This study aims to investigate the structure and petroleum habitat of salt-related structures in the Kosyu–Rogov Trough, which is a part of the Uralian fold-and-thrust belt in the Timan–Pechora Basin. The structures produced by the upper Ordovician salt are thought to have a much wider distribution in the Kosyu–Rogov Trough and the adjacent Chernyshev Swell than was previously believed. The sedimentary cover of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough is decoupled along the salt layer, resulting in the long-distance transfer of contraction in the post-salt deposits. Based on an integrated interpretation of subsurface data, including 2D and 3D seismic surveys, two types of salt structures are recognised: (1) salt pillows and (2) squeezed diapirs. The salt pillows are distributed in the mildly disturbed central part of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough above the layer-parallel flat of the salt detachment. The squeezed diapirs are clustered within the external part of the study area in the highly disturbed Chernyshev Swell, where the salt layer is passing into basin margin carbonate equivalents. The squeezing of the massive salt diapirs of the Chernyshev Swell has produced large, salt-detached backthrusts in the external part of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough. The horizontal displacement of the backthrust can reach 15 km. Stratigraphic thinning over diapirs and angular unconformities indicate that the initiation of the salt tectonics preceded the onset of the Uralian collision shortening in the late Artinskian. Salt diapirism episodically influenced the facies distribution in the post-salt deposits, predetermining the location of carbonate banks, reefs, oolitic shoals and karstified areas. The large thickness of the sedimentary cover has resulted in early hydrocarbon migration, peaking before the Uralian shortening. This explains why previous exploration projects targeting thrust-related traps that postdated the main migration were largely unsuccessful. It is proposed that traps associated with long-lived salt structures, which were able to receive a hydrocarbon charge during the peak of hydrocarbon migration, are of primary exploration interest.
{"title":"Compressional Salt Tectonics and Exploration Plays in the Kosyu–Rogov Trough, the Timan–Pechora Basin","authors":"Konstantin Sobornov","doi":"10.1111/bre.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to investigate the structure and petroleum habitat of salt-related structures in the Kosyu–Rogov Trough, which is a part of the Uralian fold-and-thrust belt in the Timan–Pechora Basin. The structures produced by the upper Ordovician salt are thought to have a much wider distribution in the Kosyu–Rogov Trough and the adjacent Chernyshev Swell than was previously believed. The sedimentary cover of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough is decoupled along the salt layer, resulting in the long-distance transfer of contraction in the post-salt deposits. Based on an integrated interpretation of subsurface data, including 2D and 3D seismic surveys, two types of salt structures are recognised: (1) salt pillows and (2) squeezed diapirs. The salt pillows are distributed in the mildly disturbed central part of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough above the layer-parallel flat of the salt detachment. The squeezed diapirs are clustered within the external part of the study area in the highly disturbed Chernyshev Swell, where the salt layer is passing into basin margin carbonate equivalents. The squeezing of the massive salt diapirs of the Chernyshev Swell has produced large, salt-detached backthrusts in the external part of the Kosyu–Rogov Trough. The horizontal displacement of the backthrust can reach 15 km. Stratigraphic thinning over diapirs and angular unconformities indicate that the initiation of the salt tectonics preceded the onset of the Uralian collision shortening in the late Artinskian. Salt diapirism episodically influenced the facies distribution in the post-salt deposits, predetermining the location of carbonate banks, reefs, oolitic shoals and karstified areas. The large thickness of the sedimentary cover has resulted in early hydrocarbon migration, peaking before the Uralian shortening. This explains why previous exploration projects targeting thrust-related traps that postdated the main migration were largely unsuccessful. It is proposed that traps associated with long-lived salt structures, which were able to receive a hydrocarbon charge during the peak of hydrocarbon migration, are of primary exploration interest.