{"title":"Targeting Viral mRNA Translation Control as a New Concept for Anti-Virus Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"","doi":"10.31038/idt.2021221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2021221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84173324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
occurrence Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is challenging the world affecting heavily people’s mental health. The psychological consequences of this pandemic include depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, and loneliness due to home confinement during lockdowns. A good sleep quality is essential to face this stressing condition, nevertheless one of the first complaint reported by the population, soon after the onset of the pandemic in China, was sleep disturbance. A large amount of work has now evidenced that sleep disturbance related to the pandemic affects more than one third of the population of both sexes across all involved countries. Very young people and the elderly are particularly affected by this problem. Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are strictly associated with sleep disturbance. As risk of suicide has increased during the pandemic, insomnia has also been proven to be a cause of suicidal ideation. The strict confinement measures adopted by most countries to tackle the outbreak have also contribute to create a sense of disorientation among people and to change their sleep habits. Poor sleep quality reduces daytime functioning and mental resources. These effects can have dramatic consequences in the general public, but more specifically in health care workers, now facing the most stressful experience right in the center of this catastrophe. In this article we review available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on people’s quality of sleep and on the occurrence of sleep disturbance in different subsets of the population, analyzing also risk factors determining insomnia and the consequences of this dreadful condition.
{"title":"Sleep Disturbance and COVID-19: An Epidemic Inside the Pandemic","authors":"L. Spicuzza","doi":"10.31038/idt.2021211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2021211","url":null,"abstract":"occurrence Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is challenging the world affecting heavily people’s mental health. The psychological consequences of this pandemic include depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, and loneliness due to home confinement during lockdowns. A good sleep quality is essential to face this stressing condition, nevertheless one of the first complaint reported by the population, soon after the onset of the pandemic in China, was sleep disturbance. A large amount of work has now evidenced that sleep disturbance related to the pandemic affects more than one third of the population of both sexes across all involved countries. Very young people and the elderly are particularly affected by this problem. Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are strictly associated with sleep disturbance. As risk of suicide has increased during the pandemic, insomnia has also been proven to be a cause of suicidal ideation. The strict confinement measures adopted by most countries to tackle the outbreak have also contribute to create a sense of disorientation among people and to change their sleep habits. Poor sleep quality reduces daytime functioning and mental resources. These effects can have dramatic consequences in the general public, but more specifically in health care workers, now facing the most stressful experience right in the center of this catastrophe. In this article we review available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on people’s quality of sleep and on the occurrence of sleep disturbance in different subsets of the population, analyzing also risk factors determining insomnia and the consequences of this dreadful condition.","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86994527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
using analytic methodology, of eliciting a specific antibody response without overloading the responsive system. There has also often been only restricted means of following the physiological consequences of the activation of the large numbers of the cells which are part of the overall immunological processes including, importantly, non-specific activation of the innate system following the creation of dead dying and damaged cells as a consequence of infection.
{"title":"Communicable Diseases in Homo sapiens for Immunologists","authors":"Davies Ajs","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020122","url":null,"abstract":"using analytic methodology, of eliciting a specific antibody response without overloading the responsive system. There has also often been only restricted means of following the physiological consequences of the activation of the large numbers of the cells which are part of the overall immunological processes including, importantly, non-specific activation of the innate system following the creation of dead dying and damaged cells as a consequence of infection.","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76575888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
in the same epithelia cell the the 53% tested for SARS-CoV-2 in a the respiratory samples remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for a mean of 16.7 days (SD 6.7) and faecal samples remained positive for a mean of 27.9 days (SD 10.7) after first symptom onset verified in a number of additional in and asymptomatic, mild and severe COVID-19 patients. al. from released from after recovery 10% were still for SARS-CoV-2
{"title":"Are the Consequences of Gastrointestinal Infections of SARS-CoV-2 Underestimated?","authors":"K. Hilpert","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020121","url":null,"abstract":"in the same epithelia cell the the 53% tested for SARS-CoV-2 in a the respiratory samples remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for a mean of 16.7 days (SD 6.7) and faecal samples remained positive for a mean of 27.9 days (SD 10.7) after first symptom onset verified in a number of additional in and asymptomatic, mild and severe COVID-19 patients. al. from released from after recovery 10% were still for SARS-CoV-2","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89799768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
instinctively, or by learning, using aspects of our five senses, to avoid potential harm and what can either be pleasant or useful. Deployment of the five senses is similar in most vertebrates. In addition to the five basic senses, concerned directly with responses to environmental changes, there are internal more arcane senses which are also interface regulatory devices, operating either to protect us from danger or beneficially to enhance our life experiences. Some of these inner senses relate to such interactions as are involved with our responses to Covid-19 which we cannot see, smell, hear, taste or sense by touch. The inner senses are complex and include what are usually called the immune responses. The immune responses are widely believed, in a variety of ways, to be protective and to involve a non-cognitive learning element, referred to by many professional immunologists as immunologic memory. As far as protection is concerned this seems sensible in what can be seen as a hostile world that, following the thinking of Charles Darwin, Tennyson wrote of as ‘Nature, red in tooth and claw’. The whole concept of ‘immune’ implies ‘not affected by’. Wikipedia gives the meaning of ‘immune’ as ‘resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells’. This definition could be thought largely to ignore one of the basic defense mechanisms of the body the innate immune response. Abstract Attention is drawn to the existence of two very different facets of the immune processes operating consequent upon infection; Innate, a primitive mechanism which is quick acting and which plays a major part in inflammatory processes, and Adaptive, a mechanism that is slower to deliver elements specifically adapted from its recognition of the foreign invader. The cytokine storms that can be a harmful outcome of the response to infection derive initially from components of the innate immune system which, in addition to responding to foreignness, are activated by dead and/or dying cells of the infected host. It is suggested that although attack on the invading virus, by, say vaccination, seems the logical way to reduce the consequences of infection, it could be that exploration of the immunopathological effects of invasion could also help to specify means to reduce their impact. In particular it is suggested that prebiotics, orally ingested materials that can have beneficial effects on the gut micro biota, may be able beneficially to modify potentially harmful patterns of inflammation. In addition attention is drawn to the possibly exacerbating role of CRP an acute phase protein for which antagonists have been devised which could also help to reduce immunopathology.
