Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56050
A. Prasai, A. Prasai
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the second most common complaint in postoperative period especially in high risk surgeries like laparoscopic cholelithiasis. Many pharmacological strategies has been used for its prevention as PONV may cause adverse effects. Drugs like granisetron and dexamethasone has been used alone and in combination for the prophylaxis of PONV. We observed the adequacy and safety of the combination of these drugs by injecting granisetron (40mcg/kg) with dexamethasone (6mg) after induction of anesthesia. The total number of cases enrolled was 115. During 0-2 hours postoperatively, nausea, retching or vomiting was not seen in 110 (95.7%) of patients. Four (3.5%) patients had nausea or retching and 1 (0.9%) had vomiting episode in 30 minutes duration. During 2-6 hours, no nausea, retching or vomiting was seen in 113 (98.3%) patients and an episode of nausea was present in 2 (1.7%) cases. There was no nausea, retching or vomiting in any patient during 6-12 and 12-24 hours. The prophylactic anti-emetic therapy with combination of granisetron and dexamethasone is effective and safe during the first 24 hours in the postoperative period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
{"title":"Combination of Granisetron and Dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy","authors":"A. Prasai, A. Prasai","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56050","url":null,"abstract":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the second most common complaint in postoperative period especially in high risk surgeries like laparoscopic cholelithiasis. Many pharmacological strategies has been used for its prevention as PONV may cause adverse effects. Drugs like granisetron and dexamethasone has been used alone and in combination for the prophylaxis of PONV. We observed the adequacy and safety of the combination of these drugs by injecting granisetron (40mcg/kg) with dexamethasone (6mg) after induction of anesthesia. The total number of cases enrolled was 115. During 0-2 hours postoperatively, nausea, retching or vomiting was not seen in 110 (95.7%) of patients. Four (3.5%) patients had nausea or retching and 1 (0.9%) had vomiting episode in 30 minutes duration. During 2-6 hours, no nausea, retching or vomiting was seen in 113 (98.3%) patients and an episode of nausea was present in 2 (1.7%) cases. There was no nausea, retching or vomiting in any patient during 6-12 and 12-24 hours. The prophylactic anti-emetic therapy with combination of granisetron and dexamethasone is effective and safe during the first 24 hours in the postoperative period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47081959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56078
S. Acharya, Sanam Dangol
Shivering is a common and distressing problem after spinal anaesthesia which occurs due to heat loss and core to peripheral redistribution of body heat, resulting in reduction of core body temperature. Post anaesthetic shivering has deleterious metabolic and cardiovascular effect which should ideally be prevented by pharmacological methods that are economically and practically feasible in all settings compared to many physical methods. Therefore, this study was conducted using a centrally acting analgesic, oral Tramadol hydrochloride prophylactically for the prevention of perianaesthetic shivering after spinal anaesthesia. This prospective observational study was carried out in 106 patients of ASA I or II, aged 15 to 70 yrs of age undergoing lower limb or lower abdominal surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Postanaesthetic shivering was evaluated during the surgery. Shivering was observed in 11 (10.4%) patients and among them 2 (1.9%) patients had grade 1, 6 (5.7%) patients had grade 2, 2 (1.9%) patients had grade 3 and 1 (0.9%) patients had grade 4 type of shivering. Sedation was observed in 19 (17.9%) patients. The result of this study concluded that oral tramadol is very safe and superior to various drugs studied till date and can be used prophylactically as a part of premedication for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering in patients undergoing surgery under spinal anaesthesia.