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intricate interplay of post-collisional magmatism, deformation and related exhumation has reshaped the basin–range system at convergent plate boundaries, as exemplified by the South Tianshan (STS) and the northern part of the Tarim basin (i.e., the Kuqa basin). However, how magmatism, deformation and exhumation interact to control the evolution of the basin–range system remains unclear. This study applies multisystem thermochronometry to elucidate the links between exhumation and post-collisional magmatism, sedimentary burial, thrusting, and deformation at the boundary of the STS–Kuqa basin. Our results reveal that the eastern Kuqa basin experienced rapid exhumation during Permian–early Triassic times, coinciding with volcanic eruptions (ca. 293–288 Ma and ca. 262–254 Ma) and accelerated tectonic subsidence in the western region. The early Permian exhumation was driven by post-collisional continental extension, whereas the late Permian–early Triassic exhumation was associated with regional-scale transpressive strike–slip faults. From the late Triassic to Early Cretaceous, the Kuqa basin experienced continuous burial reheating, corresponding to continuous denudation in the STS during that period. Subsequently, long-term slow denudation in the STS region continued until the early Cenozoic. During the Oligocene–early Miocene, southward thrusting along the North Tarim Fault resulted in the growth and denudation of the STS, coupled with sedimentary burial reheating in the Kuqa basin. Then, deformation continued towards the Tarim basin and intensified since the late Miocene (ca. 5 Ma). The late Cenozoic deformation and exhumation were synchronous with the reactivation of preexisting faults in the STS, and exhibited a progressive westward increase, which can be linked to the clockwise rotation of the Tarim block during the India–Asia collision.
{"title":"Coupled Evolution Between the South Tianshan and Kuqa Basin: Insights From Multisystem Thermochronometers","authors":"Shun Yu, Ying Tong, Martin Danišík, Guoqing You","doi":"10.1111/bre.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The intricate interplay of post-collisional magmatism, deformation and related exhumation has reshaped the basin–range system at convergent plate boundaries, as exemplified by the South Tianshan (STS) and the northern part of the Tarim basin (i.e., the Kuqa basin). However, how magmatism, deformation and exhumation interact to control the evolution of the basin–range system remains unclear. This study applies multisystem thermochronometry to elucidate the links between exhumation and post-collisional magmatism, sedimentary burial, thrusting, and deformation at the boundary of the STS–Kuqa basin. Our results reveal that the eastern Kuqa basin experienced rapid exhumation during Permian–early Triassic times, coinciding with volcanic eruptions (ca. 293–288 Ma and ca. 262–254 Ma) and accelerated tectonic subsidence in the western region. The early Permian exhumation was driven by post-collisional continental extension, whereas the late Permian–early Triassic exhumation was associated with regional-scale transpressive strike–slip faults. From the late Triassic to Early Cretaceous, the Kuqa basin experienced continuous burial reheating, corresponding to continuous denudation in the STS during that period. Subsequently, long-term slow denudation in the STS region continued until the early Cenozoic. During the Oligocene–early Miocene, southward thrusting along the North Tarim Fault resulted in the growth and denudation of the STS, coupled with sedimentary burial reheating in the Kuqa basin. Then, deformation continued towards the Tarim basin and intensified since the late Miocene (ca. 5 Ma). The late Cenozoic deformation and exhumation were synchronous with the reactivation of preexisting faults in the STS, and exhibited a progressive westward increase, which can be linked to the clockwise rotation of the Tarim block during the India–Asia collision.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex M. Washburn, Paul J. Sylvester, Kathryn E. Snell
Beef calcite veins in the Green River Formation of the Uinta Basin, Utah, were geochemically characterised to test two hypotheses: (1) that beef calcite veins can form during extensional tectonism and (2) that fluid overpressure can develop in open or partially restricted hydrologic systems. Laser ablation U–Pb geochronology yielded three precipitation ages, with the most precise at 24.8 ± 4.8 Ma (2σ), consistent with maximum burial of the formation and coinciding with uplift of the Uinta Basin segment of the Colorado Plateau. Clumped isotope thermometry indicates precipitation temperatures between 55°C and 72°C—substantially lower than the estimated host rock temperatures of 110°C to 140°C based on a ~30°C/km geothermal gradient. δ13C and δ18O values of beef calcite range from 1.6‰ to −1.2‰ and −10.7‰ to −11.5‰ (VPDB), respectively, with calculated δ18O of the precipitating fluid (VSMOW) ranging from −3.3‰ to −5.2‰. These values are consistent with a mixed meteoric and shallow connate water source, suggesting the downward invasion of cold, evolved meteoric fluids along faults and fractures during post-Laramide extensional tectonic deformation. The overpressure required for beef calcite formation may have been generated by hydraulic head associated with these downward-migrating fluids and the subsequent lateral displacement of basin brines along stratigraphic interfaces beneath regionally continuous mudstone and evaporite seals.
