scores (overall, jejunum, and ileum), Clostridium perfringens counts, and for most histologic measurements (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villi height, and jejunum and ileum crypt depth). The non-antibiotic groups showed a beneficial trend for NE duodenum lesion scores and duodenum crypt depth measurements. Based on this review, there is a trend that mostly favors antibiotic compounds in preventing and/or treating NE, but the evidence also suggests no difference when comparing them with non-antibiotic alternatives. Studies assessing this research question were heterogeneous in their intervention conditions and outcomes measured, and there were key aspects of the experimental design not reported in some of the studies.
本系统综述旨在比较抗生素和非抗生素替代品在预防和治疗肉鸡坏死性肠炎（NE）方面的功效。比较使用非抗生素化合物和抗生素预防或治疗肉鸡坏死性肠炎的体内实验和观察性研究，以及评估死亡率和/或临床或亚临床坏死性肠炎结果的研究均符合条件。于2019年12月检索了四个电子数据库，并于2021年10月进行了更新。检索到的研究分两个阶段进行评估：摘要和设计筛选。然后从纳入的研究中提取数据。根据 Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 工具按结果评估偏倚风险。由于干预措施和结果之间存在异质性，因此未进行荟萃分析。根据原始数据计算出的平均差和 95% 的置信区间 (CI)，在结果水平上对单项研究的非抗生素组和抗生素组进行了比较。最初共确定了 1282 项研究，其中 40 项被纳入最终审查。89项结果的总体偏倚风险为 "高"（34项）或 "有一些问题"（55项）。单项研究比较显示，抗生素组在降低死亡率、NE病变评分（总体、空肠和回肠）、产气荚膜梭菌计数以及大多数组织学测量（十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度以及空肠和回肠隐窝深度）方面有获益趋势。非抗生素组在东北十二指肠病变评分和十二指肠隐窝深度测量方面显示出有益的趋势。根据上述综述，抗生素化合物在预防和/或治疗 NE 方面的作用呈上升趋势，但也有证据表明，抗生素化合物与非抗生素替代品相比并无差异。对这一研究问题进行评估的研究在干预条件和测量结果方面存在差异，有些研究没有报告实验设计的关键方面。
{"title":"Efficacy of Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Interventions in Preventing and Treating Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Irene Bueno, Isabel Ricke, Haejin Hwang, Emily Smith, André Nault, Timothy J Johnson, Randall S Singer","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00069","DOIUrl":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this systematic review was to compare the efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic alternatives in the prevention and treatment of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. <i>In vivo</i> experimental and observational studies that compared the administration of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics to prevent or treat NE in broiler chickens and that evaluated mortality and/or clinical or subclinical NE outcome measures were eligible. Four electronic databases were searched in December 2019 and updated in October 2021. Retrieved studies were evaluated in two phases: abstract and design screening. Data were then extracted from included studies. Risk of bias was assessed by outcome following the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity across interventions and outcomes. The non-antibiotic and antibiotic groups were compared at the outcome level for individual studies using the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated <i>post hoc</i> from raw data. In total, 1282 studies were originally identified, and 40 were included in the final review. The overall risk of bias for the 89 outcomes was either \"high\" (<i>n</i> = 34) or \"some concerns\" (<i>n</i> = 55). Individual study comparisons showed a beneficial trend toward the antibiotic group for reduced mortality, NE lesion scores (overall, jejunum, and ileum), <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> counts, and for most histologic measurements (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum villi height, and jejunum and ileum crypt depth). The non-antibiotic groups showed a beneficial trend for NE duodenum lesion scores and duodenum crypt depth measurements. Based on this review, there is a trend that mostly favors antibiotic compounds in preventing and/or treating NE, but the evidence also suggests no difference when comparing them with non-antibiotic alternatives. Studies assessing this research question were heterogeneous in their intervention conditions and outcomes measured, and there were key aspects of the experimental design not reported in some of the studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"67 1","pages":"20-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9412578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00064
Henry M Kariithi, David L Suarez, James F Davis, Louise Dufour-Zavala, Tim L Olivier, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Abhijeet Bakre, Chang-Won Lee
A complete genome sequence of a VG/GA -like strain of avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1) was identified by nontargeted next-generation sequencing of an oropharyngeal swab sample collected from a carcass of a 12-mo-old backyard chicken. The isolate has a fusion (F) protein cleavage site motif consistent with a low virulent AOAV-1, but it has a unique motif with phenylalanine at position 117 (112G-R-Q-G-R↓F117), which is typical for virulent AOAV-1 strains. The one nucleotide difference at the cleavage site compared to other low-virulence viruses made the isolate detectable by F-gene-specific real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) developed as a diagnostic test to specifically detect virulent strains. The mean death time determined in eggs and intracerebral pathogenicity index determined in chickens classified the isolate as lentogenic. This is the first report of a lentogenic VG/GA-like virus with a phenylalanine residue at position 117 of the F protein cleavage site in the United States. In addition to concern for potential pathogenic shift of the virus through additional changes at the cleavage site, our finding warrants increased awareness of diagnosticians of potential false positive F-gene rRT-PCR tests.
{"title":"Genome Sequencing and Characterization of an Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 VG/GA-like Isolate with a Unique Fusion Cleavage Site Motif.","authors":"Henry M Kariithi, David L Suarez, James F Davis, Louise Dufour-Zavala, Tim L Olivier, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Abhijeet Bakre, Chang-Won Lee","doi":"10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A complete genome sequence of a VG/GA -like strain of avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1) was identified by nontargeted next-generation sequencing of an oropharyngeal swab sample collected from a carcass of a 12-mo-old backyard chicken. The isolate has a fusion (F) protein cleavage site motif consistent with a low virulent AOAV-1, but it has a unique motif with phenylalanine at position 117 (<sup>112</sup>G-R-Q-G-R↓F<sup>117</sup>), which is typical for virulent AOAV-1 strains. The one nucleotide difference at the cleavage site compared to other low-virulence viruses made the isolate detectable by F-gene-specific real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) developed as a diagnostic test to specifically detect virulent strains. The mean death time determined in eggs and intracerebral pathogenicity index determined in chickens classified the isolate as lentogenic. This is the first report of a lentogenic VG/GA-like virus with a phenylalanine residue at position 117 of the F protein cleavage site in the United States. In addition to concern for potential pathogenic shift of the virus through additional changes at the cleavage site, our finding warrants increased awareness of diagnosticians of potential false positive F-gene rRT-PCR tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":8667,"journal":{"name":"Avian Diseases","volume":"67 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9466812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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