{"title":"Use of Oral Tramadol to Prevent Post-anaesthetic Shivering in Patients Undergoing Surgery under Spinal Anaesthesia","authors":"S. Acharya, Sanam Dangol","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56078","url":null,"abstract":"Shivering is a common and distressing problem after spinal anaesthesia which occurs due to heat loss and core to peripheral redistribution of body heat, resulting in reduction of core body temperature. Post anaesthetic shivering has deleterious metabolic and cardiovascular effect which should ideally be prevented by pharmacological methods that are economically and practically feasible in all settings compared to many physical methods. Therefore, this study was conducted using a centrally acting analgesic, oral Tramadol hydrochloride prophylactically for the prevention of perianaesthetic shivering after spinal anaesthesia. This prospective observational study was carried out in 106 patients of ASA I or II, aged 15 to 70 yrs of age undergoing lower limb or lower abdominal surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Postanaesthetic shivering was evaluated during the surgery. Shivering was observed in 11 (10.4%) patients and among them 2 (1.9%) patients had grade 1, 6 (5.7%) patients had grade 2, 2 (1.9%) patients had grade 3 and 1 (0.9%) patients had grade 4 type of shivering. Sedation was observed in 19 (17.9%) patients. The result of this study concluded that oral tramadol is very safe and superior to various drugs studied till date and can be used prophylactically as a part of premedication for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering in patients undergoing surgery under spinal anaesthesia.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42839789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56053
Karnika Yadav, S. Poudyal, R. Chaulagain, A. Pradhan
The aim of this study was to assess the tongue cleaning habit among the people to maintain and improve the quality of oral hygiene. This cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient department of People’s Dental college and hospital, department of Community Dentistry among 312 patients 185 female and 127 male between 18-60 years. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part consisted of socio-demographic details of participants (age, sex, education and occupation). The second part consisted of 17 questions related to tongue cleanliness behavior. Self-constructed questionnaire adopted from previous study. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 20 version and descriptive statistics were calculated. Out of total 312 participants, 53.8% had a tongue cleaning habits. Sixty nine percent participants cleaned the tongue every day. About two-thirds 65% use toothbrush. Nearly 62% of the participants took 15- 30sec for tongue cleaning. Fifty percent clean the entire tongue. Eighty nine percent started the tongue cleaning about a year ago. Nearly 75% respondent clean tongue on their own without any suggestion from other persons. About 64.3% of the participants were not feeling unpleasant sensation after tongue clean. Nearly more than half 56 % had gagging reflex by using the tongue cleaner. About 53% (n=98) female were having a habit of tongue cleaning. About 30-39 age group 62.1% non-smokers and 57.4% had tongue cleaning habit. About 54.7% drinking tea / coffee had tongue-cleaning habits. In conclusion tongue cleaning habit helps to prevent halitosis, stains, tongue coating and maintain oral hygiene. In this population, more than half reported tongue cleaning habit.
{"title":"Assessment of tongue cleaning habit among the patients visiting a dental hospital in Kathmandu","authors":"Karnika Yadav, S. Poudyal, R. Chaulagain, A. Pradhan","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56053","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the tongue cleaning habit among the people to maintain and improve the quality of oral hygiene. This cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient department of People’s Dental college and hospital, department of Community Dentistry among 312 patients 185 female and 127 male between 18-60 years. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part consisted of socio-demographic details of participants (age, sex, education and occupation). The second part consisted of 17 questions related to tongue cleanliness behavior. Self-constructed questionnaire adopted from previous study. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 20 version and descriptive statistics were calculated. Out of total 312 participants, 53.8% had a tongue cleaning habits. Sixty nine percent participants cleaned the tongue every day. About two-thirds 65% use toothbrush. Nearly 62% of the participants took 15- 30sec for tongue cleaning. Fifty percent clean the entire tongue. Eighty nine percent started the tongue cleaning about a year ago. Nearly 75% respondent clean tongue on their own without any suggestion from other persons. About 64.3% of the participants were not feeling unpleasant sensation after tongue clean. Nearly more than half 56 % had gagging reflex by using the tongue cleaner. About 53% (n=98) female were having a habit of tongue cleaning. About 30-39 age group 62.1% non-smokers and 57.4% had tongue cleaning habit. About 54.7% drinking tea / coffee had tongue-cleaning habits. In conclusion tongue cleaning habit helps to prevent halitosis, stains, tongue coating and maintain oral hygiene. In this population, more than half reported tongue cleaning habit.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45171115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56051
S. Gauchan, C. Thapa, Srijana Bhusal, Sneha Bimali
Patient satisfaction is a well-established indicator of quality of medical care and an important tool for improving standards of health care. This study aimed to find the mean patient satisfaction with perioperative anaesthesia care they received. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) of a tertiary care centre from January 2022 to July 2022 after ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference No.: 045-078/079). All the patients who underwent emergency and elective surgery under central neuraxial blockade, peripheral nerve blockade or general anesthesia with intubation were assessed using a 10-item predesigned questionnaire. A total of 330 patients completed the questionnaire. In our patients the interpersonal and emotional aspects related to patient satisfaction was similar with all the three types of anesthesia. But patients who received general anesthesia were less satisfied with postoperative pain and postoperative nausea vomiting management. We found that our patients were satisfied with the perioperative care in terms of interpersonal and emotional aspects. The patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia were less satisfied in terms of physical aspects such as pain and nausea vomiting as compared to patients who underwent surgery under regional anesthesia.
