{"title":"Drug development accelerated by artificial intelligence","authors":"Zhengwei Xie, Hao Li","doi":"10.1515/mr-2023-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2023-0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86377170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The era of true artificial intelligence has arrived. This is the author’s view with respect to the development of chatGPT Ouyang L, Wu J, Jiang X, Almeida D, Wainwright CL, Mishkin P, et al. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback; 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155 [Accessed 8 Jun 2023], which has been released and utilized much more rapidly than was originally anticipated. The popularity of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and other similar applications comes from their ability to appear more human-like and their powerful knowledge base, which can help solve many practical problems.
{"title":"The artificial intelligence pharma era after “Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer”","authors":"Zhengwei Xie, Gangqing Hu","doi":"10.1515/mr-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The era of true artificial intelligence has arrived. This is the author’s view with respect to the development of chatGPT Ouyang L, Wu J, Jiang X, Almeida D, Wainwright CL, Mishkin P, et al. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback; 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155 [Accessed 8 Jun 2023], which has been released and utilized much more rapidly than was originally anticipated. The popularity of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and other similar applications comes from their ability to appear more human-like and their powerful knowledge base, which can help solve many practical problems.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86629595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology which aims to make intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It can be utilized to enable human intelligence onmachines, but the ability of AI does not have to confine itself to biologically observable methods. It can identify hidden relationships, correlations, and trends that may not be apparent in traditional viewpoints. As a result, AI-enabled technologies have achieved significant achievements for medical care including diagnosis, treatment, drug discovery, and healthcare management [1]. Continuousmonitoring of patients plays a crucial role for medical diagnosis and treatment. Nonetheless, existing monitoring techniques have inherent limitations. Numerous methodsnecessitate theuse ofuncomfortable or cumbersome devices, with certain devices even being invasive. Consequently, patients have to face restrictions on their daily activities, and the duration ofmonitoring is curtailed.Moreover, some monitoring methods are cost-prohibitive, demanding specialized equipment and trained personnel for operation. To resolve this challenge, radio frequency (RF) based wireless monitoring schemes which enables contactless, noninvasive and continuous monitoring have been proposed [2]. Specifically, human activities would modulate the propagation of RF signals, which makes it possible to extract human information from the variation of RF signals. Benefiting from AI’s ability to identify hidden relationship between signal variation and human activities, contactless self-medication management, Parkinson detection, sleep monitoring and cardiac activity have been achieved the past decade. In the realm of chronic disease management, selfmedication is a prevalent practice. However, due to challenges introduced by inadequate professional guidance and medication adherence, patients often encounter issues related to medication self-administration. Errors in selfmedication can impose additional burdens on both patients and healthcare institutions. To address this, in 2021, Zhao proposed an innovative AI system that analyzes wireless signals within patients’ homes to identify errors in selfmedication [3]. Utilizing the reflection of wireless signals from the human body, the system can extract the signal corresponding to the activity of the patient. By applying AI techniques to analyze the signals received by sensors, the system can effectively track specific movements associated with self-medication. Consequently, this approach enables not only monitoring of medication timing but also assessment of whether patients adhere to the correct steps of using the medication device. This wireless sensing-based solution alleviates the burden on healthcare institutions and does not impose any inconvenience on patients’ daily lives. For medical treatment, in-depth knowledge of an individual’s health status and physiological functions is crucial for healthcare professionals to develop treatment plans and pre
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-enabled contactless sensing for medical diagnosis","authors":"Yan Chen, Manqi Wu","doi":"10.1515/mr-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology which aims to make intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It can be utilized to enable human intelligence onmachines, but the ability of AI does not have to confine itself to biologically observable methods. It can identify hidden relationships, correlations, and trends that may not be apparent in traditional viewpoints. As a result, AI-enabled technologies have achieved significant achievements for medical care including diagnosis, treatment, drug discovery, and healthcare management [1]. Continuousmonitoring of patients plays a crucial role for medical diagnosis and treatment. Nonetheless, existing monitoring techniques have inherent limitations. Numerous methodsnecessitate theuse ofuncomfortable or cumbersome devices, with certain devices even being invasive. Consequently, patients have to face restrictions on their daily activities, and the duration ofmonitoring is curtailed.Moreover, some monitoring methods are cost-prohibitive, demanding specialized equipment and trained personnel for operation. To resolve this challenge, radio frequency (RF) based wireless monitoring schemes which enables