{"title":"Deep Basin Overpressure Resulting From Fluid Migration and Hydraulic Head in the Uinta Basin: Insights From Beef Calcite in the Green River Formation","authors":"Alex M. Washburn, Paul J. Sylvester, Kathryn E. Snell","doi":"10.1111/bre.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Beef calcite veins in the Green River Formation of the Uinta Basin, Utah, were geochemically characterised to test two hypotheses: (1) that beef calcite veins can form during extensional tectonism and (2) that fluid overpressure can develop in open or partially restricted hydrologic systems. Laser ablation U–Pb geochronology yielded three precipitation ages, with the most precise at 24.8 ± 4.8 Ma (2σ), consistent with maximum burial of the formation and coinciding with uplift of the Uinta Basin segment of the Colorado Plateau. Clumped isotope thermometry indicates precipitation temperatures between 55°C and 72°C—substantially lower than the estimated host rock temperatures of 110°C to 140°C based on a ~30°C/km geothermal gradient. δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of beef calcite range from 1.6‰ to −1.2‰ and −10.7‰ to −11.5‰ (VPDB), respectively, with calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O of the precipitating fluid (VSMOW) ranging from −3.3‰ to −5.2‰. These values are consistent with a mixed meteoric and shallow connate water source, suggesting the downward invasion of cold, evolved meteoric fluids along faults and fractures during post-Laramide extensional tectonic deformation. The overpressure required for beef calcite formation may have been generated by hydraulic head associated with these downward-migrating fluids and the subsequent lateral displacement of basin brines along stratigraphic interfaces beneath regionally continuous mudstone and evaporite seals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kosuke Tsutsui, Simon Holford, Nick Schofield, Mark Bunch, Ken McClay, Rosalind King
In multi-phase rifts, pre-existing structural fabrics that are formed during earlier rifting stages can influence fault growth during later deformation. Successive extensional episodes cause pre-existing faults to reactivate, leading to the propagation of fault planes and/or generation of branching faults in surrounding strata. Pre-existing faults can also locally control geometries (e.g., fault bends) and distributions of subsequent faults by creating stress and strain perturbations without exhibiting observable fault displacements (i.e., structural inheritance). Constraining the evolution of faults in multi-phase rift basins is crucial for understanding how accommodation spaces form and pathways for subsurface fluids (e.g., water, hydrocarbons, magma) develop during active deformation. However, due to structural complexity and limitations in data availability and resolution, capturing detailed fault geometries in time and space remains challenging. This study focuses on the structural framework of the central Browse Basin, the Australian North West Shelf, which experienced repeated phases of rifting throughout the Mesozoic. Using multiple surveys of a high-quality 3D seismic reflection dataset, this study demonstrates how successive extensional episodes shaped fault geometries and hence the structural configuration of the central Browse Basin. Key findings include: (1) the development of distinct fault patterns such as zigzag, rhomboidal, arc-shaped and en echelon geometries through reactivations of pre-existing Permian–Triassic faults; (2) a rotation in extensional stress orientation after the Late Jurassic, resulting in the deepening of WNW–ESE striking grabens; and (3) quantification of fault growth histories revealing variations in displacement and periods of activity, including the cessation of some major faults by the Late Jurassic. These insights provide a detailed tectono-stratigraphic evolution model for the central Browse Basin and offer broader implications for understanding fault behaviour in multi-phase rift systems globally.