{"title":"A Survey on Patient Satisfaction with Perioperative Anesthesia Care in a Tertiary Care Centre","authors":"S. Gauchan, C. Thapa, Srijana Bhusal, Sneha Bimali","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56051","url":null,"abstract":"Patient satisfaction is a well-established indicator of quality of medical care and an important tool for improving standards of health care. This study aimed to find the mean patient satisfaction with perioperative anaesthesia care they received. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) of a tertiary care centre from January 2022 to July 2022 after ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference No.: 045-078/079). All the patients who underwent emergency and elective surgery under central neuraxial blockade, peripheral nerve blockade or general anesthesia with intubation were assessed using a 10-item predesigned questionnaire. A total of 330 patients completed the questionnaire. In our patients the interpersonal and emotional aspects related to patient satisfaction was similar with all the three types of anesthesia. But patients who received general anesthesia were less satisfied with postoperative pain and postoperative nausea vomiting management. We found that our patients were satisfied with the perioperative care in terms of interpersonal and emotional aspects. The patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia were less satisfied in terms of physical aspects such as pain and nausea vomiting as compared to patients who underwent surgery under regional anesthesia.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47514939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56043
A. S. Rijal, A. S. Tuladhar, R. Joshi, K. Shrestha, A. Dhungana, Rupak Khadka
Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common problem in the paediatric age group causing nasal obstruction, snoring, waking up at night, nasal discharge, mouth breathing and decrease in hearing. This causes considerable morbidity in children along with various sequalae. The adenoidal nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR) is an objective method to assess AH and is calculated using a lateral neck x-ray. The study assessed the relationship between symptoms of AH and ANR. A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted in children between the ages of 2 to 14 years. History of the symptoms was obtained and ANR was calculated using a lateral neck x-ray. There was a male preponderance of 1.3:1, with the majority of children between 6 to 10 years of age (67.3%). The common symptoms were nasal discharge (81.1%), mouth breathing (79.8%), snoring (76%) and decrease in hearing (66.3%). The largest mean adenoid size was 18.20 ± 2.63 mm in the 6-10 years, while the greatest mean nasopharyngeal depth was in the 11-14 years old age group (34.50 ± 2.88 mm). The maximum mean ANR of 0.71 ± 0.11 was in the 2-5 years old. All the symptoms of AH showed statistically significanct relationship with high ANR; snoring (p=0.003), waking up at night (p=0.001), nasal discharge (p=0.001), mouth breathing (p=0.034), decrease in hearing (p=0.030). It was seen that the highest number of children affected was in the younger age group where ANR was higher. ANR on nasopharyngeal x-ray (lateral view) correlated well and showed significant relationship with symptoms of AH.
