The acute inhalation toxicity of smoke generated from pure unform ulated red phosphorus ignited in an air stream was investigated in male rabbits, rats, m ice, and guinea pigs, exposed for 1 h. There was a wide range of 1h-LC values 5 0 among the species. Expressed as phosphorus, they were 1689 mg/m 3 (rabbits), 1217 mg/m 3 (rat), 271 mg/m 3 (mouse), and 61 mg/m 3 (guinea pig); expressed as ortho-phosphoric acid equivalents, the values are 5337, 3846, 856, and 193 mg /m 3 . In rabbits, rats, and m ice that died, there were sim ilar histopathological findings in the respiratory tract; laryngotracheal epithelial or mucosal necrosis with acute inflammatory cell infiltration, pulmonary congestion and edema, alveolar hemorrhages, alveolar wall polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, bronchiolitis, and macrophage aggregations in alveoli and bronchioles. These findings are compatible with respiratory tract injury from the corrosive effects of phosphoric acids in the smoke com position. In contrast, guinea pigs at t...
{"title":"ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF RED PHOSPHORUS SMOKE","authors":"B. Ballantyne","doi":"10.1080/107691898229251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229251","url":null,"abstract":"The acute inhalation toxicity of smoke generated from pure unform ulated red phosphorus ignited in an air stream was investigated in male rabbits, rats, m ice, and guinea pigs, exposed for 1 h. There was a wide range of 1h-LC values 5 0 among the species. Expressed as phosphorus, they were 1689 mg/m 3 (rabbits), 1217 mg/m 3 (rat), 271 mg/m 3 (mouse), and 61 mg/m 3 (guinea pig); expressed as ortho-phosphoric acid equivalents, the values are 5337, 3846, 856, and 193 mg /m 3 . In rabbits, rats, and m ice that died, there were sim ilar histopathological findings in the respiratory tract; laryngotracheal epithelial or mucosal necrosis with acute inflammatory cell infiltration, pulmonary congestion and edema, alveolar hemorrhages, alveolar wall polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, bronchiolitis, and macrophage aggregations in alveoli and bronchioles. These findings are compatible with respiratory tract injury from the corrosive effects of phosphoric acids in the smoke com position. In contrast, guinea pigs at t...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80450400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To provide a mechanism for the reduced serum prolactin (PRL) concentration associated with fescue toxicity, this study examined changes in ultrastructure and im munocytochem istry of pituitary mammotrophs following treatment with fescue extract. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed subcutaneously every 12 hours with either Kentucky-31 endophyte-infected seed extract (KEISE-4.86 gram seed equivalents/ml) or physiological sterile saline (PSS) from day 16 of gestation through day 4 postpartum. The level of hypophyseal immunoreactive PRL was indirectly estimated by microspectrophotometric quantitation of the absorbance of transmitted light. Light absorbed by hypophyseal tissue from KEISE-treated rats was 40.5% less (p <.05) than that of PSS-treated controls, suggesting the hypophyseal glands of KEISE-treated animals were synthesizing a sm aller amount of PRL. Serum PRL was directly quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The KEISE-treated dams did not show a significant rise in serum PRL, which is known to occ...
{"title":"CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MAMMOTROPHS WITH REDUCTIONS IN SERUM AND TISSUE PROLACTIN FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OF RATS TO KENTUCKY-31 ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED SEED EXTRACT","authors":"W. Manning, J. B. Garner","doi":"10.1080/107691898229314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229314","url":null,"abstract":"To provide a mechanism for the reduced serum prolactin (PRL) concentration associated with fescue toxicity, this study examined changes in ultrastructure and im munocytochem istry of pituitary mammotrophs following treatment with fescue extract. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed subcutaneously every 12 hours with either Kentucky-31 endophyte-infected seed extract (KEISE-4.86 gram seed equivalents/ml) or physiological sterile saline (PSS) from day 16 of gestation through day 4 postpartum. The level of hypophyseal immunoreactive PRL was indirectly estimated by microspectrophotometric quantitation of the absorbance of transmitted light. Light absorbed by hypophyseal tissue from KEISE-treated rats was 40.5% less (p <.05) than that of PSS-treated controls, suggesting the hypophyseal glands of KEISE-treated animals were synthesizing a sm aller amount of PRL. Serum PRL was directly quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The KEISE-treated dams did not show a significant rise in serum PRL, which is known to occ...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84722353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Brief Communication LONG-TERM TOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF NICKEL","authors":"E. Novel","doi":"10.1080/107691898229305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77137131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the continuing concern over both steroid compounds and metals as potential environmental pollutants, the interactions between these compounds could become an important health issue. In our continuing study of the interactions of cadmium with various steroids we recently found that testosterone pretreatment protects against cadmium-induced toxicity in C57 mice but has no effect in C3H mice. The basis of this strain-specific acquired tolerance to cadmium is still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA) on the toxicokinetics and toxicity of cadmium and on the ability of cadmium to induce metallothionein (MT) in male C57 and C3H mice. To assess the tissue accumulation of cadmium, the mice were given CA (10 mg/kg, sc, at 48, 24, and 0 h) prior to cadmium (10 mumol/kg, 0 h). The tissue distribution of cadmium was markedly affected by CA pretreatment, as accumulation of cadmium in liver of both strains was reduced 24 h after cadmium administration. Renal ...