contactless, noninvasive and continuous monitoring have been proposed [2]. Specifically, human activities would modulate the propagation of RF signals, which makes it possible to extract human information from the variation of RF signals. Benefiting from AI’s ability to identify hidden relationship between signal variation and human activities, contactless self-medication management, Parkinson detection, sleep monitoring and cardiac activity have been achieved the past decade. In the realm of chronic disease management, selfmedication is a prevalent practice. However, due to challenges introduced by inadequate professional guidance and medication adherence, patients often encounter issues related to medication self-administration. Errors in selfmedication can impose additional burdens on both patients and healthcare institutions. To address this, in 2021, Zhao proposed an innovative AI system that analyzes wireless signals within patients’ homes to identify errors in selfmedication [3]. Utilizing the reflection of wireless signals from the human body, the system can extract the signal corresponding to the activity of the patient. By applying AI techniques to analyze the signals received by sensors, the system can effectively track specific movements associated with self-medication. Consequently, this approach enables not only monitoring of medication timing but also assessment of whether patients adhere to the correct steps of using the medication device. This wireless sensing-based solution alleviates the burden on healthcare institutions and does not impose any inconvenience on patients’ daily lives. For medical treatment, in-depth knowledge of an individual’s health status and physiological functions is crucial for healthcare professionals to develop treatment plans and pre","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86567367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since June 2020, the re-emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics in parts of China was linked to the cold chain, which attracted extensive attention and heated discussions from the public. According to the typical characteristics of these epidemics, we speculated a possible route of transmission from cold chain to human. A series of factors in the supply chain contributed to the epidemics if the cold chain were contaminated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as temperature, humidity, personal hygiene/protection, and disinfection. The workers who worked in the cold chain at the receiving end faced a higher risk of being infected when they were not well protected. Facing the difficult situation, China put forward targeted and powerful countermeasures to block the cold chain-related risk. However, in the context of the unstable pandemic situation globally, the risk of the cold chain needs to be recognized and evaluated seriously. Hence, in this review, we reviewed the cold chain-related epidemics in China, analyzed the possible mechanisms, introduced the Chinese experience, and suggested coping strategies for the global epidemic prevention and control.
{"title":"Cold chain and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission: a review for challenges and coping strategies","authors":"Jian K. Liu, W. Xia, Shunqing Xu, Yuan-yuan Li","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since June 2020, the re-emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics in parts of China was linked to the cold chain, which attracted extensive attention and heated discussions from the public. According to the typical characteristics of these epidemics, we speculated a possible route of transmission from cold chain to human. A series of factors in the supply chain contributed to the epidemics if the cold chain were contaminated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as temperature, humidity, personal hygiene/protection, and disinfection. The workers who worked in the cold chain at the receiving end faced a higher risk of being infected when they were not well protected. Facing the difficult situation, China put forward targeted and powerful countermeasures to block the cold chain-related risk. However, in the context of the unstable pandemic situation globally, the risk of the cold chain needs to be recognized and evaluated seriously. Hence, in this review, we reviewed the cold chain-related epidemics in China, analyzed the possible mechanisms, introduced the Chinese experience, and suggested coping strategies for the global epidemic prevention and control.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"3 1","pages":"50 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87310035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continued to spread rapidly across the world. In the past nearly two years, there have been over 267million confirmed COVID-19 cases including over five million deaths globally reported toWHO [1]. Facing this unprecedented public health crisis which we have not seen in a century, global experts rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spreadandvirulenceof the virus. Different countries develop response strategies and practices tailored to their own specific epidemiological situations, resources, and values of individuals living in their countries [2]. Although first reported, quick containment of COVID-19 was achieved in China. It set an inspiring example for the world. China experienced two stages for COVID-19 response [3]. The first stage began from the first case reported in Wuhan at the end of 2019, and continued until Wuhan ended lockdown on Apr 8, 2020. From then on, the main challenges in the second stage changed from the interruption of widespread community transmission to the prevention of sporadic outbreak resurgence from cases overseas. China’s practice of breaking community transmission, followed by prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reintroduction from imported cases overseas show that established public health measures will remain the best tool [4]. That is, COVID-19 can be controlled and even eliminated with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) alone (e.g., early detection, early reporting, early