{"title":"Relationship between Symptoms of Adenoid Hypertrophy and Adenoidal Nasopharyngeal Ratio in Children at a Tertiary Hospital","authors":"A. S. Rijal, A. S. Tuladhar, R. Joshi, K. Shrestha, A. Dhungana, Rupak Khadka","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56043","url":null,"abstract":"Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common problem in the paediatric age group causing nasal obstruction, snoring, waking up at night, nasal discharge, mouth breathing and decrease in hearing. This causes considerable morbidity in children along with various sequalae. The adenoidal nasopharyngeal ratio (ANR) is an objective method to assess AH and is calculated using a lateral neck x-ray. The study assessed the relationship between symptoms of AH and ANR. A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted in children between the ages of 2 to 14 years. History of the symptoms was obtained and ANR was calculated using a lateral neck x-ray. There was a male preponderance of 1.3:1, with the majority of children between 6 to 10 years of age (67.3%). The common symptoms were nasal discharge (81.1%), mouth breathing (79.8%), snoring (76%) and decrease in hearing (66.3%). The largest mean adenoid size was 18.20 ± 2.63 mm in the 6-10 years, while the greatest mean nasopharyngeal depth was in the 11-14 years old age group (34.50 ± 2.88 mm). The maximum mean ANR of 0.71 ± 0.11 was in the 2-5 years old. All the symptoms of AH showed statistically significanct relationship with high ANR; snoring (p=0.003), waking up at night (p=0.001), nasal discharge (p=0.001), mouth breathing (p=0.034), decrease in hearing (p=0.030). It was seen that the highest number of children affected was in the younger age group where ANR was higher. ANR on nasopharyngeal x-ray (lateral view) correlated well and showed significant relationship with symptoms of AH.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43541311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56052
P. Adhikari, K. Devkota
In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, reduced numbers of insulin secretory granules in beta cells and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion have been observed, with insulin resistance and the onset of diabetes in them. This study was conducted to find the association between COVID-19 infection and new-onset diabetes. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Internal Medicine at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, for a duration of 6 months (July to December 2021). A total of 38 new-onset diabetes patients with a confirmed history of COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Ethical clearance was taken from the Research and Institutional Review Committee, Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (Reference No.068- 077/078). Venous blood was collected and fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were measured. Data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social version 20.0. Analytical data were compared using Z- test for the parametric values and the Chi-Square test for the nonparametric values. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of less than 0.05. As per clinical severity, 22 had mild, 13 had moderate and three had severe COVID-19 infection. The mean fasting blood sugar was 169.84 ± 40.72 mg/dl and the mean postprandial blood sugar was 249.92 ± 72.46 mg/dl. The mean HbA1c was 7.92 ± 1.11%. Out of 38 patients, 36 had a history of systemic steroid use and hyperglycemia was significantly associated with steroid use (Z=1.97, P=0.024).
在严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型感染中，观察到β细胞中胰岛素分泌颗粒数量减少，葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌受损，并出现胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病发病。这项研究旨在发现COVID-19感染与新发糖尿病之间的关系。这是一项在尼泊尔医学院教学医院内科进行的横断面研究，为期6个月(2021年7月至12月)。采用非概率方便抽样技术，共纳入38例确诊有COVID-19感染史的新发糖尿病患者。通过了尼泊尔医学院教学医院研究和机构审查委员会(参考编号068- 077/078)的伦理许可。采集静脉血，测定空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白。数据在Social version 20.0的统计软件包中进行分析。分析资料的参数值采用Z检验，非参数值采用卡方检验。统计学显著性定义为p值小于0.05。根据临床严重程度，22人感染轻度，13人感染中度，3人感染重度。空腹血糖平均值为169.84±40.72 mg/dl，餐后血糖平均值为249.92±72.46 mg/dl。平均HbA1c为7.92±1.11%。38例患者中，36例有全身性类固醇使用史，高血糖与类固醇使用显著相关(Z=1.97, P=0.024)。
{"title":"Association Between COVID-19 Infection and New-Onset Diabetes in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu","authors":"P. Adhikari, K. Devkota","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56052","url":null,"abstract":"In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, reduced numbers of insulin secretory granules in beta cells and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion have been observed, with insulin resistance and the onset of diabetes in them. This study was conducted to find the association between COVID-19 infection and new-onset diabetes. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Internal Medicine at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, for a duration of 6 months (July to December 2021). A total of 38 new-onset diabetes patients with a confirmed history of COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Ethical clearance was taken from the Research and Institutional Review Committee, Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (Reference No.068- 077/078). Venous blood was collected and fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were measured. Data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social version 20.0. Analytical data were compared using Z- test for the parametric values and the Chi-Square test for the nonparametric values. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of less than 0.05. As per clinical severity, 22 had mild, 13 had moderate and three had severe COVID-19 infection. The mean fasting blood sugar was 169.84 ± 40.72 mg/dl and the mean postprandial blood sugar was 249.92 ± 72.46 mg/dl. The mean HbA1c was 7.92 ± 1.11%. Out of 38 patients, 36 had a history of systemic steroid use and hyperglycemia was significantly associated with steroid use (Z=1.97, P=0.024).","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56045