{"title":"Treatment with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate modifies cadmium accumulation and metallothionein induction in C57 and C3H mice","authors":"Hideaki Shimada Michael P. Waalkes","doi":"10.1080/107691898229350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229350","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuing concern over both steroid compounds and metals as potential environmental pollutants, the interactions between these compounds could become an important health issue. In our continuing study of the interactions of cadmium with various steroids we recently found that testosterone pretreatment protects against cadmium-induced toxicity in C57 mice but has no effect in C3H mice. The basis of this strain-specific acquired tolerance to cadmium is still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA) on the toxicokinetics and toxicity of cadmium and on the ability of cadmium to induce metallothionein (MT) in male C57 and C3H mice. To assess the tissue accumulation of cadmium, the mice were given CA (10 mg/kg, sc, at 48, 24, and 0 h) prior to cadmium (10 mumol/kg, 0 h). The tissue distribution of cadmium was markedly affected by CA pretreatment, as accumulation of cadmium in liver of both strains was reduced 24 h after cadmium administration. Renal ...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79355156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Abdollahi Ahmadreza Dehpour Golriz Baharnouri
Effects of rubidium chloride (1200 mg/L drinking water) treatment for 10 d on rat submandibular saliva composition were examined in this study. Both submandibular ducts were cannulated intraorally with polyethylene tubes, and pure saliva was collected from anesthetized rubidium-treated and control rats using pilocarpine as a secretagogue. Saliva protein and calcium concentrations were found to be significantly (p < .05) increased in rubidium-treated groups. N -acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is one of the sensitive hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes that can be released after submandibular gland damage. The secretion of NAG in saliva increased significantly ( p <.01)after rubidium treatment. Salivary flow rate, normalized for gland weight, was also affected by rubidium treatment as there was a significant (p <.01) reduction of flow rate in rubidium-exposed rats. There is no obvious basis for these alterations in saliva protein and calcium content and in flow rate induced with rubidium, but possible...
{"title":"EFFECTS OF RUBIDIUM ON THE SECRETORY FUNCTION OF THE RAT SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND","authors":"Mohammad Abdollahi Ahmadreza Dehpour Golriz Baharnouri","doi":"10.1080/107691898229369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229369","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of rubidium chloride (1200 mg/L drinking water) treatment for 10 d on rat submandibular saliva composition were examined in this study. Both submandibular ducts were cannulated intraorally with polyethylene tubes, and pure saliva was collected from anesthetized rubidium-treated and control rats using pilocarpine as a secretagogue. Saliva protein and calcium concentrations were found to be significantly (p < .05) increased in rubidium-treated groups. N -acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is one of the sensitive hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes that can be released after submandibular gland damage. The secretion of NAG in saliva increased significantly ( p <.01)after rubidium treatment. Salivary flow rate, normalized for gland weight, was also affected by rubidium treatment as there was a significant (p <.01) reduction of flow rate in rubidium-exposed rats. There is no obvious basis for these alterations in saliva protein and calcium content and in flow rate induced with rubidium, but possible...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76847020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB, CAS No. 16219-75-3), an industrial chemical, was investigated for genotoxic potential with a battery of in vitro tests. No mutagenic activity occurred in the presence or absence of m etabolic activation with a Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, or in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell forward gene mutation assay (HGPRT locus). No effect was seen in a sister chromatid exchange test in CHO cells, with or without metabolic activation. A cytogenetic study, also conducted with CHO cells, did not show any increase in aberrant cells following dosing with ENB in the presence or absence of m etabolic activation. The findings suggest an absence of a m utagenic or clastogenic potential for ENB. reverse assay with strains TA98, TA100,
5-乙基-2-降冰片烯(ENB, CAS No. 16219-75-3)是一种工业化学品，通过一系列体外试验研究了其潜在的遗传毒性。在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA1535、TA1537和TA1538的代谢激活下，或在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞正向基因突变试验(HGPRT位点)中，均未发生致突变活性。姐妹染色单体交换试验在有或没有代谢激活的CHO细胞中未见效果。同样对CHO细胞进行的细胞遗传学研究显示，在存在或不存在代谢激活的情况下，服用ENB后，异常细胞没有增加。研究结果表明，ENB不具有致突变或致裂潜能。TA98, TA100，