isolation, masks, social distancing, and handwashing). Prof Hao and his colleagues from Sun Yat-Sen University will introduce a meta-analysis on the reproductive number of COVID-19, which reflects the COVID-19 transmission dynamic. According to the scale of reproductive number reduction, they conclude that comprehensive interventions and lockdowns were most effective in the pandemic control. In the second stage of COVID-19 response, several sporadic COVID-19 re-emergence outbreaks in China were linked to cold-chain foods or its packaging. Apart from airborne transmission, indirect contact transmission might become a route of infection, by which SARS-CoV-2 was easily transmitted from overseas. Prof Li from Huazhong University of Science and Technology will review the coldchain related COVID-19 epidemics in China, analyze their potential mechanisms and introduce China’s experience in interruption of cold-chain transmission. Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection is a main feature inwhich SARS-CoV-2 isdifferent fromSARS-CoVand Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Compared to these two viruses, the proportion of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections in all cases infected seems higher for COVID-19. Considering their infectiousness and “hidden” distribution in the population, the roles of infections without symptoms should be estimated in this pandemic [5]. We will review the population size, infecti
{"title":"Cold-chain transmission, asymptomatic infection, mass screening, vaccine, and modelling: what we know so far for coronavirus disease 2019 control and experience in China","authors":"Wenjing Gao, Liming Li","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continued to spread rapidly across the world. In the past nearly two years, there have been over 267million confirmed COVID-19 cases including over five million deaths globally reported toWHO [1]. Facing this unprecedented public health crisis which we have not seen in a century, global experts rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spreadandvirulenceof the virus. Different countries develop response strategies and practices tailored to their own specific epidemiological situations, resources, and values of individuals living in their countries [2]. Although first reported, quick containment of COVID-19 was achieved in China. It set an inspiring example for the world. China experienced two stages for COVID-19 response [3]. The first stage began from the first case reported in Wuhan at the end of 2019, and continued until Wuhan ended lockdown on Apr 8, 2020. From then on, the main challenges in the second stage changed from the interruption of widespread community transmission to the prevention of sporadic outbreak resurgence from cases overseas. China’s practice of breaking community transmission, followed by prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reintroduction from imported cases overseas show that established public health measures will remain the best tool [4]. That is, COVID-19 can be controlled and even eliminated with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) alone (e.g., early detection, early reporting, early isolation, masks, social distancing, and handwashing). Prof Hao and his colleagues from Sun Yat-Sen University will introduce a meta-analysis on the reproductive number of COVID-19, which reflects the COVID-19 transmission dynamic. According to the scale of reproductive number reduction, they conclude that comprehensive interventions and lockdowns were most effective in the pandemic control. In the second stage of COVID-19 response, several sporadic COVID-19 re-emergence outbreaks in China were linked to cold-chain foods or its packaging. Apart from airborne transmission, indirect contact transmission might become a route of infection, by which SARS-CoV-2 was easily transmitted from overseas. Prof Li from Huazhong University of Science and Technology will review the coldchain related COVID-19 epidemics in China, analyze their potential mechanisms and introduce China’s experience in interruption of cold-chain transmission. Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection is a main feature inwhich SARS-CoV-2 isdifferent fromSARS-CoVand Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Compared to these two viruses, the proportion of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections in all cases infected seems higher for COVID-19. Considering their infectiousness and “hidden” distribution in the population, the roles of infections without symptoms should be estimated in this pandemic [5]. We will review the population size, infecti","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73696919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuqin Zhang, Gonghua Wu, Shirui Chen, Xu Ju, Wumitijiang Yimaer, Wangjian Zhang, Shao Lin, Y. Hao, J. Gu, Jinghua Li
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths over past two years. Currently, many countries have still not been able to take the pandemic under control. In this review, we systematically summarized what we have done to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, from the perspectives of virus transmission, public health control measures, to the development and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines. As a virus most likely coming from bats, the SARS-CoV-2 may transmit among people via airborne, faecal-oral, vertical or foodborne routes. Our meta-analysis suggested that the R0 of COVID-19 was 2.9 (95% CI: 2.7–3.1), and the estimates in Africa and Europe could be higher. The median Rt could decrease by 23–96% following the nonpharmacological interventions, including lockdown, isolation, social distance, and face mask, etc. Comprehensive intervention and lockdown were the most effective measures to control the pandemic. According to the pooled R0 in our meta-analysis, there should be at least 93.3% (95% CI: 89.9–96.2%) people being vaccinated around the world. Limited amount of vaccines and the inequity issues in vaccine allocation call for more international cooperation to achieve the anti-epidemic goals and vaccination fairness.