A. Khadka, S. Pudasaini, Bipin Maharjan
Lymphadenopathy is most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Various etiological factors can cause lymphadenopathy. Cytomorphological study of lymphadenopathy is a window for diagnosis of many disease processes. Aspiration cytology provides a reliable, safe, rapid and economical method of screening the patients with accuracy. It can differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions and therefore influences patient management preventing patient from being subjected to unnecessary surgery. Hospital based descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary health care hospital in Kathmandu over a period of three years (1st June 2019 to 30th May 2022). A total of 331 cases of lymphadenopathy were included in the study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytomorphological findings of lymphadenopathy. Out of 331 cases of lymphadenopathy, 281 (84.9%) of the cases were non-neoplastic and 47 (14.2%) were neoplastic. Among non neoplastic lesions, reactive lymphadenitis 113 (34.1%) was the most common diagnosis followed by tubercular lymphadenitis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, suppurative lymphadenitis and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Among neoplastic, 40 (12%) were metastatic carcinoma and 7 (2.1%) were lymphoma. Among metastatic carcinoma the most common was squamous cell carcinoma followed by breast carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Other metastatic carcinoma were small cell carcinoma of lung and melanoma. This study showed that cytomorphological study of lymph node is a convenient procedure for accurate assessment of patients with lymphadenopathy.
{"title":"Cytomorphological Study of Lymphadenopathy at a Tertiary Health Care Hospital in Kathmandu","authors":"A. Khadka, S. Pudasaini, Bipin Maharjan","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56045","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphadenopathy is most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Various etiological factors can cause lymphadenopathy. Cytomorphological study of lymphadenopathy is a window for diagnosis of many disease processes. Aspiration cytology provides a reliable, safe, rapid and economical method of screening the patients with accuracy. It can differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions and therefore influences patient management preventing patient from being subjected to unnecessary surgery. Hospital based descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary health care hospital in Kathmandu over a period of three years (1st June 2019 to 30th May 2022). A total of 331 cases of lymphadenopathy were included in the study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytomorphological findings of lymphadenopathy. Out of 331 cases of lymphadenopathy, 281 (84.9%) of the cases were non-neoplastic and 47 (14.2%) were neoplastic. Among non neoplastic lesions, reactive lymphadenitis 113 (34.1%) was the most common diagnosis followed by tubercular lymphadenitis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, suppurative lymphadenitis and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Among neoplastic, 40 (12%) were metastatic carcinoma and 7 (2.1%) were lymphoma. Among metastatic carcinoma the most common was squamous cell carcinoma followed by breast carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Other metastatic carcinoma were small cell carcinoma of lung and melanoma. This study showed that cytomorphological study of lymph node is a convenient procedure for accurate assessment of patients with lymphadenopathy.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48694733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late-onset neurological complication post-SARS-COV-2 infection is an atypical feature of COVID-19 infection. Vocal cord paralysis is one such complication that can cause symptoms ranging from mild hoarseness of voice to severe dyspnoea requiring mechanical ventilation. In this case report, we describe a 51 years old male with sudden onset of hoarseness of voice six months after recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia without endotracheal intubation and no history of respiratory or any other new illness in between. Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy revealed the left vocal cord paralysis, and a CT scan showed fibrosis, an air cyst in the upper lobe of the left lung, and bilateral lung diffuse ground glass opacity. There was no significant improvement in voice on treatment with prednisolone for nine days and speech therapy. Thus, unilateral vocal cord palsy can present as sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia.