{"title":"Impacts of Pre-Existing Structural Fabrics on Fault Growth and Evolution During Multi-Phase Rifting: Case Study From the Central Browse Basin, North West Shelf of Australia","authors":"Kosuke Tsutsui, Simon Holford, Nick Schofield, Mark Bunch, Ken McClay, Rosalind King","doi":"10.1111/bre.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In multi-phase rifts, pre-existing structural fabrics that are formed during earlier rifting stages can influence fault growth during later deformation. Successive extensional episodes cause pre-existing faults to reactivate, leading to the propagation of fault planes and/or generation of branching faults in surrounding strata. Pre-existing faults can also locally control geometries (e.g., fault bends) and distributions of subsequent faults by creating stress and strain perturbations without exhibiting observable fault displacements (i.e., structural inheritance). Constraining the evolution of faults in multi-phase rift basins is crucial for understanding how accommodation spaces form and pathways for subsurface fluids (e.g., water, hydrocarbons, magma) develop during active deformation. However, due to structural complexity and limitations in data availability and resolution, capturing detailed fault geometries in time and space remains challenging. This study focuses on the structural framework of the central Browse Basin, the Australian North West Shelf, which experienced repeated phases of rifting throughout the Mesozoic. Using multiple surveys of a high-quality 3D seismic reflection dataset, this study demonstrates how successive extensional episodes shaped fault geometries and hence the structural configuration of the central Browse Basin. Key findings include: (1) the development of distinct fault patterns such as zigzag, rhomboidal, arc-shaped and en echelon geometries through reactivations of pre-existing Permian–Triassic faults; (2) a rotation in extensional stress orientation after the Late Jurassic, resulting in the deepening of WNW–ESE striking grabens; and (3) quantification of fault growth histories revealing variations in displacement and periods of activity, including the cessation of some major faults by the Late Jurassic. These insights provide a detailed tectono-stratigraphic evolution model for the central Browse Basin and offer broader implications for understanding fault behaviour in multi-phase rift systems globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bre.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Makuluni, P., Hauser, J., & Clark, S. (2024). Developing a probabilistic compaction model for the Northern Carnarvon Basin using Bayesian inference. Basin Research, 36(6), e70005. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70005
The x-axis label in Figures 2-7 and 10 is missing a multiplier and should be ‘μs/km × 106’ instead of ‘μs/km’. The full x-axis label of these figures should read: sonic transit time (μs/km × 106).
{"title":"Correction to “Developing a Probabilistic Compaction Model for the Northern Carnarvon Basin Using Bayesian Inference”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/bre.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Makuluni, P., Hauser, J., & Clark, S. (2024). Developing a probabilistic compaction model for the Northern Carnarvon Basin using Bayesian inference. <i>Basin Research</i>, 36(6), e70005. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70005</p><p>The x-axis label in Figures 2-7 and 10 is missing a multiplier and should be <b>‘μs/km × 10</b><sup><b>6</b></sup><b>’</b> instead of ‘<b>μs/km’</b>. The full x-axis label of these figures should read: <b><i>sonic transit time (μs/km × 10</i></b><sup><b><i>6</i></b></sup><b>)</b>.</p><p>We apologise for this error.</p><p>See the corrected figure labels below</p>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bre.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cédric Bulois, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Manuel Pubellier, Louise Watremez, Matthias Delescluse, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Jacques Deverchere, Frank Zwaan
The influence of transversal crustal discontinuities on the development of continental rift systems remains poorly constrained, especially because their connection with shallow normal faults is often unclear. Nonetheless, these basement faults likely affect the dynamics and the kinematics of the rifting, especially during the early stages of extension. Our study focusses on the Porcupine Basin, offshore west of Ireland, an aborted rift propagator that experienced a 220 Myr-long geological evolution with several rifting episodes. Detailed seismic analysis, integrated with exploration well data, illustrates the regional complexity of the structural patterns across the basin, with faults running subparallel or transverse to its axis. This tectonic framework controlled the northward migration of the crustal stretching during the Late Jurassic, followed by crustal thinning during the Early Cretaceous. Pre-existing, orogenic-derived structures bound crustal terranes that control deformation pulses when rifted apart. This suggests structural barriers that either slowed the northward rifting migration during the Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Tithonian when crosscutting through the Variscan and Caledonian fold-and-thrust belts, or stopped the rifting by the end of the Barremian when it encountered Caledonian and Grenvillian crystalline basements. We propose that this structural inheritance led to the formation of a typical rift propagator of continental nature, and that the Porcupine Basin constitutes a remarkable example of a termination of rifting processes in a well-formed oceanic rift system.