{"title":"A review on COVID-19 transmission, epidemiological features, prevention and vaccination","authors":"Yuqin Zhang, Gonghua Wu, Shirui Chen, Xu Ju, Wumitijiang Yimaer, Wangjian Zhang, Shao Lin, Y. Hao, J. Gu, Jinghua Li","doi":"10.1515/mr-2021-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mr-2021-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths over past two years. Currently, many countries have still not been able to take the pandemic under control. In this review, we systematically summarized what we have done to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, from the perspectives of virus transmission, public health control measures, to the development and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines. As a virus most likely coming from bats, the SARS-CoV-2 may transmit among people via airborne, faecal-oral, vertical or foodborne routes. Our meta-analysis suggested that the R0 of COVID-19 was 2.9 (95% CI: 2.7–3.1), and the estimates in Africa and Europe could be higher. The median Rt could decrease by 23–96% following the nonpharmacological interventions, including lockdown, isolation, social distance, and face mask, etc. Comprehensive intervention and lockdown were the most effective measures to control the pandemic. According to the pooled R0 in our meta-analysis, there should be at least 93.3% (95% CI: 89.9–96.2%) people being vaccinated around the world. Limited amount of vaccines and the inequity issues in vaccine allocation call for more international cooperation to achieve the anti-epidemic goals and vaccination fairness.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"70 1","pages":"23 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85149829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction. Bleeding scoring systems are used for predicting the risk of a specific primary outcome in a specific population.In this article, we present scoring systems frequently used in internist practice. Bleeding scoring systems for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Are divided into clinical, endoscopic,and combined scoring systems, according to the type of variables included. Besides traditional systems (Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford), we primarily present clinical scoring systems used for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulant therapy. We refer to the most significant scoring systems - ATRIA, HAS-BLED, and ORBIT. Since the prognostic performance of the existing scoring systems is less than satisfactory, medical organizations suggest they should be used for recognizing patients who deserve close monitoring during anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. ACUITY-HORIZONS was proven to be superior to other scoring systems in predicting bleeding within 30 days in patients with a myocardial infarction treated with transradial percutaneous coronary intervention. Bleeding scoring systems for bleeding disorders. Scoring systems enable the detection of bleeding disorders before performing laboratory tests. Considering the frequency severity of symptoms, newer systems have been developed for the pediatric population and self-testing by modifying the original scoring system. Conclusion. Although medical organizations encourage the implementation of scoring systems in clinical practice, the development of newer and enhanced existing systems requires a comprehensive approach and critical analysis of the existing systems.
