Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry最新文献

Hypervalent iodine(III) reagents have become indispensable tools in organic synthesis, but gaps remain in the functionalities they can transfer. In this study, a fundamental understanding of the thermal stability of phosphorus-iodonium ylids is obtained through X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Insights into the structural factors affecting thermal stability and potential decomposition pathways will enable the future design and development of new reagents.

Diaryliodonium salts have become widely recognized as arylating agents in the last two decades. Both, symmetrical and unsymmetrical forms of these salts serve as effective electrophilic arylating reagents in various organic syntheses. The use of diaryliodoniums in C-C and carbon-heteroatom bond formations, particularly under metal-free conditions, has further enhanced the popularity of these reagents. In this review, we concentrate on various arylation reactions involving carbon and other heteroatoms, encompassing rearrangement reactions in the absence of any metal catalyst, and summarize advancements made in the last five years.

The study of organic small molecule semiconductor materials as active components of organic electronic devices continues to attract considerable attention due to the range of advantages these molecules can offer. Here, we report the synthesis of three dicyanomethylene-functionalised violanthrone derivatives (3a, 3b and 3c) featuring different alkyl substituents. It is found that the introduction of the electron-deficient dicyanomethylene groups significantly improves the optical absorption compared to their previously reported precursors 2a-c. All compounds are p-type semiconductors with low HOMO-LUMO gaps (≈1.25 eV). The hole mobilities, measured from fabricated organic field-effect transistors, range from 3.6 × 10^-6 to 1.0 × 10^-2 cm² V^-1 s^-1. We found that the compounds featuring linear alkyl chains (3b and 3c) displayed a higher mobility compared to the one with branched alkyl chains, 3a. This could be the result of the more highly disordered packing arrangement of this molecule in the solid state, induced by the branched side chains that hinder the formation of π-π stacking interactions. The influence of dicyanomethylene groups on the charge transport properties was most clearly observed in compound 3b which has a 60-fold improvement in mobility compared to 2b. This study demonstrates that the choice of the solubilising group has a profound effect on the hole mobility on these organic semiconductors.

The selective C-H trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehyde hydrazones afforded interesting fluorinated building blocks, which could be used as a synthetic platform. Starting from readily available (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic hydrazones, the formation of a C-SCF₃ bond was achieved under oxidative and mild reaction conditions in the presence of the readily available AgSCF₃ salt via a one-pot sequential process (28 examples, up to 91% yield). Mechanistic investigations revealed that AgSCF₃ was the active species in the transformation.

An efficient and facile synthesis of pyrrole-fused dibenzoxazepine/dibenzothiazepine/triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives was developed through the isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction of isocyanides, gem-diactivated olefins, and cyclic imines such as dibenzoxazepine, dibenzothiazepine, and triazolobenzodiazepine under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions. Purposefully, this approach produced various bioactive scaffolds using environmentally friendly, mild, and simple conditions. Due to their bioactive moieties, these compounds with exclusive fluorescence properties may attract great attention in biomedical applications, clinical diagnostics, and conjugate materials.

Indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo derivatives have been used for centuries as pigments. Since the 1990s, a new aspect of the chemistry of this type of compounds is their activity against various types of cancer. N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo, blue, red, and yellow sugars, turned out to be of special interest because of their high cancerostatic activity and structural novelty. The present article provides an account on the synthesis and anticancer activity of these compounds.

The use of alkylzinc bromides in the multicomponent Mannich reaction is described. Heteroleptic organozinc compounds were obtained in THF or 2-MeTHF by direct insertion of zinc dust into the C-Br bond of alkyl bromides. It was found that the presence of a stoichiometric amount of LiCl was essential for the efficiency of the subsequent three-component coupling with aldehydes and amines. A variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary organozinc reagents as well as secondary amines and aromatic aldehydes could be used for the straightforward preparation of α-branched amines. Interestingly, whereas previously reported work describing the preparation and reaction of organozinc iodides in acetonitrile showed higher reactivity of secondary organozinc reagents over primary ones, reactions in THF in the presence of LiCl led to opposite results, with higher reactivity of primary organozinc reagents.

The N,O-acetal derived from diethyl mesoxalate (DEMO) undergoes elimination of acetic acid upon treatment with a base, leading to the formation of N-acylimine in situ. Lithium acetylide readily attacks the imino group to afford N,1,1-tricarbonylated propargylamines. When the resulting propargylamine reacts with butyllithium, ring closure occurs between the ethynyl and carbamoyl groups, yielding 2,5-disubstituted oxazole-4-carboxylates. This cyclization also occurs when the propargylamine is heated with ammonium acetate, resulting in double activation.

The chemosensor properties of a bimetallic terbium(III)/copper(II) complex functionalized with a 4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole ligand for the detection of Cu²⁺ ions and, aqueous and gaseous hydrogen sulfide was investigated. The 4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole ligand functions both as an antenna chromophore and a receptor for Cu²⁺ ions; the Cu²⁺ complex was shown to be a chemosensor for the detection of aqueous hydrogen sulfide. The chemosensor exhibited significant reversibility over multiple cycles, observed with the sequential addition of Na₂S followed by Cu²⁺ ions. The limit of detection for aqueous hydrogen sulfide was 0.63 μM (20 ppb). No luminescent changes of the bimetallic terbium(III)/copper(II) complex were observed in the presence of gaseous hydrogen sulfide, and thus this sensor can only be used for the detection of aqueous hydrogen sulfide.

The heterocyclic core of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine was formed in satisfactory yields as a result of the interaction of the readily available 2-aminoimidazole with N-substituted maleimides or N-arylitaconimides. The mechanism of the studied processes was postulated basing on experimental data, HPLC-MS analysis of reaction mixtures, and quantum chemical calculations. Molecular docking results of the obtained imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, when compared with voriconazole, a drug already in clinical use, suggest that they may possess antifungal activity against Candida albicans.