{"title":"Stepwise Decay of Rift Propagation in the Porcupine Basin, Offshore West of Ireland","authors":"Cédric Bulois, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Manuel Pubellier, Louise Watremez, Matthias Delescluse, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Jacques Deverchere, Frank Zwaan","doi":"10.1111/bre.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The influence of transversal crustal discontinuities on the development of continental rift systems remains poorly constrained, especially because their connection with shallow normal faults is often unclear. Nonetheless, these basement faults likely affect the dynamics and the kinematics of the rifting, especially during the early stages of extension. Our study focusses on the Porcupine Basin, offshore west of Ireland, an aborted rift propagator that experienced a 220 Myr-long geological evolution with several rifting episodes. Detailed seismic analysis, integrated with exploration well data, illustrates the regional complexity of the structural patterns across the basin, with faults running subparallel or transverse to its axis. This tectonic framework controlled the northward migration of the crustal stretching during the Late Jurassic, followed by crustal thinning during the Early Cretaceous. Pre-existing, orogenic-derived structures bound crustal terranes that control deformation pulses when rifted apart. This suggests structural barriers that either slowed the northward rifting migration during the Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Tithonian when crosscutting through the Variscan and Caledonian fold-and-thrust belts, or stopped the rifting by the end of the Barremian when it encountered Caledonian and Grenvillian crystalline basements. We propose that this structural inheritance led to the formation of a typical rift propagator of continental nature, and that the Porcupine Basin constitutes a remarkable example of a termination of rifting processes in a well-formed oceanic rift system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivier Galland, Anna M. R. Sartell, Rafael Kenji Horota, Hans Jørgen Kjøll, Jonathan J. S. Runge, Ivar Midtkandal, Kim Senger
Sills are fundamental elements of volcanic plumbing systems emplaced in sedimentary basins. Even though sills are commonly considered simple, planar concordant igneous sheets, they are actually complex 3-dimensional objects. Detailed knowledge of the 3D structure of sills and their host rocks is of primary relevance to better constrain the emplacement mechanisms and the impacts of sills on sedimentary basins. This study describes the results of 3-dimensional geological mapping of a large (~14 × 9 km), well-exposed Early Cretaceous dolerite sill in Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Arctic Norway, using a combination of digital outcrop modelling and field mapping. The sill was emplaced within Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary formations of Svalbard. It is made of distinct segments emplaced at different stratigraphic levels of the host rock stratigraphy. The mapping shows a clear stratigraphic control on the intrusion morphology. Sill segments emplaced at the boundary between two formations, which mark a strong lithological and rheological boundary, are straight and concordant. Conversely, segments emplaced within a more homogeneous formation exhibit more irregular, locally discordant shapes. The sill segments emplaced at distinct stratigraphic levels are connected by steeply dipping steps, which formed through dilatant shearing between the tips of the sill segments. The preferred NW-SE orientation of the steps and the thinning of the sill towards the SE suggests a propagation direction of the magma towards the SE. Our study shows how 3-dimensional knowledge of igneous intrusions is key for revealing their emplacement mechanisms.