{"title":"Clinical significance of bleeding scoring systems","authors":"M. Vučić, Bozidar Lilic","doi":"10.2298/mpns22s1133v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns22s1133v","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Bleeding scoring systems are used for predicting the risk of a specific primary outcome in a specific population.In this article, we present scoring systems frequently used in internist practice. Bleeding scoring systems for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Are divided into clinical, endoscopic,and combined scoring systems, according to the type of variables included. Besides traditional systems (Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford), we primarily present clinical scoring systems used for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulant therapy. We refer to the most significant scoring systems - ATRIA, HAS-BLED, and ORBIT. Since the prognostic performance of the existing scoring systems is less than satisfactory, medical organizations suggest they should be used for recognizing patients who deserve close monitoring during anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding scoring systems for patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. ACUITY-HORIZONS was proven to be superior to other scoring systems in predicting bleeding within 30 days in patients with a myocardial infarction treated with transradial percutaneous coronary intervention. Bleeding scoring systems for bleeding disorders. Scoring systems enable the detection of bleeding disorders before performing laboratory tests. Considering the frequency severity of symptoms, newer systems have been developed for the pediatric population and self-testing by modifying the original scoring system. Conclusion. Although medical organizations encourage the implementation of scoring systems in clinical practice, the development of newer and enhanced existing systems requires a comprehensive approach and critical analysis of the existing systems.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74054247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ukropina, M. Ristić, V. Mijatović-Jovanović, S. Šušnjević, V. Vuković, M. Marković
Introduction. The main goal of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 is to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The free-of-charge recommended vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 in Serbia started in December, 2020, and it is still ongoing. The aim of this study was to determine the main socio-demographic characteristics associated with the acceptance of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 among the Serbian population. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the participants aged ? 15 years in the general population of Serbia during September and October, 2021. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire. Results. During the study period, a total of 1,418 participants were included in the survey. In general, vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 was significantly (p < 0.05) more often accepted with increasing age of the participants, among females, those who were married and with higher education, among the university faculty members/health workers, employees in the government sector, those who had one child, and those with unspecified income. satisfaction compared to comparison groups. Conclusion. Taking into account all identified predictors, the main predictors of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 among our participants were family members/close friends or others who died from coronavirus disease 2019 and intention to get vaccinated against influenza in the future. There is an urgent need to conduct further studies that assess intentions, beliefs, and attitudes towards vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 among the population throughout the Republic of Serbia.
{"title":"Predictors of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 in Serbia","authors":"S. Ukropina, M. Ristić, V. Mijatović-Jovanović, S. Šušnjević, V. Vuković, M. Marković","doi":"10.2298/mpns2204089u","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns2204089u","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The main goal of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 is to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The free-of-charge recommended vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 in Serbia started in December, 2020, and it is still ongoing. The aim of this study was to determine the main socio-demographic characteristics associated with the acceptance of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 among the Serbian population. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the participants aged ? 15 years in the general population of Serbia during September and October, 2021. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire. Results. During the study period, a total of 1,418 participants were included in the survey. In general, vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 was significantly (p < 0.05) more often accepted with increasing age of the participants, among females, those who were married and with higher education, among the university faculty members/health workers, employees in the government sector, those who had one child, and those with unspecified income. satisfaction compared to comparison groups. Conclusion. Taking into account all identified predictors, the main predictors of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 among our participants were family members/close friends or others who died from coronavirus disease 2019 and intention to get vaccinated against influenza in the future. There is an urgent need to conduct further studies that assess intentions, beliefs, and attitudes towards vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 among the population throughout the Republic of Serbia.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76019144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Javorac, D. Živanović, S. Kasikovic-Lecic, M. Ilic, A. Milenkovic, Milos Cvetkovic
Introduction. The saber-sheath trachea is characterized by widened anteroposterior and narrowed laterolateral tracheal diameter. It is usually found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of this disorder, as well as to gain insight into the basic socio-demographic characteristics of patients and the clinical features of this tracheal deformity. Material and Methods. Endoscopic findings of patients undergoing bronchoscopy at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina in the period January 1, 2013 - January 1, 2021 were analyzed. Individual socio-demographic data of patients with the diagnosis of saber-sheath trachea were collected and clinical parameters were analyzed. Results. The analysis of 15.381 bronchoscopic findings showed an incidence of 0.56%, most often in the elderly, predominantly in men, and those who were active or former smokers. The most common comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. In all cases, this deformity was found as an incidental finding during bronchoscopy that was mostly done for the diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the bronchus. Accordingly, the most common pre-bronchoscopic symptoms were shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. No significant narrowing of the tracheal lumen was found in any of the patients, nor did this anatomical variety of the trachea affect the length of survival. Conclusion. Although this is a rare disorder, its recognition can guide the clinician to apply additional procedures in order to establish a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also significantly contribute to avoiding potential complications in need of endotracheal intubation.