{"title":"Thoughts of an Immunobiologist about Covid-19","authors":"Tony Davies","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020115","url":null,"abstract":"instinctively, or by learning, using aspects of our five senses, to avoid potential harm and what can either be pleasant or useful. Deployment of the five senses is similar in most vertebrates. In addition to the five basic senses, concerned directly with responses to environmental changes, there are internal more arcane senses which are also interface regulatory devices, operating either to protect us from danger or beneficially to enhance our life experiences. Some of these inner senses relate to such interactions as are involved with our responses to Covid-19 which we cannot see, smell, hear, taste or sense by touch. The inner senses are complex and include what are usually called the immune responses. The immune responses are widely believed, in a variety of ways, to be protective and to involve a non-cognitive learning element, referred to by many professional immunologists as immunologic memory. As far as protection is concerned this seems sensible in what can be seen as a hostile world that, following the thinking of Charles Darwin, Tennyson wrote of as ‘Nature, red in tooth and claw’. The whole concept of ‘immune’ implies ‘not affected by’. Wikipedia gives the meaning of ‘immune’ as ‘resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells’. This definition could be thought largely to ignore one of the basic defense mechanisms of the body the innate immune response. Abstract Attention is drawn to the existence of two very different facets of the immune processes operating consequent upon infection; Innate, a primitive mechanism which is quick acting and which plays a major part in inflammatory processes, and Adaptive, a mechanism that is slower to deliver elements specifically adapted from its recognition of the foreign invader. The cytokine storms that can be a harmful outcome of the response to infection derive initially from components of the innate immune system which, in addition to responding to foreignness, are activated by dead and/or dying cells of the infected host. It is suggested that although attack on the invading virus, by, say vaccination, seems the logical way to reduce the consequences of infection, it could be that exploration of the immunopathological effects of invasion could also help to specify means to reduce their impact. In particular it is suggested that prebiotics, orally ingested materials that can have beneficial effects on the gut micro biota, may be able beneficially to modify potentially harmful patterns of inflammation. In addition attention is drawn to the possibly exacerbating role of CRP an acute phase protein for which antagonists have been devised which could also help to reduce immunopathology.","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84468119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Crisis to a New Routine","authors":"","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87363261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01Epub Date: 2020-05-15DOI: 10.31038/idt.2020114
Lindsay Somerville, Amber Cardani, Thomas J Braciale
Despite major advances in influenza vaccination and flu-prevention community awareness campaigns, Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a worldwide and recurring threat [1, 2]. Seasonal influenza causes 3-5 million cases of severe respiratory and systemic illness and upwards of 650,000 deaths annually, particularly among the elderly, very young, and chronically ill [3]. Countless hours of missed school and work have significant economic consequences [4, 5]. In pandemic years, morbidity and mortality soars, especially among the young [6, 7].
{"title":"Alveolar Macrophages in Influenza A Infection Guarding the Castle with Sleeping Dragons.","authors":"Lindsay Somerville, Amber Cardani, Thomas J Braciale","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020114","url":null,"abstract":"Despite major advances in influenza vaccination and flu-prevention community awareness campaigns, Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a worldwide and recurring threat [1, 2]. Seasonal influenza causes 3-5 million cases of severe respiratory and systemic illness and upwards of 650,000 deaths annually, particularly among the elderly, very young, and chronically ill [3]. Countless hours of missed school and work have significant economic consequences [4, 5]. In pandemic years, morbidity and mortality soars, especially among the young [6, 7].","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7935064/pdf/nihms-1662418.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25455686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treatment and Management in the Corona Virus Crisis: Think outside the Box While inside the Box","authors":"","doi":"10.31038/idt.2020112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31038/idt.2020112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87272,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases and therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77754773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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