{"title":"Stratigraphic Influence on Emplacement and 3-Dimensional Structure of a Large Mafic Sill in Sedimentary Strata","authors":"Olivier Galland, Anna M. R. Sartell, Rafael Kenji Horota, Hans Jørgen Kjøll, Jonathan J. S. Runge, Ivar Midtkandal, Kim Senger","doi":"10.1111/bre.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sills are fundamental elements of volcanic plumbing systems emplaced in sedimentary basins. Even though sills are commonly considered simple, planar concordant igneous sheets, they are actually complex 3-dimensional objects. Detailed knowledge of the 3D structure of sills and their host rocks is of primary relevance to better constrain the emplacement mechanisms and the impacts of sills on sedimentary basins. This study describes the results of 3-dimensional geological mapping of a large (~14 × 9 km), well-exposed Early Cretaceous dolerite sill in Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Arctic Norway, using a combination of digital outcrop modelling and field mapping. The sill was emplaced within Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary formations of Svalbard. It is made of distinct segments emplaced at different stratigraphic levels of the host rock stratigraphy. The mapping shows a clear stratigraphic control on the intrusion morphology. Sill segments emplaced at the boundary between two formations, which mark a strong lithological and rheological boundary, are straight and concordant. Conversely, segments emplaced within a more homogeneous formation exhibit more irregular, locally discordant shapes. The sill segments emplaced at distinct stratigraphic levels are connected by steeply dipping steps, which formed through dilatant shearing between the tips of the sill segments. The preferred NW-SE orientation of the steps and the thinning of the sill towards the SE suggests a propagation direction of the magma towards the SE. Our study shows how 3-dimensional knowledge of igneous intrusions is key for revealing their emplacement mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to discuss the transition process of the forearc basin setting along the Northeast Japan arc, based on the results of strontium isotope dating, resistivity image facies analysis, sequence stratigraphic and depositional system interpretation, and seismic facies mapping, mainly using the Site C0020 succession data of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 337, off Shimokita Peninsula and surrounding seismic sections. The detailed correlations and strontium isotope ages constrain the geologic ages of Units II, III and IV of the Site C0020 succession as Eocene to Early Miocene. Cores and resistivity image logs show that Units II, III and IV consist of five facies associations, indicating bay, estuarine to fluvial, delta and muddy slope systems and eleven depositional sequences. Plot mapping of these facies associations and seismic facies indicates the drastic changes of the forearc basin setting through four tectonic phases from Eocene to Miocene. During Phase 1 (Eocene to Early Oligocene: Unit IV), the bay-to-estuarine system was dominant within a restricted forearc basin by a subaerially uplifted trench slope break. Phase 2 (Early to Late Oligocene: Unit III and the lowermost Unit II) was characterised by further uplift and erosion of the trench slope break, which formed three Oligocene unconformities: Ounc1, Ounc2 and Ounc3. During Phase 3 (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene: Unit II), a large-scale subsidence of the trench slope break started, possibly related to the onset of tectonic erosion of the subducting plate, and the forearc basin became an open-marine setting with a prograding delta system. After the formation of Miocene unconformity (Munc), Phase 4 (Middle Miocene-: Unit I) caused the cessation of the delta system, and the forearc basin became a muddy deep-water slope system, possibly resulting from the continent-derived sediment supply decrease due to the backarc opening of the Sea of Japan.
{"title":"Depositional Ages, Sequence Stratigraphy and Transition Process of Forearc Setting From Paleogene Restricted Bay/Estuarine to Neogene Open-Marine Deltaic/Slope Systems in the Sanriku-Oki Forearc Basin, Northeast Japan","authors":"Osamu Takano, Takashi Tsuji, Yasuhiro Yamada, Akira Ijiri, Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, Masafumi Murayama, Yasuo Kondo, Fumio Inagaki","doi":"10.1111/bre.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper aims to discuss the transition process of the forearc basin setting along the Northeast Japan arc, based on the results of strontium isotope dating, resistivity image facies analysis, sequence stratigraphic and depositional system interpretation, and seismic facies mapping, mainly using the Site C0020 succession data of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 337, off Shimokita Peninsula and surrounding seismic sections. The detailed correlations and strontium isotope ages constrain the geologic ages of Units II, III and IV of the Site C0020 succession as Eocene to Early Miocene. Cores and resistivity image logs show that Units II, III and IV consist of five facies associations, indicating bay, estuarine to fluvial, delta and muddy slope systems and eleven depositional sequences. Plot mapping of these facies associations and seismic facies indicates the