{"title":"Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Post Covid-19 Infection: A Case Report","authors":"Anish Paudyal, Sphurna Karki, Sachin Bhatta, Sashwat Raj Lamichhane, A. Dhungana","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56082","url":null,"abstract":"Late-onset neurological complication post-SARS-COV-2 infection is an atypical feature of COVID-19 infection. Vocal cord paralysis is one such complication that can cause symptoms ranging from mild hoarseness of voice to severe dyspnoea requiring mechanical ventilation. In this case report, we describe a 51 years old male with sudden onset of hoarseness of voice six months after recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia without endotracheal intubation and no history of respiratory or any other new illness in between. Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy revealed the left vocal cord paralysis, and a CT scan showed fibrosis, an air cyst in the upper lobe of the left lung, and bilateral lung diffuse ground glass opacity. There was no significant improvement in voice on treatment with prednisolone for nine days and speech therapy. Thus, unilateral vocal cord palsy can present as sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41668899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56047
A. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, Saraswati Surkheti, Roja Khanal, S. Pradhan, A. S. Tuladhar, R. Acharya
Spondylolysis is aunilateral or bilateralanatomical defect of pars interarticularis of vertebral arch and commonly occurs at L5-S1 level (85-95%) and L4-5level (5-15%). It is one of the most common causes of lower back pain (LBP), is prevalent in approximately 6% of population and can progress to spondylolisthesiswhich in turn can cause radiculopathy. Although majority of patients may remain asymptomatic, symptomatic patients in early stages usually benefit from conservative treatment. Hence, early identification is very important and multidetector CT (MDCT) scan is the most sensitive technique to diagnose spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. The prevalence and long-term prognosis of spondylolysis is still not known in the context of Nepal. This study aims to find out the prevalence of incidental lumbosacral spondylolysis on CT scan inNepalese population. Cross-sectional descriptive studydata was collected from 2629 CT abdomen and pelvis performed during four and half year’s period at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Presence of spondylolysis was evaluated on multiplanar and volumetric images. Associated feature like spondylolisthesis was also noted. Data obtained was compiled and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Services – 20 (SPSS-20). Out of total 2629 patients, 1135 were males (43.1%) and 1494 were females (56.9%). Youngest was 14 year and oldest was 102 year old. There was linear positive relation between the age of the patients and frequency of spondylolysis. Incidental lumbosacral spondylolysis was seen in 146 patients with overall prevalence of 5.5%. Out of which 71 were males with 6.2 % prevalence and 75 were females with 5.0 % prevalence.Females were nearly equally affected as males. Frequency of spondylolysis was more in below 60 year (57.5%) compared to above 60 year age group (42.5%). Commonest location was at L5-S1 level, seen in 134 patients (91.8%) followed by L4-L5 level in 8 patients (5.5 %) and both L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels in 4 patients (2.7 %). Spondylolisthesis was seen in 43 (29.5 %) out of 146 patients with spondylolysis, out of which 15 were males (34.9%) and 28 were females (65.1%). In presence of spondylolysis, females had more statistically significant prevalence of spondylolisthesis than males (p value<0.05). The overall prevalence of spondylolysis and at levels at which it occurs concur with that of established literatures. However, this study shows that females are only slightly less affected than males and is nearly equally prevalent in below 60 year age group unlike shown in previous studies.