{"title":"IN VITRO GENETIC TOXICOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS WITH 5-ETHYLIDENE-2-NORBORNENE","authors":"B. Ballantyne","doi":"10.1080/107691898229378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229378","url":null,"abstract":"5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB, CAS No. 16219-75-3), an industrial chemical, was investigated for genotoxic potential with a battery of in vitro tests. No mutagenic activity occurred in the presence or absence of m etabolic activation with a Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, or in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell forward gene mutation assay (HGPRT locus). No effect was seen in a sister chromatid exchange test in CHO cells, with or without metabolic activation. A cytogenetic study, also conducted with CHO cells, did not show any increase in aberrant cells following dosing with ENB in the presence or absence of m etabolic activation. The findings suggest an absence of a m utagenic or clastogenic potential for ENB. reverse assay with strains TA98, TA100,","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76844765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trichloroethylene (TRI) is a volatile, mobile, clear, colorless liquid that has been widely used in industry as a solvent and cleaner and has become a major groundwater contaminant. TRI is a well-recognized animal carcinogen, exhibiting marked sex- and species-dependent differences in susceptibility and target organ specificity. Controversy exists, however, about the cancer risk to humans from TRI exposure. Bioassays in laboratory animals have demonstrated increased incidences of liver and lung tumors in mice, and low, not always consistent, incidences of kidney tumors in male rats. In humans, however, direct evidence of carcinogenicity from TRI exposure is equivocal, although a few epidemiological studies have linked TRI exposure with increased incidence of urinary-tract tumors and lymphomas in workers and with childhood leukemia. Some studies have found evidence of renal injury and increased incidence of renal tumors, although many of these studies have small cohorts, incomplete exposure information, an...
{"title":"TRICHLOROETHYLENE:A CURRENT REVIEW OF METABOLISM, MODE OF ACTION, AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS","authors":"Elizabeth Lash","doi":"10.1080/107691898229387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229387","url":null,"abstract":"Trichloroethylene (TRI) is a volatile, mobile, clear, colorless liquid that has been widely used in industry as a solvent and cleaner and has become a major groundwater contaminant. TRI is a well-recognized animal carcinogen, exhibiting marked sex- and species-dependent differences in susceptibility and target organ specificity. Controversy exists, however, about the cancer risk to humans from TRI exposure. Bioassays in laboratory animals have demonstrated increased incidences of liver and lung tumors in mice, and low, not always consistent, incidences of kidney tumors in male rats. In humans, however, direct evidence of carcinogenicity from TRI exposure is equivocal, although a few epidemiological studies have linked TRI exposure with increased incidence of urinary-tract tumors and lymphomas in workers and with childhood leukemia. Some studies have found evidence of renal injury and increased incidence of renal tumors, although many of these studies have small cohorts, incomplete exposure information, an...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89752478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]ether (DMAEE;CAS no. 3033-62-3), an industrial chemical, was investigated for potential genotoxicity by in vitro and in vivo tests. No mutagenic activity occurred in vitro in a Salmonella typhimurium reverse assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, or in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell forward gene mutation assay (HGPRT locus), with or without metabolic activation. In a CHO sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test, although weak activity was seen, there was no clear doseresponse relationship, the effect was not replicated in duplicate cultures, and in the presence of metabolic activity statistical significance was only noted when the data from replicate cultures were combined. DMAEE did not stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes, expressed as either nuclear or DNA-bound 3H-thymidine. A peripheral blood mouse micronucleus test (DMAEE at 45, 90, and 145 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) showed no increase in micronucleated polychromatophilic ery...
{"title":"IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GENETIC TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH BIS[2-(DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL] ETHER","authors":"B. Ballantyne","doi":"10.1080/107691898229459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229459","url":null,"abstract":"Bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]ether (DMAEE;CAS no. 3033-62-3), an industrial chemical, was investigated for potential genotoxicity by in vitro and in vivo tests. No mutagenic activity occurred in vitro in a Salmonella typhimurium reverse assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, or in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell forward gene mutation assay (HGPRT locus), with or without metabolic activation. In a CHO sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test, although weak activity was seen, there was no clear doseresponse relationship, the effect was not replicated in duplicate cultures, and in the presence of metabolic activity statistical significance was only noted when the data from replicate cultures were combined. DMAEE did not stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes, expressed as either nuclear or DNA-bound 3H-thymidine. A peripheral blood mouse micronucleus test (DMAEE at 45, 90, and 145 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) showed no increase in micronucleated polychromatophilic ery...","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82460517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PEROXIDATIVE CHANGES IN RAT MYOCARDIUM PRODUCED BY GAMMA RAYS OR FARMORUBICIN: PREVENTION BY CARDIOXANE OR NEOTON","authors":"W. Przybyszewski, M. Wi","doi":"10.1080/107691898229413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/107691898229413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87425,"journal":{"name":"Toxic substance mechanisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74532173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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