drastic changes of the forearc basin setting through four tectonic phases from Eocene to Miocene. During Phase 1 (Eocene to Early Oligocene: Unit IV), the bay-to-estuarine system was dominant within a restricted forearc basin by a subaerially uplifted trench slope break. Phase 2 (Early to Late Oligocene: Unit III and the lowermost Unit II) was characterised by further uplift and erosion of the trench slope break, which formed three Oligocene unconformities: Ounc1, Ounc2 and Ounc3. During Phase 3 (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene: Unit II), a large-scale subsidence of the trench slope break started, possibly related to the onset of tectonic erosion of the subducting plate, and the forearc basin became an open-marine setting with a prograding delta system. After the formation of Miocene unconformity (Munc), Phase 4 (Middle Miocene-: Unit I) caused the cessation of the delta system, and the forearc basin became a muddy deep-water slope system, possibly resulting from the continent-derived sediment supply decrease due to the backarc opening of the Sea of Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bre.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Beke, M. Fialowski, T. Müller, F. Schubert, R. Lukács, M. Guillong, Sz. Harangi, L. Fodor
Development of brittle fracture zones as passages for fluid migration within the shallow crust results in substantial petrophysical and rheological changes that strongly influence deformation localisation, promoting reactivation at evolved inhomogeneities in the host rock. A natural example of multi-stage fault zone evolution with different generations of deformation elements and mode of silica cementation was investigated using combined structural, burial, micropetrographic, geochemical and geochronological analyses in a sandstone predating the main rifting phase. Deformation mechanisms progressively evolved from proto-cataclasis, through advanced cataclasis connected with inhomogeneous silica cementation, to siliceous fluid-enhanced slip along discrete fault planes or vein formation; all of these processes are well correlated with burial and volcanic phases. The established relationships allowed reconstruction of the evolutionary steps within the fault zones as the initially porous sediment was structurally and diagenetically hardened and then softened, and the geometry of the fault system changed during rifting. The age of silica-associated fracture systems (syn-tectonic silica cementation) is constrained by early type deformation bands (having the same pattern as silica-associated fractures) occurring in the ~15.3 Ma pyroclastic rocks bordering the sandstone. Silica precipitation can be related primarily to structurally controlled fluid pulses and rapid cooling as fluids pass through the propagating syn-rift fractures in an initially good siliciclastic aquifer. Such large-scale hydrothermal fluid migration, resulting in tens of km2 siliceous cementation, was facilitated by the onset of volcanic activity. The accompanying general increase in fluid pressure may have led to the permutation of the maximum and the intermediate principal stress axes. As a result, the early syn-rift extension switched to a transtension during the main syn-rift phase. Meanwhile, vertical axis rotations also contributed to the change in the apparent stress field, resulting in the development of a fault pattern analogous to an oblique rift. The developed fault sets, with three characteristic orientations and frequent reactivation, may have formed in relation to an inherited structural weakness zone.
{"title":"Structurally Controlled Silica Precipitation Within Multi-Stage Fault Damage Zones During the Rifting of the Pannonian Basin","authors":"B. Beke, M. Fialowski, T. Müller, F. Schubert, R. Lukács, M. Guillong, Sz. Harangi, L. Fodor","doi":"10.1111/bre.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Development of brittle fracture zones as passages for fluid migration within the shallow crust results in substantial petrophysical and rheological changes that strongly influence deformation localisation, promoting reactivation at evolved inhomogeneities in the host rock. A natural example of multi-stage fault zone evolution with different generations of deformation elements and mode of silica cementation was investigated using combined structural, burial, micropetrographic, geochemical and geochronological analyses in a sandstone predating the main rifting phase. Deformation mechanisms progressively evolved from proto-cataclasis, through advanced cataclasis connected with inhomogeneous silica cementation, to siliceous fluid-enhanced slip along discrete fault planes or vein formation; all of these processes are well correlated with burial and volcanic phases. The established relationships allowed reconstruction of the evolutionary steps within the fault zones as the initially porous sediment was structurally and diagenetically hardened and then softened, and the geometry of the fault system changed during rifting. The age of silica-associated fracture systems (syn-tectonic silica cementation) is constrained by early type deformation bands (having the same pattern as silica-associated fractures) occurring in the ~15.3 Ma pyroclastic rocks bordering the sandstone. Silica precipitation can be related primarily to structurally controlled fluid pulses and