{"title":"Prevalence of incidental lumbosacral spondylolysis on multidetector computed tomography in Nepalese population","authors":"A. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, Saraswati Surkheti, Roja Khanal, S. Pradhan, A. S. Tuladhar, R. Acharya","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56047","url":null,"abstract":"Spondylolysis is aunilateral or bilateralanatomical defect of pars interarticularis of vertebral arch and commonly occurs at L5-S1 level (85-95%) and L4-5level (5-15%). It is one of the most common causes of lower back pain (LBP), is prevalent in approximately 6% of population and can progress to spondylolisthesiswhich in turn can cause radiculopathy. Although majority of patients may remain asymptomatic, symptomatic patients in early stages usually benefit from conservative treatment. Hence, early identification is very important and multidetector CT (MDCT) scan is the most sensitive technique to diagnose spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. The prevalence and long-term prognosis of spondylolysis is still not known in the context of Nepal. This study aims to find out the prevalence of incidental lumbosacral spondylolysis on CT scan inNepalese population. Cross-sectional descriptive studydata was collected from 2629 CT abdomen and pelvis performed during four and half year’s period at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Presence of spondylolysis was evaluated on multiplanar and volumetric images. Associated feature like spondylolisthesis was also noted. Data obtained was compiled and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Services – 20 (SPSS-20). Out of total 2629 patients, 1135 were males (43.1%) and 1494 were females (56.9%). Youngest was 14 year and oldest was 102 year old. There was linear positive relation between the age of the patients and frequency of spondylolysis. Incidental lumbosacral spondylolysis was seen in 146 patients with overall prevalence of 5.5%. Out of which 71 were males with 6.2 % prevalence and 75 were females with 5.0 % prevalence.Females were nearly equally affected as males. Frequency of spondylolysis was more in below 60 year (57.5%) compared to above 60 year age group (42.5%). Commonest location was at L5-S1 level, seen in 134 patients (91.8%) followed by L4-L5 level in 8 patients (5.5 %) and both L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels in 4 patients (2.7 %). Spondylolisthesis was seen in 43 (29.5 %) out of 146 patients with spondylolysis, out of which 15 were males (34.9%) and 28 were females (65.1%). In presence of spondylolysis, females had more statistically significant prevalence of spondylolisthesis than males (p value<0.05). The overall prevalence of spondylolysis and at levels at which it occurs concur with that of established literatures. However, this study shows that females are only slightly less affected than males and is nearly equally prevalent in below 60 year age group unlike shown in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43255470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56081
S. Parajuli, Sadhana Sharma, Ruchi Sharma
Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are acquired, focal dilation of a retinal artery. Patients with retinal arterial macroaneurysms can present with an acute or gradual loss of vision as a result of vitreous hemorrhage, preretinal hemorrhage or macular edema. An 81 year old female, a known hypertensive since 12 years under regular follow-up visits, presented to us with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to ruptured retinal artery macroaneurysm in the right eye. She was managed with indirect argon laser treatment. Accurate diagnosis and co-management are crucial to save vision and help prevent life altering complications. This case report emphasizes the need of ocular examination in systemic diseases and further establishes ‘eye as the window of the body’.
{"title":"A Case of Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm: A Ticking Time Bomb of the Eye","authors":"S. Parajuli, Sadhana Sharma, Ruchi Sharma","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v25i2.56081","url":null,"abstract":"Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are acquired, focal dilation of a retinal artery. Patients with retinal arterial macroaneurysms can present with an acute or gradual loss of vision as a result of vitreous hemorrhage, preretinal hemorrhage or macular edema. An 81 year old female, a known hypertensive since 12 years under regular follow-up visits, presented to us with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to ruptured retinal artery macroaneurysm in the right eye. She was managed with indirect argon laser treatment. Accurate diagnosis and co-management are crucial to save vision and help prevent life altering complications. This case report emphasizes the need of ocular examination in systemic diseases and further establishes ‘eye as the window of the body’.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44779251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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