{"title":"Saber-sheath trachea - a rare or underdiagnosed morphological variety of the trachea","authors":"J. Javorac, D. Živanović, S. Kasikovic-Lecic, M. Ilic, A. Milenkovic, Milos Cvetkovic","doi":"10.2298/mpns2202062j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns2202062j","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The saber-sheath trachea is characterized by widened anteroposterior and narrowed laterolateral tracheal diameter. It is usually found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of this disorder, as well as to gain insight into the basic socio-demographic characteristics of patients and the clinical features of this tracheal deformity. Material and Methods. Endoscopic findings of patients undergoing bronchoscopy at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina in the period January 1, 2013 - January 1, 2021 were analyzed. Individual socio-demographic data of patients with the diagnosis of saber-sheath trachea were collected and clinical parameters were analyzed. Results. The analysis of 15.381 bronchoscopic findings showed an incidence of 0.56%, most often in the elderly, predominantly in men, and those who were active or former smokers. The most common comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. In all cases, this deformity was found as an incidental finding during bronchoscopy that was mostly done for the diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the bronchus. Accordingly, the most common pre-bronchoscopic symptoms were shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. No significant narrowing of the tracheal lumen was found in any of the patients, nor did this anatomical variety of the trachea affect the length of survival. Conclusion. Although this is a rare disorder, its recognition can guide the clinician to apply additional procedures in order to establish a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also significantly contribute to avoiding potential complications in need of endotracheal intubation.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77582675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Preveden, Andrej Preveden, Ranko Zdravković, Nina Dračina, Vladislava Djoric, M. Tatic
Introduction. Delirium is defined as an acute change in mental status that leads to disturbance in perception, thinking, memory, attention, emotional status, as well as sleep rhythm disorders and is most often reversible. Postoperative delirium is an acute mental disorder that develops after cardiovascular surgery with an incidence of 20 - 50% of operated patients. This complication is associated with a longer hospitalization, longer stay in the intensive care unit, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Risk Factors. The risk factors are divided into preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. The most common preoperative risk factors are older age, stenosis of the carotid arteries, previous cerebral diseases, depression, diabetes, hypertension, low ejection fraction of the left ventricle, as well as heart rhythm disorders. Intraoperative risk factors include the type of surgery, type of anesthesia, duration of extracorporeal circulation, and duration of aortic clamp. The most important postoperative risk factors include the use of psychoactive drugs, prolonged pain, the use of opioid drugs, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the length of stay in the intensive care unit. Prevention. Prevention is a very important aspect that is most often focused on intraoperative and postoperative precipitating factors. Preventive treatment includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The main recommendation refers to avoiding routine use of antipsychotics. Conclusion. Continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine compared to propofol reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium. Nonpharmacological approach consists of a series of procedures that are carried out postoperatively, such as the protocol that includes monitoring of Awakening, Breathing, Coordination, Delirium, Early mobility, and Family engagement.
{"title":"Delirium in cardiac surgery - risk factors and prevention","authors":"M. Preveden, Andrej Preveden, Ranko Zdravković, Nina Dračina, Vladislava Djoric, M. Tatic","doi":"10.2298/mpns2204133p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/mpns2204133p","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Delirium is defined as an acute change in mental status that leads to disturbance in perception, thinking, memory, attention, emotional status, as well as sleep rhythm disorders and is most often reversible. Postoperative delirium is an acute mental disorder that develops after cardiovascular surgery with an incidence of 20 - 50% of operated patients. This complication is associated with a longer hospitalization, longer stay in the intensive care unit, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Risk Factors. The risk factors are divided into preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. The most common preoperative risk factors are older age, stenosis of the carotid arteries, previous cerebral diseases, depression, diabetes, hypertension, low ejection fraction of the left ventricle, as well as heart rhythm disorders. Intraoperative risk factors include the type of surgery, type of anesthesia, duration of extracorporeal circulation, and duration of aortic clamp. The most important postoperative risk factors include the use of psychoactive drugs, prolonged pain, the use of opioid drugs, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the length of stay in the intensive care unit. Prevention. Prevention is a very important aspect that is most often focused on intraoperative and postoperative precipitating factors. Preventive treatment includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The main recommendation refers to avoiding routine use of antipsychotics. Conclusion. Continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine compared to propofol reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium. Nonpharmacological approach consists of a series of procedures that are carried out postoperatively, such as the protocol that includes monitoring of Awakening, Breathing, Coordination, Delirium, Early mobility, and Family engagement.","PeriodicalId":87940,"journal":{"name":"Calcutta medical review","volume":"458 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79799248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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