rapid cooling as fluids pass through the propagating syn-rift fractures in an initially good siliciclastic aquifer. Such large-scale hydrothermal fluid migration, resulting in tens of km<sup>2</sup> siliceous cementation, was facilitated by the onset of volcanic activity. The accompanying general increase in fluid pressure may have led to the permutation of the maximum and the intermediate principal stress axes. As a result, the early syn-rift extension switched to a transtension during the main syn-rift phase. Meanwhile, vertical axis rotations also contributed to the change in the apparent stress field, resulting in the development of a fault pattern analogous to an oblique rift. The developed fault sets, with three characteristic orientations and frequent reactivation, may have formed in relation to an inherited structural weakness zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bre.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Deiss, S. Rohais, V. Regard, J. J. Armitage, S. Carretier, S. Bonnet
Quantifying sediment fluxes is an essential part of the Source-to-Sink approach in the understanding of sedimentary systems. However, the transfer of sediment from the source to the sink and the factors controlling it are still poorly understood. We focus on a small catchment coupled with its offshore deep-sea fan: the Sithas system (Gulf of Corinth, Greece). We restore the volume of sediment eroded in the catchment using geomorphic constraints; quantify the volume of sediment deposited in the offshore basin, after revising the age model; and calculate erosional fluxes using the BQART model. This allows for the comparison of the reconstructed fluxes of sediment eroded and deposited since 800 ka across the entire source-to-sink system. For the Sithas coupled catchment-deep-sea fan system, we show an increase in sedimentary fluxes both in erosion and deposition since 800 ka and particularly since 400 ka, where cyclic variations of ~120 kyr are recorded in erosion and deposition compartments. We suggest that the overall increase in flux results from a change in the catchment size due to the tectonic evolution of the region. The record of cyclic variations from 400 kyr in fluxes matches with the maturity of the system and with the intensification of glacial cycles and tectonic constraints migration. We also suggest that the discrepancy between erosion and deposition reflects a temporary storage between source and sink areas, probably along the coast. This has changed since 30 ka, introducing the last phase of evolution characterised by phased source and sink dynamics, suggesting a lack of temporary storage and a connection between river outlet and submarine canyon head. This study shows that sediment fluxes are controlled by the catchment's size as well as by climatic and tectonic factors and that even a small sedimentary system can be affected by temporary sediment storage.
{"title":"Source-to-Sink Signal Propagation in a Small, Coupled Catchment-Deep-Sea Fan System: The Sithas Example From the Corinth Rift (Pleistocene, Greece)","authors":"N. Deiss, S. Rohais, V. Regard, J. J. Armitage, S. Carretier, S. Bonnet","doi":"10.1111/bre.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying sediment fluxes is an essential part of the Source-to-Sink approach in the understanding of sedimentary systems. However, the transfer of sediment from the source to the sink and the factors controlling it are still poorly understood. We focus on a small catchment coupled with its offshore deep-sea fan: the Sithas system (Gulf of Corinth, Greece). We restore the volume of sediment eroded in the catchment using geomorphic constraints; quantify the volume of sediment deposited in the offshore basin, after revising the age model; and calculate erosional fluxes using the BQART model. This allows for the comparison of the reconstructed fluxes of sediment eroded and deposited since 800 ka across the entire source-to-sink system. For the Sithas coupled catchment-deep-sea fan system, we show an increase in sedimentary fluxes both in erosion and deposition since 800 ka and particularly since 400 ka, where cyclic variations of ~120 kyr are recorded in erosion and deposition compartments. We suggest that the overall increase in flux results from a change in the catchment size due to the tectonic evolution of the region. The record of cyclic variations from 400 kyr in fluxes matches with the maturity of the system and with the intensification of glacial cycles and tectonic constraints migration. We also suggest that the discrepancy between erosion and deposition reflects a temporary storage between source and sink areas, probably along the coast. This has changed since 30 ka, introducing the last phase of evolution characterised by phased source and sink dynamics, suggesting a lack of temporary storage and a connection between river outlet and submarine canyon head. This study shows that sediment fluxes are controlled by the catchment's size as well as by climatic and tectonic factors and that even a small sedimentary system can be affected by temporary sediment storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":8712,"journal":{"name":"Basin Research","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bre.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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